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Introduction To Logic

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27 views25 pages

Introduction To Logic

Uploaded by

Jamea Jamola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LOGIC

LESSON
Objectives

1 2 3
Define LOGIC Define and identify Identify INDICATORS for
Define an ARGUMENT PREMISE(S) and arguments, premises, and
Define a PROPOSITION CONCLUSION(S) in an conclusions
argument
LESSON
Agenda

01 02 03 04

Inductive and
Introduction to Introduction to Form of Deductive
Logical Argument Argument Arguments
What is Logic?

• Logic is the study of reasoning


and argumentation
• It examines the structure and
validity of arguments
• Logic helps us distinguish good
arguments from bad ones
• Why do you think logic is
important in everyday life?
The Normative Nature of
Logic

• Logic is a "normative"
discipline
• It separates "good" from "bad"
arguments
• Logic asks: What makes an
argument compelling?
• Can you think of a time when
you encountered a truly
convincing argument?
What is an Argument?
• An argument is a set of sentences
designed to persuade
• It aims to convince the
listener/reader to believe a
conclusion
• Arguments differ from simple
statements of fact
• Can you spot the difference between
an argument and a fact?
Components of an Argument

• Arguments are composed of propositions


• Propositions are statements that can be true or false
• Example propositions:
￭ • The earth is flat
￭ • All Ateneo High School students are male

• Can you come up with your own proposition?


Premises and Conclusions

• Arguments have two main parts: Argume


1. Premises: reasons supporting the
argument nt
2. Conclusion: what the listener should
believe

Premise Conclusio
• Example: "Classes should be
suspended because of the terrible s n
weather"
• • Conclusion: Classes should be
suspended
• • Premise: The weather is terrible
• Can you identify the premise and
conclusion in your own example?
Good vs. Bad Arguments

• Logic helps distinguish between good and bad


arguments
￭ Good argument: premises strongly support the
conclusion
￭ Bad argument: premises weakly support (or
don't support) the conclusion
• We're compelled to accept conclusions of good
arguments
• What makes an argument convincing to you?
Deductive
Arguments
• In deductive arguments, the
conclusion is contained within the
premises
• Example:

All UC College Students students study


English
Therefore, U4th year college students
study English
• The conclusion doesn't introduce new
information
• Can you create your own deductive
argument?
Inductive Arguments
• Inductive arguments extend beyond the
premises
• Example:

One-third of students in this room love


math
Therefore, one-third of all nursing students
love math
• The conclusion introduces new information
• How is this different from the deductive
example?
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

• Deductive: Uses general principles to reach specific


conclusions
• Inductive: Uses specific observations to reach general
conclusions
• Both are important in different contexts
• When might you use deductive vs. inductive reasoning
in your studies?
Validity in Arguments

• A valid argument:

if premises are true, the conclusion


must be true
• Validity is about the argument's
structure, not the truth of its content

• Example:
• • All humans have four eyes
• • Cyclops is human
• • Therefore, Cyclops has four eyes
• Is this argument valid? Why or why
not?
Premises
It's okay to hurt someone you
love.
I love you.

Conclusion
It's okay to hurt you
Truth in Arguments

• Truth relates to the content of the propositions


• A proposition is true if it corresponds to reality
• Example: "The earth is round" is a true proposition
• Can an argument be valid but contain false
propositions?
Soundness in Arguments

• A sound argument is both valid


AND has all true premises
• Soundness = Validity + Truth
• Sound arguments guarantee
true conclusions
• Can you think of an argument
that's valid but not sound?
Premise 1: All birds can fly.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: Therefore, a penguin can fly.

This argument is valid because if the premises were true, the


conclusion would logically follow. However, it is unsound because
Premise 1 is false — not all birds can fly (e.g., penguins are
flightless). Therefore, while the argument is valid in form, it is not
sound due to the false premise.
Premise 1: All people who are in love always act
selflessly.
Premise 2: Sarah is in love with John.
Conclusion: Therefore, Sarah always acts
selflessly.

This argument is valid because if both premises were true, the


conclusion would logically follow. However, it is unsound because
Premise 1 is false — not all people in love always act selflessly.
People can still act selfishly, even if they are in love. Hence, the
argument is valid but unsound due to the false premise.
The Importance of Logic

• Logic helps us evaluate


information critically
• It's crucial for academic success
and everyday reasoning
• Logic improves our ability to
construct persuasive arguments
• How might you apply logical
thinking in your daily life?
Review: Key Concepts

• Logic: study of reasoning and argumentation


• Argument: set of propositions aimed at persuasion
• Premises: supporting reasons
• Conclusion: point being argued
• Deductive vs. Inductive reasoning
• Validity, Truth, and Soundness
Practice Exercises

• Identify arguments vs. statements


• Determine premises and conclusions
• Evaluate validity and soundness
• Distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning
• Create your own arguments and analyze them
Reflection and Application

• We're surrounded by arguments in media and


daily life
• Stay vigilant: identify true/false propositions
• Watch for valid arguments with false premises
• Practice critical thinking and form your own
conclusions
• How will you apply these skills moving forward?
Thank You and Goodbye!

• We've covered the basics of logic and argumentation


• Remember to review key concepts and complete homework
• Next class: Syllogisms and further practice
• Any final questions before we wrap up?

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