Cancer Sir Sameer

Cancer/Tumor/ Neoplasia
Muhammad Sameer Asahq

M. Phil (Pharmacology), Pharm-D
Neoplasia (Tumor)
Means New growth characterized by
uncontrolled abnormal and excessive
proliferation of cell.
Defined as the abnormal mass of tissue, the
growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated
with that of the normal tissue, and persists in the
same excessive manners after the cessation of
the stimuli which evoked the change.
Oncology: the study of neoplasm (tumor)
Differentiation: “The extent of resemblance of
neoplastic parenchymal cells to their normal
parent cells , both morphologically and
functionally”
Anaplasia: “Irreversible loss of
differentiation”
Components of neoplasia:
i) Parenchyma: Proliferating part of
neoplasm
ii) Stroma: Connective tissues, blood vessels
and lymphatics providing support for growth of
parenchymal cells.
• Desmoplasia: The excess of stromal
component in a tumor is called desmoplasia
and such a tumor is called scirrhous tumor.
• Types of neoplasm (Tumors)
1. Benign tumors
2. Malignant tumors
Benign Tumor
Localized in nature
No spreading to other sites
Amenable to local surgical removal
Patient survives
Designated by attaching the suffix “oma” to
the mesenchymal cell of origin e.g, Fibroma
(Fibroblastic cells tumor), Meningioma
(Meninges tumor)
Also named on multiple basis in case of
epithelial cells depending upon origin, micro
and macroscopic features of cell
Examples of Benign Epithelial cell tumors
Adenoma: arise from glandular origin (glands)
such as benign epithelial neoplasm arising from
renal tubular cells growing in the form of glands.
Papilloma: The benign epithelial neoplasm
producing microscopically or macroscopically
visible finger like projections from epithelial
surfaces are called papillomas.
Cystadenoma: When retention of secretion is
marked, a cyst forms in adenoma and such a
tumor is called cystadnemoa.
Polyp: The tumor that produces macroscopically
visible projection above a mucosal surface (e.g.
into gastric or colonic lumen) is called polyp.
Examples of benign mesenchymal cell tumors
Fibroma: Benign tumor arises in subcutaneous
tissues, fascia, periosteum, kidney and ovary.
Myxoma: Variant of fibroma and degenerative
changes characterized by accumulation of ground
substances in mature tissues.
Lipoma: Benign tumor arises from fat of cells in
subcutaneous tissue arising from cartilage
Chondroma: arises from cartilage
Myoma: Arises from muscles, of 2 types
i) Leiomyoma: Smooth muscle benign tumor
mostly in uterus and blood vessels, GIT, ovary,
Kidney
Malignant Tumors
Destructive and dangerous invading other cells
Metastasis
Patient dies
Same rule for nomenclature as with benign.
Two types: Carcinoma and Sarcoma
Carcinoma: Malignant tumors of epithelial cell
origin. The word carcinoma is attached to the type of
tissue such as malignant epithelial tumor of renal cell
is called malignant cell carcinoma.
Sarcoma: The malignant tissues arising in
mesenchymal tissues are called sarcoma. The word
sarcoma is attached to the type of tissue e.g,
malignant tumor of fibroblastic cells is called
fibrosarcoma.
Differences between carcinoma and sarcoma
Carcinoma Sarcoma
Epithelial origin Mesenchymal origin
More common Less common
Metastasis preferably via lymphatics Metastasis preferably via blood

in early stages vessels (veins)
Necrosis common Necrosis less common
Hemorrhages less frequent Hemorrhages more frequent

Examples of carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma: In which neoplastic epithelial
cells grow in gland-pattern is called
adenocarcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma: In which neoplastic
cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium is
called squamous cell carcinoma.
Examples of Sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma: arising from fascia, intermuscular
septa, subcuteneous tissues, periosteum.
Chondrosarcoma: arising from cartilage, at the
ends of long bone.
Osteogenic sarcoma: arising from bones usually
in the upper end of tibia, lower end of femur and
Osteoclastoma (Giant cell tumor of
bone): Arises in multinucleated giant cell in
spindle cell stroma.
Leimyosarcoma: arsies in smooth muscles,
and in uterus
Rhabdomyosarcoma: arises in striated
muscles usually in children also affecting
skelatal muscles, bladder and uterus.
Liposarcoma: arises in fat cells in
subcutaneous tissue of arm, shoulder and
buttocks.
Mixed tumors: containing more than one
cell type (mesenchymal or epithelial) are
called mixed tumors. Such as Benign
fibroadenoma of breast, Malignant Wilm,s
Teratoma
Containing mature and immature cells or
tissues representative of more than one germ
layer and sometimes of all three (ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm)
Originating from totipotential cells present in
ovary and testes
It may be benign (mature teratoma) or
malignant (immature teratoma).
Embryonic tumors in infants and childhood
At birth or within 5 years of life
Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma): renal
malignancy and abdominal mass in infancy and
early childhood.
Neuroblastoma: arises from adrenal medulla or
one of the sympathetic ganglia as abdominal
swelling.
Medulloblastoma: Highly malignant brain tumor
found in the cerebellum. Mostly occur in young
children.
Retinoblastoma: Highly malignant tumor of
retina found in infancy and early childhood.
Differences between benign and malignant
tumors
Characteristics Benign Malignant
Differentiation Well differentiated Well to undifferentiated
Anaplasia No Present
Spread Remains localized Invades other tissues
Metastasis No Present
Rate of growth Slow rapid
Encapsulation Enclosed in capsule No
Gross Appearance Less frequent necrosis, More frequent necrosis,
ulceration, ulceration,
degeneration and degeneration and
hemorrhages hemorrhages
Clinical Effects Do not endanger the life Tends to kill the patient
unless a vital organ is whenever it grows
involved
Recurrence Easily local removal- no Recurrence common
recurrence

Cancer Sir Sameer

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Cancer Sir Sameer

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Cancer/Tumor/ Neoplasia

Muhammad Sameer Asahq

Epithelial origin Mesenchymal origin

More common Less common

Metastasis preferably via lymphatics Metastasis preferably via blood

Necrosis common Necrosis less common

Hemorrhages less frequent Hemorrhages more frequent

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