Butterworth Filters - I

Lecture # 9
Butterworth filters using op amp -I
Deptt. Of Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering

Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Patiala, India
Filter Introduction
• A filter is a circuit that passes some frequency signals
without any attenuation (Reduction in amplitude) or
with some amplification and attenuate other
frequency depending on the types of the filter.
• Filters can be used to attenuate unwanted signals
such as interference or noise or to isolate desired
signals from unwanted.
• A common instrumentation filter application is the
attenuation of high frequencies to avoid frequency
aliasing in the sampled data.
Classification of Filters
 Classification of filters based on their frequency

response and construction:
• Analog and Digital Filter ( depending on type of
techniques used in the process of analog signals)
• Passive and Active filters (depending on type of
elements used in their construction)
• ( According to operating frequency range) Audio
or Radio Frequency Filters
Filter Classification according to Frequency Response
i) Low Pass Filter ii) High Pass Filter

iii) Bandpass Filter iv) Band Stop Filter
• Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Elliptical Filters are some of
most widely used practical filters for approximating the ideal
response.
 Key Characteristics:
• Butterworth : Flat passband as well as flat stop band (flat
flat filter).
• Chebyshev : Ripple passband and flat stop band.
• Elliptical : Ripple passband as well as Ripple stop band
(Provide best stopband response)
Low Pass Filter
• It is a type of Filter which attenuates all the frequencies above the
cut-off frequencies.
• It provides a constant output (gain) from zero to cut-off frequency.
High Pass Filter
• It is a type of Filter which attenuates all the frequencies below
the cut-off frequencies.
• It provides a constant output (gain) above the cut-off frequency.
Bandpass Filter
• It is a type of filter which allows specific band of
frequencies to pass through and all other frequencies
outside the band are attenuated.
Band Stop Filters
• Specific Band of frequencies gets rejected and
allows passing of frequencies outside the Band.
Filter Applications
• The Butterworth filter is used in the audio processing
application. An efficient audio noise reduction tool can be
developed using a Butterworth filter.
• Butterworth filter is also used in various communication
and Control systems.
• Butterworth filter is used in radar to design the display of radar
target tracking and can also be used for motion analysis.
• The Chebychev filter topology is used in many RF applications
because of its fast transition from pass-band to stop-band
using LC combinations.
• An elliptic filter is a signal processing filter with equalized
ripple (equiripple) behavior in both the passband and the
stopband. It can be used for noise reduction in ECG signal.
Designing of Low Pass Filter
Voltage at non inverting input Ist order Butterworth LPF
terminal(voltage across the capacitor) is :
V1 = [ -j Xc / (R-j Xc) ] Vin
Here, –j Xc = 1/2ᴫfc
V1 = Vin / (1+j2ᴫfRC)
Now the op-amp here used in non inverting
configuration, thus
Vo = ( 1 + R 2 / R 1 ) V 1 .
Vo = (1 + RF / R1) [Vin / (1 + j2ᴫfRC) ]
Vo / Vin = AF / ( 1 + j (f/ fL) )
Here,
Vout / Vin : gain of the filter as a function of frequency
AF = (1+RF / R1) : passband gain of the filter
f : frequency of the input signal
fL = 1 / 2ᴫRC : cutoff frequency of the filter.
Frequency Response of Low Pass Filter
Vo / Vin = AF / ( 1 + j (f/ fL) )
Now to observe the change in gain magnitude with the change in the
frequency of the input signal, consider three cases:
Case1: f<<fL ,
Case2: f = fL,
Case3: f >fL,
References
 For more details, refer to:
-- Boylestad R. L., Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, Pearson Education
-- Op-Amps and Linear Intergrated Circuits ,
Ramakant A. Gayakwad
-- Neamen, Donald A., Electronic Circuit Analysis
and Design, McGraw Hill

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Lecture # 9

Butterworth filters using op amp -I

Deptt. Of Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering

 Classification of filters based on their frequency

i) Low Pass Filter ii) High Pass Filter

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