Historical

Developmen
t in Science
Technology
and Society
LM 01 Learning Packet 03
Intellectual
Revolutions That
Defined the Society
ZYDRICK L. AVELINO
 Discuss the different progress through the age of scientific
Discuss revolutions in Europe which transforms a society.

Identify Identify the criteria for occurrence of scientific revolution.

Objectives Illustrate the significant turning points for Renaissance, Scientific

Illustrate Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, and industrial revolutions.

Document the views in the locale about the fourth industrial

Document revolution.
What is
intellectual
revolution?
This refers to Greek speculation
about the "nature" in the period
before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400
BCE). “Pre Socratic" or "non-
theological" or "first philosophy" –
more on physics and logic
Showed how society was
transformed by science and
technology
Questions:
o What created day and night?
o What heavenly bodies are like stars,
moons and planets are?
o What was actually out there at the
outer space?
The Scientific
Revolution
• Discoveries and advancements in
science and technology during each
period were driven by human needs
and desires, as you learned in the
last lesson.
• As a result, society responds to
needs and wants, resulting in drastic
changes in how society transforms
and perceptions are shifted.
Mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry all benefited
from the scientific revolution,
emphasized systematic
experimentation as the most valid
study method.
The Scientific
Revolution
• These advancements shifted
society's perspective on nature.
• Intellectual revolutions is not
limited to the timeline of
Scientific Revolution. The
revolution continuously flows
carrying the ideas and
characteristics from the great
science thinkers.
The Scientific
Revolution
• Scientific Revolution, a drastic
change in scientific thought that
held place during the 16th and
17th centuries. A new view of
nature arose during The Scientific
Revolution, replacing the Greek
view that had dominated science
for almost 2,000 years.
• Science became an independent
discipline, distinct from both
philosophy and technology, and it
came to be regarded as having
utilitarian goals.
The
Scientific
Revolution
• By the end of this time, it
will not be extreme to
claim that science had
replaced Christianity as the
focal point of European
civilization.
The Scientific Revolution
• Out of the unrest of the Renaissance and Reformation,
there arose a new picture of science, bringing about
the following transformations: the reeducation of
common sense in inclination of abstract reasoning; the
replacement of a quantitative to a qualitative view of
nature; the view of nature as a machine rather than as
an organism; the development of an experimental,
scientific method that queried specific responses to
certain limited questions couched in the framework of
specific theories; and the acceptance of new criteria for
the explanation, stressing the “how” rather than the
“why” that had marked the Aristotelian search for final
causes.
The Renaissance
(14th to 17th
century)
• Looking back to the 1500s the
Renaissance has been going on
for almost 200 years. This
period was characterized by
rediscovering the knowledge
from the Greeks and from the
Romans.
Two main features
of Renaissance
• Renewed interest in classical
antiquity; a rise in humanist
philosophy (a belief in self,
human worth, and individual
dignity);
• Radical changes in ideas
about religion, politics, and
science.
 Individualism

• Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius,

and full development of one's capabilities and talents.
The Three
Humanism
Intellectual • "New learning" studied the Latin classics to learn what

Hallmarks they reveal about human nature. Humanism also

emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests,
and capabilities. By the late 15th century, Italian
of the humanism was increasingly a lay phenomenon.

Renaissanc Secularism

e • A basic concern with the material world instead of with

the internal word of Spirit. Simply the concern with
materialism rather than religion. This also emphasize the
principle of separation of the state from religious
institutions.
The Renaissance
It sought to revitalize their culture through re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies.
They expanded and interpreted them, creating their own style of art, philosophy and
scientific inquiry.

The Renaissance was a rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman thinking and styles, and both
the Roman and Greek civilizations were Mediterranean cultures, as is Italy. The best single
reason for Italy as the birthplace of the Renaissance was the concentration of wealth,
power, and intellect in the Church.
It has a reputation for its achievements in painting, architecture, sculpture, literature,
music, philosophy, science, technology, and exploration.
The Renaissance
• The Black Death marked an end of an era in Italy. Its impact was profound,
resulting in wide-ranging social, economic, cultural, and religious changes. These
changes, directly and indirectly, led to the emergence of the Renaissance, one of
the greatest epochs for art, architecture, and literature in human history.
• It brought about a transition from the medieval to the modern age. This period
witnessed the end of the old and reactionary medieval spirit, and the beginning
of the new spirit of science, reason and experimentation. The hands of the
monarchy were strengthened.
• It was an incredible time of beauty, blossoming with creativity and curiosity. The
Renaissance era also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents,
the growth of commerce, and the inventions of innovations such as paper,
printing, the mariner’s compass and gunpowder.
COPERNICA
N
REVOLUTIO
N
Claudius
Ptolemy
• Famous Greek philosopher and
astronomer.
• Stated that the planets, the sun
and the moon moved in a
circular motion around the
earth – existence of days and
nights
Geocentris
m
• a superseded description of the
Universe with Earth at the center.
• Under the geocentric model, the
Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all
orbited Earth.
• Geocentric Model
Nicholas
Copernicus
• Revolutionary astronomer
• A Polish mathematician and
astronomer.
• developed his model of a Sun-
centered universe.
• explained the daily and yearly
motion of the sun and stars in the
universe
 • As articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
in the 16th century, this revolution shifted the science of
astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the world
centered on Earth to a heliocentric view focused around the
Sun. This shift marked the beginnings of the Scientific
Revolution that laid the groundwork for contemporary science
COPERNIC and allowed it to flourish as a separate field.
• Copernicus turned the world inside out, placing the Sun at the
AN center of the universe and causing the Earth to revolve around
it. His theory, published in 1543, appeared to have a
REVOLUTI qualitative simplicity that Ptolemaic astronomy lacked.
• To attain comparable levels of quantitative precision, however,
ON the new system became just as complex as the old.
• Conceivably the most revolutionary aspect of Copernican
astronomy lay in Copernicus’s attitude toward the reality of
his theory.
• Contradict to Platonic instrumentalism, Copernicus asserted
that to be satisfactory, astronomy must describe the real,
physical system of the world.
Heliocentrism

• The center of the solar

system is not the Earth but
actually the sun
• Started the birth of
modern astronomy
• scientific revolution
• transformation of society’s
thoughts and beliefs
• Heliocentric Model
Newton’s
Publication of
Principia (1687)
• The capstone of the scientific
revolution was believed to happened
when Newton published the Principia
in 1687. The book describes the laws
of the universe where almost
everything can be explained with
mathematical calculations.
• This was not challenged for almost 200
years until Albert Einstein published his
discoveries in Theories of Relativity. Yet
until today Newton’s discoveries are
influential in Physics and Engineering
classes.
Age of
Enlightenment
(1600s and early Age of Enlightenment:
1700s)
Age of Reason
In the 1600s and early 1700s same deductive
reasoning from the Scientific Revolution was
used. This leads to questioning on the right
to rule, duties and obligations, rights of each
other and other questions with challenging
notions.

This philosophical movement is known to be

the characteristic of the Age of
Enlightenment. Below is a passage from John
Locke who is considered as one of the pillars
of enlightenment. He published in 1689 the
Second Treatise Concerning Civil
Government. Locke himself makes the
connection between slavery, suicide and
murder.
Industrial Revolution
The power given from humanity from the scientific revolution had become more significant when applied during
the Industrial Revolution. This intellectual revolution can be divided into four stages . The first level (late 1700s to
late 1800s) is characterized by mechanization and steam powered machines. The second level (19th century) is
characterized by mass production, assembly line and use of electrical energy. The third level (20th century) is
characterized by automation, computers and electronics. The fourth level (21st century) is characterized by cyber
physical systems, internet of things (IoT) and networks.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
One of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time
Charles Darwin
• An English naturalist, biologist and geologist.
• All life is related and has descended from a common
ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the
flowers -- all are related.
• Published his book, On the Origin of Species.
• complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors
naturally over time
 • Populations pass through a process of natural selection in
Theory of which only the fittest would survive.
• Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and
Evolution would gradually change into something that would be more
competitive to survive - evolution
 • English Naturalist Charles Darwin used his
The Four keen observation skills and logic to develop
a comprehensive theory that describes the

Factors of process of evolution. While some

controversy surrounds evolution as it
applies to human populations, Darwin's
Natural theory applies to all organic species. The
basic principles of evolution are simple and
seem obvious to the modern reader.
Selection However, prior to Darwin, no scientist had
put all the pieces together.
 Variation in Populations
In every species there is variation. This variability occurs even between related
The Four Factors individuals. Siblings vary in color, height, weight and other characteristics. Other
characteristics rarely vary, such as number of limbs or eyes. The observer must
be careful when making generalizations about a population. Some populations
show more variation than others, particularly in geographically isolated areas
such as Australia, the Galapagos, Madagascar and so forth. Organisms in these
areas may be related to those in other parts of the world. However, due to very
specific conditions in their surroundings, these species evolve very distinct
characteristics.
Inherited Traits
of Natural
Selection
Each species has traits determined by inheritance. Inherited traits passed from
parents to offspring determine the characteristics of the offspring. Inherited
traits that improve the odds of survival are more likely to be passed on to
subsequent generations. Of course, some characteristics, like weight and muscle
mass, may also be affected by environmental factors such as food availability.
But characteristics developed through environmental influences will not be
passed on to future generations. Only traits passed by genes will be inherited.
For example, if an organism inherits the genes for a larger skeletal mass but lack
of nutrition prevents the individual from growing to that size, and if the
individual survives and reproduces, the genes for the larger skeleton will be
passed on.
The Four Factors Offspring Compete
Most species produce more offspring each year than the environment can
support. This high birth rate results in competition among the members of the
species for the limited natural resources available. The struggle for resources
determines the mortality rate within a species. Only the surviving individuals
breed and pass on their genes to the next generation.

Survival of the Fittest

of Natural
Selection
Some individuals survive the struggle for resources. These individuals
reproduce, adding their genes to the succeeding generations. The traits that
helped these organisms to survive will be passed on to their offspring. This
process is known as “natural selection.” Conditions in the environment result in
the survival of individuals with specific traits which are passed through heredity
to the next generation. Today we refer to this process as “survival of the fittest.”
Darwin used this phrase, but he credited a fellow biologist, Herbert Spencer as
its source.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud was the founding
Father of Psychoanalysis, a method
for treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human
behavior.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Sigmund Freud ‘s psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human

behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the
mind: the id, ego, and superego.
• This “structural theory” of personality places great importance on how conflicts
among the parts of the mind shape behavior and personality. These conflicts are
mostly unconscious.
• According to Freud, personality develops during childhood and is critically
shaped through a series of five psychosexual stages, which he called his
psychosexual theory of development.
• During each stage, a child is presented with a conflict between biological drives
and social expectations; successful navigation of these internal conflicts will
lead to mastery of each developmental stage, and ultimately to a fully mature
personality.
• Freud’s ideas have since been met with criticism, in part because of his singular
focus on sexuality as the main driver of human personality development.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION

Freud’s Theory emphasized the influence

of the unconscious mind on behavior.

Freud believed that the human mind was

composed of three conflicting elements:
the id, the ego, and the superego.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
neurosis: A mental disorder marked by anxiety
or fear; less severe than psychosis because it
does not involve detachment from reality (e.g.,
hallucination).

psychosexual: of or relating to both

psychological and sexual aspects.
 FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
Id
• The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is
concerned with instant gratification of basic physical
needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously
(outside of conscious thought). For example, if your id
walked past a stranger eating ice cream, it would most
likely take the ice cream for itself. It doesn’t know, or
care, that it is rude to take something belonging to
someone else; it would care only that you wanted the
ice cream.
 FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
Superego
• The superego is concerned with social rules and
morals—similar to what many people call their ”
conscience ” or their “moral compass.” It develops
as a child learns what their culture considers right
and wrong. If your superego walked past the same
stranger, it would not take their ice cream because it
would know that that would be rude. However, if
both your id and your superego were involved,
and your id was strong enough to override your
superego’s concern, you would still take the ice
cream, but afterward you would most likely feel guilt
and shame over your actions.
 FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
Ego
• In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral superego,
the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of our personality. It is
less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly
unconscious. It’s what Freud considered to be the “self,” and its
job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the
practical context of reality. So, if you walked past the stranger
with ice cream one more time, your ego would mediate the
conflict between your id (“I want that ice cream right now”) and
superego (“It’s wrong to take someone else’s ice cream”) and
decide to go buy your own ice cream. While this may mean you
have to wait 10 more minutes, which would frustrate your id,
your ego decides to make that sacrifice as part of the
compromise– satisfying your desire for ice cream while also
avoiding an unpleasant social situation and potential feelings of
shame.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
•Freud believed that the id, ego,
and superego are in constant
conflict and that adult
personality and behavior are
rooted in the results of these
internal struggles throughout
childhood. He believed that a
person who has a strong ego has
a healthy personality and that
imbalances in this system can
lead to neurosis (what we now
think of as anxiety and
depression) and unhealthy
behaviors.
Thank you for listening!