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ICT Unit 2

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Yasir Ali
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12 views

ICT Unit 2

Uploaded by

Yasir Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Information and

Communication
Technology (ICT)

Unit 2: Overview and organization of computer

Instructor
Mr. Yasir Ali
History and Development of Computer

Abacus Machine
• Mechanical device
• First device
Napier’s Bones
• Mathematician John Napier invented logs
in 1614
• Performs Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division
Wilhelm Schickard
• Built Mechanical calculator in 1623
• Support 16 digit capacity
History and Development of Computer
Blaise Pascal
• French Mathematician built mechanical calculator in 1642
• Could add, Subtract to number directly
• Multiply and divide by repetition
• Support 8 digit capacity
Charles Babbage
• Built Difference Engine in 1820
• Perform mathematical and statistical
stables
Generations of Computer

First Generation (1951-1958)


• Vacuum Tube technology used
• Large size, Comprise in big room
• Required high power, Large heat generates
• Used punch card and magnetic tape as input device
• Process data sequentially

Limitations
•Generated much heat
•Punched cards technology consumed large number of
cards
•Magnetic tapes were slow
Generations of Computer

Second Generation (1959-1964)


• Transistor Technology used.
• Punch card used for input.
• Magnetic tape used input/output and storage.
• FORTRAN and COBOL languages were used
• Small size, low heat generates and consume small amount of
energy.

Advantages
•Speed
•Consumed less electricity
Generations of Computer

Third Generation (1965-1970)


• Integrated circuit (IC) technology used.
• Thousand of transistor fabricated in single silicon chip.
• More reliable, smaller size, Less heat generate and less
energy required
• Keyboard used as input and monitor used as output device.
• PASCAL introduced as high level language

Advantages
• Integrated circuits were more reliable
• Silicon chips were cheap and consume less electricity
Generations of Computer

Fourth Generation (1980)


• Large scale integrated circuit and very large scale integrated
circuit technology.
• In LSI about 30,000 electronic components fabricated in single
chip.
• In VLSI million of electronic components were fabricated in single
silicon chip
• Microprocessor based personal computers introduced.
• Keyboard and monitor were used as primary input / output
device
Generations of Computer
Fifth Generation (late 1990s)
• Voice recognition, in which person can dictate computer by
microphone
• Optical fiber technology introduced. It is glass wire through
large data transfer in form of light.
• Artificial Intelligence technology introduced, in which
computer think itself and make decision.
• Robot is example of AI
Classification of Computer (Size)

Micro Computer
• Smaller size computer also called personal
computer (PC)
• General Purpose, used in home for make
drawing, budget, listening music etc.
• Microprocessor used as its central processing unit
Classification of Computer (Size)
Mini Computer
• Large then micro and smaller then mainframe
computers
• Support hundreds of users simultaneously
• PEC master, Toshiba DSI and AS400 are
examples of minicomputers
Mainframe Computer
• Cupboard size computers
• Expensive and extremely high processing speed
• Used to store, manage and process large
amount of data that need reliable, secure and
centralized
• Capable of supporting thousand of users
simultaneously
• Many program run at a time
• IBM 360, NEC are examples of mainframe
Classification of Computer (Size)
Super Computer
• Large in size, room size
• extremely powerful computers.
• Such computers have been used primarily for
scientific and engineering work requiring exceedingly
high-speed computations.
• Common applications for supercomputers include
testing mathematical models for complex physical
phenomena or designs, such as climate and weather,
evolution of the cosmos, nuclear weapons and
reactors, new chemical compounds (especially for
pharmaceutical purposes), and cryptology
Classification of Computer (Purpose)

• Computers can be divided into three types according to


purpose:
• Digital Computer
• Analog Computer
• Hybrid Computer
Classification of Computer (Purpose)
• Digital Computer
• Process data in form of digit
• Everything is describe in two states. i.e. 0 or 1
• Accurate but not fast
• General Purpose used in every field
Classification of Computer (Purpose)
• Analog Computer
• Recognize data in physical and continuous
form
• Output display on meter or graphs
• Voltage, pressure, speed or temperature is
physical properties measured with analog
computer
• Used in scientific laboratories
• High speed but not accurate as digital
computers
Classification of Computer (Purpose)
• Hybrid Computer
• Combination of digital and analog computer
• Used in scientific laboratories
• Both analog and digital data is required for processing.
Important Terms and Computer Parts
• Computer Ports
• Computer ports are interface or link through which data is
transferred
• Serial Port
• Serial port transfer data one bit at a time,
• slow, used for mouse and modem
• Parallel Port
• Transfer 8 bit at one time, faster,
• used for printers scanners
• USB Port
• Does not use pins, easy to use,
• used for printers scanners cameras
Important Terms and Computer Parts

• Microprocessor
• Brain of computer, silicon chip containing millions of transistors
• called CPU
Important Terms and Computer Parts
• Microprocessor Parts
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
• Arithmetic operation (add subtract multiply divide)
• Logical operations (comparison)
• Control Unit (CU)
•Control and Coordinate all components and operation of
computer
•Select instruction from
memory and send to ALU
for execution
Important Terms and Computer Parts

•Memory
memory is a place where data or programs are stored

• Primary Memory (RAM): Primary memory is temporary


• Secondary Memory (Storage): Secondary memory is also called
permanent storage.
Important Terms and Computer Parts

•Secondary Memory (Storage)


• also called secondary storage or auxiliary storage
• Store large amount of data permanently (Non volatile)
• Hard disk
•Optical Disk (CD, DVD, DVD-R, DVD-RW)
•Magnetic Tape
Important Terms and Computer Parts
•Motherboard of Computer System (Mainboard)
• It is the overall circuit board
• It contains key elements and components
• Key elements mounted on motherboard includes microprocessor,
computer memory, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots

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