Levelling (2)

LEVELLING
Levelling
The art of determining relative heights of different pointson

or below the surface of the earth is called levelling, deals with
measurements in the vertical plane.
Uses or purpose of Levelling
• To prepare a contour map for fixing sites for reservoirs, dams
etc. & to fix the alignment of roads, railways, irrigation canals
etc.
• To determine the altitudes of different important points on a

hill or to reduced levels of different points on or below the
surface of the earth.
• To prepare a longitudinal & cross section of a project (roads,

railways, irrigation canals etc) in order to determine the
volume of earth work.
• To prepare a layout map for water supply , sanitary or drainage

schemes.
Types of Levelling Equipments
i) Dumpy level
ii) Tilting level
iii) Automatic level
iv) Digital Auto level
Tilting level
It consists of a telescope attached with a level tube which

can be tilted within few degrees in vertical plane by a tilting
screw.
The Automatic level : The fundamental difference between
automatic and the classic spirit level is that in the former the line
of sight is no longer levelled manually using a tubular spirit level,
but is levelled automatically within a certain tilt range. This is
achieved by compensator in the telescope.
Advantage of automatic level
Much simpler to use

High precision : Mean elevation error on staff graduated to
5mm division varies between +0.5 to 0.8 mm per km of
forward and backward levelling.
High speed : In fly levelling the progress achieved by
various level-wise compared.
Dumpy level : It is simple compact
and stable. The telescope is rigidly
fixed to its support therefore cannot
be rotated about its longitudinal
axis. A long bubble tube is attached
to the top of telescope
Diaphram : A frame carrying cross hairs usually made of
either silk thread or platinum wire and placed at the plane at
which vertical image of the object is formed by the objective.
Vertical hair of the diaphram enables the surveyor to check
the verticality of levelling staff whereas horizontal hairs are
used to read the staff graduations.
Components of Dumpy level
1.Tripod – The tripod stand consist of three legs which may be

solid or framed to support the above three parts of the level.
2.Levelling head : Levelling head generally consists of two
parallel plates with 3 foot screws. Upper plate is known as
Tribrach and lower plate is trivet which can be screwed on to the
tripod.
•Levelling head has to perform 3 distant functions :
i) to support the telescope

ii) to attach the level to the tripod
iii) to provide a means for level (foot screws) to bring the
bubble of tube level at the centre of its run.
3. Foot screws : Three foot screws are provided between the
trivet & tribrach. By turning the foot screws the tribrach can be
raised or lowered to bring the bubble to the centre of its run.
4.Telescope : Telescope is an optical instrument used for
magnifying and viewing the images of distant objects. It
consists of two lenses. The lens fitted near the eye is called the
eye piece and the other fitted at the end near to the object is
called the objective lens.
• Level Tube : Also known as Bubble Tube consists of a
glass tube placed in a brass tube which is sealed with
plaster of Paris. The whole of the interior surface or the
upper half is accurately ground so that its longitudinal
section, is an arc of a circle. Level tube is filled with either
or alcohol, the remaining space is occupied by an air
bubble. The centre of air bubble always rest at the
highest point of the tube.
Points to be remembered by Staff man
• The staff should be made vertical by holding it with

both arms while standing behind it.
• The staff should be held on firm ground.
• When the telescopic staff is to be extended, care should
be taken so that it is perfectly stretched and properly
fixed on the spring catcher.
• The bottom of the staff should be kept clean.
Points to be remembered by Level
man
The Levelling instrument should be placed at a position
suitable for the greatest no. of observation to be taken.
The instrument should not be too high or too
low. The Levelling should be done perfectly.
The Levelling instrument should not be placed on the

profile line (i.e. the center line of the project).
The eye-piece should be focused by holding a sheet of white

paper in front of the telescope.
The objective should be focused by pointing the
telescope towards the staff.
The parallax should be eliminated.
The verticality of the staff should be verified by

observing the two vertical hairs & by noting the
minimum reading on the staff when it is moved along
the line of sight.
After taking the staff reading, the position of the bubble

should be verified. If it is disturbed, the reading should be
taken again.
Temporary Adjustment of Level
1. Selection of suitable position
2. Fixing level with tripod stand
3. Approximate levelling by legs of tripod stand
4. Perfect levelling by foot screws
5. Focussing the eye-piece
6. Focussing the object glass
7. Taking the staff readings

• Selection of suitable position - A sutaible position is
selected for setting the level . From this position , it should
be possible to take the greatest number of observation
without difficulty.
• Fixing level with tripod stand – the tripod stand is placed at
the required position with its legs well apart, and pressed
firmly into the ground. The level is fixed on the tripod stand
according to the fixing arrangement provided.
• Perfect levelling by foot screws – longitudinal bubble on the top
of the telescope. Bubble brought to the center by turning the
foot screw equally either both inward or outward. Then
telescope turned through 90 degree. And brought over the third
foot screw , and the bubble is brought to the center by turning
this foot screw clockwise and anticlockwise. The telescope
again brought to its original position. And bubble to the
centered the process repeated several times until bubble
remain its central position.
• Approximate levelling by legs of tripod stand- the foot
screws are brought to the center of their run. Two legs
of the tripod stand are firmly fixed into the ground. Then
the third leg is moved to the left or right , in or until the
bubble is approximately at the centre of its run.
• Focusing the eye-piece – a piece of white paper is held
in front of the object glass and the eye piece is moved in
or out by turning it clockwise or anticlockwise until the
cross hairs can be seen clearly.
• Focusing the object glass – telescope directed toward
the levelling staff. Looking through the eye piece, the
focusing screw is turned clockwise or antilock wise until
the graduation of staff is visible.
• Taking the staff readings- finally the leveling of the
instrument is verified by turning the telescope in any
direction. When the bubble remain in the central
position for any direction of the telescope.

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LEVELLING

The art of determining relative heights of different pointson

• To determine the altitudes of different important points on a

• To prepare a longitudinal & cross section of a project (roads,

• To prepare a layout map for water supply , sanitary or drainage

It consists of a telescope attached with a level tube which

Much simpler to use

1.Tripod – The tripod stand consist of three legs which may be

i) to support the telescope

• The staff should be made vertical by holding it with

The instrument should not be too high or too

low. The Levelling should be done perfectly.

The Levelling instrument should not be placed on the

The eye-piece should be focused by holding a sheet of white

The parallax should be eliminated.

The verticality of the staff should be verified by

After taking the staff reading, the position of the bubble

1. Selection of suitable position

2. Fixing level with tripod stand

3. Approximate levelling by legs of tripod stand

4. Perfect levelling by foot screws

5. Focussing the eye-piece

6. Focussing the object glass

7. Taking the staff readings

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