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Atomic Structure

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9 views

Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

samarshaker.epic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atomic Structure

Unit 2
GRADE 8
Objectives:

1- Understand the historical development of the


atomic theory:

2- Describe the basic structure of an atom

3- Understand the significance of valence


electrons

4- Demonstrate the use of atomic models


Warm Up activity
Divide students into small groups and provide
them with sticky notes or small cards. Instruct
each group to discuss and write down one key
event or discovery related to atomic theory on
their sticky notes. They should then place their
sticky notes on the timeline in the correct
chronological order.
Atom
● An atom is the smallest particle of matter

● Around 430 BCE the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that


matter was formed of small pieces that couldn’t be cut and he used
the word atomos meaning uncuttable

● Atoms are too small so they are difficult to study , scientists have
created models to describe them

● John Dalton, an English chemist conducted many experiments


centered on atoms.
Dalton’s atomic theory

● All elements consist of atoms that cannot be divided

● All atoms of the same elements are exactly alike and have the same mass

● Atoms of different elements are different and have different masses

● An atom of one element can’t be changed into an atom of a different element by


a chemical reaction

● Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine together
in a specific ratio
Thomson’s model

● Thomson discovered that atoms contain negatively charged particles , each


particle is called an electron

● He described an atom that had electrons scattered throughout a ball of


positive charge

● His model looked like a scoop of chocolate chip ice cream


Rutherford’s model

● In 1911, ernest Rutherford found evidence that


challenged Thomson’s model.

● He said that atom is mostly empty space but has dense,


positive charge at its center

● This dense center is called the nucleus

● He called a positively charged particle in an atom’s


Bohr’s model
● He suggested that electrons move only in a specific
orbits around the atom’s nucleus

● The orbits in his model look like moons orbiting a planet

● Each possible electron orbit in bohr’s model has a fixed


energy
Cloud model

● The atomic model changed again in 1920s.

● Around that time scientists determined that electrons


don’t move in a specific orbits like planets do as bohr’s
suggested

● Instead electrons move rapidly within a cloud like region


around the nucleus
Modern model of atom

● In 1932, james chadwick, English scientist showed that another particle exists in the
nucleus of atoms

● This particle is called neutron, it has no electric charges

● Neutrons, protons and electrons are known as subatomic particles

● A subatomic particle is any particle smaller than an atom


Modern model of atom
comparing particle
masses
3.3 ELectron
configuration
Objectives:
1. Explore the arrangement of electrons in energy
levels:
2. Discuss the concept of energy levels (shells) and
sublevels (s, p, d, f) and how electrons occupy
these regions around the nucleus.
3. Introduce the concept of electron configuration
3.3 Electron
Configuration
Objectives:

1. Understand the concept of electron configuration and


its relationship to energy levels.

2. Determine the electron configuration of elements using


the periodic table.

3. Explain the process of ion formation and predict the


charge of ions based on electron configuration
Warm Up activity

Activity: "Element Scramble"


1. Divide the students into small groups.
2. Provide each group with a set of element cards
containing the atomic numbers and symbols of
different elements.
3. Instruct the groups to unscramble the elements and
arrange them in order of increasing atomic number.
4. After a few minutes, ask each group to share their
ordered list of elements.
5. Facilitate a discussion about the periodic table, atomic
numbers, and the arrangement of elements.
Edpuzzle

https://edpuzzle.com/media/6141f1ba1d43644141d19ef
a
Essential Question:

"How do ions, cations, and anions contribute to the


formation of chemical compounds and the behavior of
substances?"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y
Ions
Ions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y
3.4 atomic number

● Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of


an atom

● The definition of an element is based on its atomic


number

● For example every oxygen atom has eight protons so


Mass number

● Mass number equals the number of protons plus the


number of neutrons in an atom of element
3.5 Isotopes

● All atoms of an element have the same number of protons


● The number of neutrons can vary
● Atoms with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes

● An isotope is identified by its mass number , which is the sum of protons and neutrons in the
atom
Isotopes

● The most common isotope of oxygen has a mass number of 16 ( 8 protons


+ 8 neutrons ) and ma be written as oxygen -16

● Most naturally occurring oxygen is oxygen 16 , the two other isotopes are
oxygen 17 and oxygen 18

● All three oxygen isotopes react the same way chemically

● All isotopes of oxygen have the same number of electrons


Atomic mass

● The atomic mass is the mass of an atom

● Atomic masses are usually expressed in unified


atomic mass unit (u)

● Or atomic mass unit (amu)


Electrons

● The electrons of an atom are found in different


energy levels

● The first energy level is the closest to the nucleus, It


can hold a maximum of two electrons

● The second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons


Valence electrons

● Larger atoms have even more energy levels and can hold
different numbers of electrons

● Electrons in higher energy levels have higher amount of


energy

● The valence electrons of an atom are those hat have highest


energy , they are in the outermost energy level
Valence electrons

● Each atom has a certain number of valence electrons

● The number of valence electrons is a specific to each


element, an atom may have from one to eight valence
electrons depending on the element

● Bohr’s model diagram is used to show the arrangement of


electrons
Electrons transition

● Electrons jump between energy levels when an atom gains or loses


energy

● The lowest state of energy of an electron is called ground state

● At normal temperatures most electrons are in the ground state

● If an electron gains energy it moves to an excited state


● The arrangement of electrons in an atom or
molecule is described by electronic configuration.

● Electrons occupy certain energy levels or orbitals


surrounding an atom's nucleus.
● The maximum number of energy levels is seven, and
they are named:

“ K, L, M, N,O, P Q”

Each shell can hold a limited number of electrons as


follows,
This rule doesn’t apply to O,P and Q levels.

● The energy levels are further divided into


sublevels, “ s, p,, d ,f”
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qVucyO6SGiwOk7
SI8FsD_P5CPN0SpF_2/edit
Thank You

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