Consider the vertical velocity of the

aircraft is 10m/s and horizontal velocity is

12 m/s. Determine the value of climb
gradient.

a) 0.833
b) 1.89
c) 8
d) 2.483
Find lift to weight ratio if climb angle is
45°.

a) 0.707
b) 1
c) 1.34
d) 0.992
Determine the value of climb angle if,
excess thrust is 40 unit and weight of the
aircraft is 60 units. Consider steady climb.

a) 41.8
b) 50
c) 78
d) 12
Find the approximate value of climb angle if
Thrust is 1500N, drag is 1000N and weight
of the aircraft is 2500N.

a) 11.53 degree
b) 30 degree
c) 40 degree
d) 1 degree
Determine the value of fuel burned during
steady climb if SFC is 0.000029 per second,
thrust is 150KN and time required is 1500s.

a) 6.525 KN
b) 100N
c) 345
d) 87.87 N
Which of the following is correct value for
rate of climb if an aircraft has free stream
velocity of 125 m/s? Consider steady climb at
climb angle of 10°.

a) 21.70 m/s
b) 12 m
c) 35 m/min
d) 1.302 min/m
To operate at R/C of 7.08 m/s, determine the
value of excess power. Consider weight of
the aircraft as 13127.5 N.

a) 92.942 kW
b) 1000W
c) 13127 N
d) 1.312KN
Consider steady climb from an altitude of
10km to 15km. If rate of climb is 20 m/s
then, determine the time to climb.

a) 250s
b) 25 min
c) 4.16 hr
d) 0.07 min
Calculate how much power will require to
maintain cruise speed of 120 m/s if thrust
required is 1KN. Consider steady level
flight.

a) 120KW
b) 110N
c) 120N
d) 129W
An aircraft has L/D as 12 and thrust
required at this value is 100N. Now if L/D
has doubled then what will be the new
thrust required?

a) 50N
b) 500N
c) 100 N
d) 12.5N
An aircraft is operating with CL of 1.5 and
has power required of 120W. If we want to
reduce the power required by half then, find
the value of CL at this power required
condition. Consider steady level flight.

a) 2.38
b) 1.946
c) 9.45
d) 5.59
What do you mean by rate of climb?

a) Vertical velocity of an aircraft

b) Lift of an aircraft
c) Thrust required
d) Drag polar
Ratio of vertical distance travelled to the
horizontal distance travelled is known as

a) climb gradient
b) lift curve slope
c) power required
d) thrust loss
If aerodynamic efficiency of the glider is
20 then, found the value of corresponding
glide angle.

a) 2.86 unit
b) 3.8
c) 5.6
d) 12.12
A typical glider has weight of 150N and has
glide angle of 2.5°. Find Lift produced by
the glider.

a) 149.85N
b) 150kN
c) 322N
d) 120KN
Find the velocity required for maximum
range. Consider a sailplane has wing
loading of 110N/m and K/CD0 of 0.35.
2

a) 10.3m/s
b) 10.3mph
c) 12.5mph
d) 9.2mph
If a glider needs to be flown at maximum
range then, at which value of CL we should
fly this glider? Consider CD0/K is 2.8.

a) 1.67
b) 3.2
c) 5.6
d) 2.5
If my glider has lift coefficient at maximum
lift to drag as 1.5 and induced drag factor
K is 0.007 then, find parasite drag
coefficient.

a) 0.01575
b) 0.01 N
c) 0.02N
d) 0.0157N
A prop driven aircraft has propeller
efficiency of 0.92 and C as 0.000745 .If lift
to drag ratio is 14 and weight fraction as
1.145 then, find range of the propeller
driven aircraft.

a) 2340.95m
b) 2340.5miles
c) 2340km
d) 2500miles
Find the drag at which thrust required is minimum.
Consider CD0 as 0.015 and reference area is 5m 2.
Consider steady level flight with q of 15Pa.

a) 2.25N
b) 22.5N
c) 225N
d) 2250N
Find the velocity for minimum thrust required at
steady level flight if wing loading is 75N/m2 and
induced drag factor K is 0.0025. Consider CD0 as
0.02 and density as sea level.

a) 6.45m/s
b) 97m/s
c) 120m/s
d) 75m/s
An aircraft is designed to be in steady level flight with
weight of 1500N and CL of 1.0. Determine at which speed
we need to design this aircraft so that it can achieve this
requirement. Consider density as 1.2 kg/m3 and reference
area as 2m2.

a) 35.35m/s
b) 56m/min
c) 56m/s
d) 70km/s
An aircraft has to be designed to operate at
aerodynamic efficiency of 10 at cruise. Find the
required thrust to weight ratio for maintaining this
Unaccelerated steady level flight.

a) 0.1
b) 0.6
c) 1.5
d) 10.45
For prop aircraft at maximum range what will be
the wing loading. Given CD0=0.02, aspect ratio as
8, e=0.6 and q=39.20Pa.

a) 21.5
b) 12.5
c) 1.05
d) 25
An aircraft is flying with wing loading of 50 and
maximum CL as 2.4. If density is 1.225 then, find the
stall speed of the aircraft.

a) 5.832m/s
b) 5.823
c) 5.632m/s
d) 5.632
For a propulsive force of 1500 N, determine the magnitude of
its component in a direction normal to the flight velocity if the
angle of flight path with the horizontal is 30° and the angle of
direction of thrust with the horizontal is 10°. Assume g=9.8
m/s2.

a) 513 N
b) 1026 N
c) 279 N
d) 813 N
Determine the component of gravitational force
in the direction of the flight path if the angle of
the flight path with the horizontal is 30°, angle of
direction of thrust with the horizontal is 20° and
mass of the vehicle is 300 kg. Assume the
acceleration due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s2.

a) 2250 N
b) 2980 N
c) 1470 N
d) 3343 N
A glider has aspect ratio of 20 and CD0 of 0.02. In order
to attain maximum range, determine the value required
aerodynamic efficiency. Take e as 1.
a) 28.02
b) 20
c) 30
d) 43
Determine the value of sink rate of glider which is
operating with 4.2° of glide angle and has speed of
120m/s.
a) 8.78m/s
b) 9.8ms
c) 56.5ms
d) 8.7ms
Consider a glider is descending from 2km
altitude. If it covers range of 30km then, at
which aerodynamic efficiency the glider was
flying?

a) 15
b) 60
c) 12
d) 21
31 Problem-1:
 Hypothetical data for two different type of aircraft are
given below:

Aircraft-1:

Wing span: 10.912m

Wing Area: 16.165m2

Normal Gross Weight: 13127.5N/65gal of Aviation kerosene

Power Plant: One piston engine of 230hp at sea level

Sfc: 2.0025(N/hp.h)

Parasite Drag Co-efficient: 0.025

Ostwald Efficiency Factor: 0.8

Propeller Efficiency: 0.8

32
 Hypothetical data for two different type of aircraft are
Problem-1:
given below:

Aircraft-2:

Wing span: 16.25m

Wing Area: 29.54m2

Normal Gross Weight: 88176.75N

Fuel Capacity: 1119gal of kerosene

Sfc: 0.102kg/Nh of fuel/(lb thrust).hr

Power Plant: Two turbofan engines of 16242.5N of thrust

each at sea level

Parasite Drag Co-efficient: 0.02

Ostwald Efficiency Factor: 0.81

33 Estimate:

1. Thrust Required vs Velocity Curve

2. Power Required vs Velocity Curve

3. Maximum Velocity for Second Case: 297.18m/s

4. Maximum Mach Number for Second Case: 0.87

5. (HP) Available=Efficiency.(B.H.P)

6. Maximum Velocity for First Case: 80.772m/s.

7. Calculate Rate of Climb for Case 1 and Case 2 at typical

velocity.
(7.087m/s and 41.3m/s)
34 Effect of Altitude:
 For CJ-1 draw the power required curve at 6705.6m.

 Power available decreases with increase in altitude.

Given Power Generated Generated

Velocity Required Velocity Power
Required
60.96 889 0.706 43.04 628
91.44 741 0.706 64.56 523
152.4 1190 0.706 107.6 840
243.8 3713 0.706 172.12 2621
304.8 7012 0.706 215.18 4950
35 Effect of Altitude on ROC:

 Calculate the ROC vs velocity at sea level for a. CP-1 and

CJ-1.
CP-1 CJ-1

Given ROC Given ROC

Velocity (m/minute Velocity (m/minute
(m/s) ) (m/s) )
30.48 454.76 60.96 1080.8
39.62 448.66 121.9 2143.05
54.86 362.4 182.88 2465.2
67.06 222.2 243.8 1765.5
79.24 9.936 289.5 374.9
36 Glide Angle and Range:

 The maximum lift to drag ratio for CP-1 is 13.6. Calculate

the minimum glide angle and the maximum range
measured along the ground covered by CP-1 in a power-
off glide that starts at an altitude of 3048m.

Solution:

Minimum Drag for glide angle = 4.2Degree.

 Glide Angle and Range:
37

 The maximum lift to drag ratio for CJ-1 is 16.9. Calculate

the minimum glide angle and the maximum range
measured along the ground covered by CJ-1 in a power-off
glide that starts at an altitude of 3048m. Further
calculate equilibrium glide velocities at an altitude of
3048m. And 609.6m.

Solution:

Minimum Drag for glide angle = 3.39Degree.

Here,
38 Range and Endurance:

a. Endurance:

b. Range:
39 Range and Endurance:

Propeller Driven Aircraft (Breguet Formulas):

 Estimate maximum range and maximum endurance for

CP-1.

Solution:

For maximum range and endurance minimum drag and

minimum power conditions.
40 Range and Endurance:

Propeller Driven Aircraft (Breguet Formulas):

41 Range and Endurance:

Jet Engine:

 Estimate the maximum range and endurance for CJ-1.

Max Max.
42 Range and Endurance:

Jet Engine:
43 Turning Flight:

 Consider two of the military aircrafts one a conventional

piloted airplane limited to a maximum load factor of 9
and other a plane is designed for maximum load factor of
25. At the same speed compare the turn radius and turn
rate for these two flights.

Answer:
44 Turning Flight:

 An aircraft is performing a co-ordinated turn manoeuvre

at a bank angle of 30 degree and forward speed of
100m/s. Assume g=9.81. The load factor and turn radius
respectively are: (GATE-2011).

 In steady level turning flight of an aircraft at load factor

n, the ratio of horizontal component of lift and weight is

 An aerobatic airplane flies a perfect circular looping. The

pilot reads and altitude of 5000ft at the highest point of
the looping and an altitude of 4000ft at the lowest point
of the looping. The looping is flown at such a speed that
the lowest load factor in the looping is n=0. Assume the
aircraft speed is nearly constant in the looping. Estimate
the speed and load factor at lowest and highest point
 Turning Flight:
45

 Consider turning glide operation with bank angle of 1.5 and Weight
of 125 unit. Find lift.

 Determine the value of turn rate. Consider glider has centripetal

acceleration of 10 and velocity of 9.5.

 Consider turning gliding flight. Turn rate is given as 0.2 unit and
velocity of flight is 10 unit. Find the value of turn radius.

 If load factor of level turning flight is found to be 1.2 and flight

speed is 120m/s then, determine turn rate.

 Let’s consider we are designing an aircraft which can have 0.075

rad/s as its turn rate during level turning operation. If load factor is
set to be 1.1 then, at which velocity we should fly our aircraft to
obtain mentioned requirement.
46 Take-off Performance:
 ,
 Take-off Performance. During a takeoff maneuver, the airplane is
in accelerated motion and experiences a continuously increasing
airspeed.

 Finally, sufficient airspeed will be reached for the airplane to fly

after covering a certain runway length, called the liftoff or
“unstick” point.

Now

Integrating both sides from

We get,
47 Take-off Performance:

Integrating both sides from

We get

We know,

Now resolving the forces in horizontal direction

48 Problem-1:

For shortest distance:

𝑺𝒕𝒐=𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒇𝒕 .
49 Problem-1:

Considering ground effects

Where,
Conversions:
Where, h is the height of the wing above ground

b wing span
 Landing Performance:
 Landing distance begins when the airplane clears an obstacle
50ft height.
50
 At that instant the plane is following a straight approach path
with an angle θa.

 The velocity Va=1.3 Vstall for civil planes, Va=1.2Vstall for

military.

 At a distance hf from the ground the airplane flares as a

transition to the horizontal ground roll.

 The distance measured on the ground from the obstacle to the

flare is .

 The distance covered during the flare on the ground is .

 The velocity at touchdown is Vtd=1.15Vstall (1.1Vstall for

military).

 After the touchdown there is a Free roll distance before the pilot
use the brakes (the velocity is assumed constant to Vtd).

 The distance up to the point where velocity is 0, is the ground

 Landing Performance:
51
 Landing Performance:
52
 Landing Performance:
53
 Landing Performance:
54
 Landing Performance:
55
 Landing Performance:
56
 Landing Performance:
57