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MATTU UNIVERSTY

COLLEGE OF: ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


DEPARTMENT OF: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Course : Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Prepared by:
Yasin Mohamed
Refrigeration system components

2
Introduction

 A typical refrigeration system consists of several basic


components such as compressors, condensers, expansion
devices, evaporators, in addition to several accessories such as
controls, filters, driers, oil separators etc.

 For efficient operation of the refrigeration system, it is essential


that there be a proper matching between various components.

3
1. Compressors

 The function of a compressor in a VCRS is to continuously draw


the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator, so that a low pressure
and low temperature can be maintained in the evaporator at which
the refrigerant can boil extracting heat from the refrigerated space.

 The compressor then has to raise the pressure of the refrigerant to


a level at which it can condense by rejecting heat to the cooling
medium in the condenser.

4
Classification of compressors
 Compressors used in refrigeration systems can be classified in several ways:
a) Based on the working principle:
i. Positive displacement type
ii. Roto-dynamic type
Depending upon the construction, positive displacement type compressors
used in refrigeration and air conditioning can be classified into:
i. Reciprocating type
ii. Rotary type with sliding vanes (rolling piston type or multiple vane type)
iii. Rotary screw type (single screw or twin-screw type)
iv. Orbital compressors, and
v. Acoustic compressors
Depending upon the construction, roto-dynamic type compressors can be
classified into:
i. Radial flow type, or
ii. Axial flow type
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b) Based on arrangement of compressor motor or external drive:

i. Open type

ii. Hermetic (or sealed) type

iii. Semi-hermetic (or semi-sealed) type

6
1.1 Reciprocating compressors
 Reciprocating compressor is the most widely used compressor with cooling
capacities ranging from a few Watts to hundreds of kilowatts.
 Reciprocating compressors consist of a piston moving back and forth in a
cylinder, with suction and discharge valves to achieve suction and compression
of the refrigerant vapor.

Schematic of a reciprocating compressor


Performance of reciprocating compressors
 For a given evaporator and condenser pressures, the important performance parameters of
a refrigerant compressor are:
a) The mass flow rate (m) of the compressor for a given displacement rate
b) Power consumption of the compressor (Wc)
c) Temperature of the refrigerant at compressor exit, T d, and
d) Performance under part load conditions
 The volumetric efficiency, ηV is defined as the ratio of volumetric flow rate of refrigerant
to the maximum possible volumetric flow rate, which is equal to the compressor
displacement rate, i.e.,
 The power consumption (kW) or alternately the power input per unit refrigeration capacity
(kW/kW) depends on the compressor efficiency (ηC), efficiency of the mechanical drive
(ηmech) and the motor efficiency (ηmotor).
 For a refrigerant compressor, the power input (W c) is given by:

where Wideal is the power input to an ideal compressor


a) Ideal reciprocating compressor:
 An ideal reciprocating compressor is one in which:

i. The clearance volume is zero, i.e., at the end of discharge process, the volume of
refrigerant inside the cylinder is zero.
ii. No pressure drops during suction and compression
iii. Suction, compression and discharge are reversible and adiabatic
 As shown in the figures, the cycle of operations consists of:
 Process D-A:
 This is an isobaric suction process, during which the piston moves from the Inner Dead
Centre (IDC) to the Outer Dead Centre (ODC).
 The suction valve remains open during this process and refrigerant at a constant pressure
Pe flows into the cylinder.
 Process A-B:
 This is an isentropic compression process.
 During this process, the piston moves from ODC towards IDC.
 Both the suction and discharge valves remain closed during the process and the pressure
of refrigerant increases from Pe to Pc.
 Process B-C:
 This is an isobaric discharge process.
 During this process, the suction valve remains closed and the discharge valve opens.
 Refrigerant at a constant P is expelled from the compressor as the piston moves to IDC
b) Ideal compressor with clearance:
 The spaces between the closed valves and the piston at the inner dead center (IDC) is
called as Clearance volume, Vc.
 The ratio of the clearance volume to the swept volume is called as Clearance ratio, ε, i.e.,
Performance Of Reciprocating Compressors
Ideal compressor with clearance
1. Effect of evaporator temperature
a) On Volumetric efficiency and refrigerant mass flow rate:
 The volumetric of the compressor with clearance is given
by:

 For a given condensing temperature (or pressure), the


pressure ratio rp increases as the evaporator temperature (or
evaporator pressure) decreases the volumetric efficiency
decreases as evaporator temperature decreases.
 As the evaporator temperature decreases the clearance volumetric efficiency
decreases and the specific volume of refrigerant at compressor inlet v e
increases.
 As a result of these two effects, the mass flow rate of refrigerant through the
compressor decreases rapidly as the evaporator temperature decreases

b) On refrigeration effect and refrigeration capacity:


 The refrigeration effect, q e(q e= h1-h4) increases marginally as the evaporator
temperature is increased.
 This is due to the shape of the saturation vapour curve on P-h diagram.
 The refrigeration capacity of the compressor Q is given by
c) On work of compression and power requirement
 At a constant condenser temperature. as evaporator temperature increases the
work of compression, (Δh c= h2-h1) decreases
 The work of compression becomes zero when the evaporator temperature
becomes equal to the condenser temperature (Te=Tc)
 The power input to the compressor is given by:

Effect of evaporator temperature on work of


compression (Δhc) and power input to
compressor (Wc)
d) On COP and volume flow rate per unit capacity:
 The COP of the system is defined as:

 As the evaporator temperature increases, the refrigeration effect, q e increases

marginally and the work of compression, Δhc reduces sharply.


 As a result, the COP of the system increases rapidly as the evaporator temperature

increases
 The volume flow rate per unit capacity, V is given by:

 As evaporator temperature increases, the specific volume of the refrigerant at

compressor inlet reduces rapidly and the refrigerant effect increases marginally.
 Due to the combined effect of these two, the volume flow rate of refrigerant per unit

capacity reduces sharply with evaporator temperature increases


Effect of condenser temperature
 The effect of condensing temperature on compressor performance can be studied

by keeping evaporator temperature constant

a) On volumetric efficiency and refrigerant mass flow rate:

 At a constant evaporator temperature as the condensing temperature increases,

the pressure ratio increases, hence, both the volumetric efficiency and mass flow
rate decrease as shown in the figure.

b) On refrigeration effect and refrigeration capacity:


 At a constant evaporator temperature as the condensing temperature increases,

then the enthalpy of refrigerant at the inlet to the evaporator increases.


 The refrigeration effect decreases with increase in condensing temperature

 The refrigeration capacity (Qe) also reduces with increase in condensing

temperature as both the mass flow rate and refrigeration effect decrease
c) On work of compression and power
requirement:
 The work of compression is zero when the
condenser temperature is equal to the evaporator
temperature, on the other hand at a limiting
condensing temperature the mass flow rate of
refrigerant becomes zero as the clearance
volumetric efficiency becomes zero.
 The compressor power input increases from Effect of condenser temperature on
work of compression and power input
zero (work of compression is zero), reaches a to compressor
peak and then again becomes zero at a high
value of condensing temperature
d) On COP and volume flow rate per unit
capacity:
 As condensing temperature increases the
refrigeration effect reduces marginally and work
of compression increases, as a result the COP
reduces.
 The = volume flow rate of refrigerant per unit
capacity increases as condenser temperature
increases
Compressor discharge temperature:
 If the compressor discharge temperature is very high then it may result in breakdown of
the lubricating oil, causing excessive wear and reduced life of the compressor valves
(mainly the discharge valve).
 When the temperature is high, undesirable chemical reactions may take place inside the
compressor, especially in the presence of water. This may ultimately damage the
compressor.
 If the compression process is assumed to be isentropic and the refrigerant vapour is
assumed to be have as a perfect gas, then the following equations apply:

Then the discharge temperature, T is given by:


Actual compression process
 Actual compression processes deviate from ideal compression processes due to:

a) Heat transfer between the refrigerant and surroundings during compression and

expansion, which makes these processes non-adiabatic

b) Frictional pressure drops in connecting lines and across suction and discharge

valves

c) Losses due to leakage


Capacity control of reciprocating compressors:
 When the operating conditions are not so severe, i.e., when the cooling load is
low and/or the heat sink temperature is low, then the compressor designed for
peak load conditions becomes oversized.
 If no control action is taken, then the compressor adjusts itself by operating at
lower evaporator temperature, which may affect the refrigerated space
temperature.
 Operating at low evaporator temperature may lead to other problems such as low
air humidity, frosting of evaporator coils and freezing of the external fluid.
 To avoid these problems, the capacity of the compressor has to be regulated
depending upon the load.
 Various methods available in practice for controlling the capacity of compressors
are:
a) Cycling or on-off control
b) Back pressure regulation by throttling of suction gas
c) Hot gas by-pass
d) Unloading of cylinders in multi cylinder compressors and
e) Compressor speed control
1.2 Rotary, Positive Displacement Type Compressors
a) Rolling piston (fixed vane) type compressors
 These compressors belong to the class of positive displacement type as compression is
achieved by reducing the volume of the refrigerant.
 They are used in small refrigeration systems (upto 2 kW capacity) such as domestic
refrigerators or air conditioners
 The compressor runs smoothly and is relatively quiet as the refrigerant flow is
continuous.
 The mass flow rate of refrigerant through the compressor is given by:
Characteristics of rotary, vane type compressors:
 They have low mass-to-displacement ratio.

 The compressors are normally oil-flooded type, hence, oil separators are

required.
 The cooling capacity is normally controlled either by compressor speed

regulation or suction gas throttling.

1.3 Rotary, screw compressors


 The rotary screw compressors can be either twin-screw type or single-screw

type.
Twin-screw compressor:
 The twin-screw type compressor consists
of two mating helically grooved rotors, one
male and the other female.
 Generally, the male rotor drives the female
rotor.
 The male rotor has lobes, while the female
rotor has flutes or gullies
 The frequently used lobe-gully
combinations are [4,6], [5,6] and [5,7].
 For [4,6] combination, when the male rotor
rotates at 3600 RPM, the female rotor Twin-screw compressor with 4 male
lobes and 6 female gullies
rotates at 2400 RPM.
Single-screw compressors:
 Single screw compressors consist of
a single helical screw and two planet
wheels or gate rotors.
 The single screw is normally driven
by an electric motor.

single-screw compressor
1.4 Scroll compressors:

 Scroll compressors are orbital motion, positive displacement type compressors, in

which suction and compression is obtained by using two mating, spiral shaped, scroll
members, one fixed and the other orbiting.

 As shown in Fig., the compression process involves three orbits of the orbiting scroll.

 In the first orbit, the scrolls ingest and trap two pockets of suction gas.

 During the second orbit, the two pockets of gas are compressed to an intermediate

pressure.

 In the final orbit, the two pockets reach discharge pressure and are simultaneously

opened to the discharge port

 This simultaneous process of suction, intermediate compression, and discharge leads

to the smooth continuous compression process of the scroll compressor


1.5 Centrifugal Compressors
 Centrifugal compressors; also known as turbo-compressors belong to the roto-

dynamic type of compressors.


 In these compressors the required pressure rise takes place due to the

continuous conversion of angular momentum imparted to the refrigerant


vapour by a high-speed impeller into static pressure.
 Centrifugal compressors are steady-flow devices hence they are subjected to

less vibration and noise


 As shown in the figure, low-pressure refrigerant enters the compressor

through the eye of the impeller (1).


 The impeller (2) consists of a number of blades, which form flow passages (3)

for refrigerant
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