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Animal Nutrition

Animals require seven essential nutrients for a balanced diet, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. Energy needs vary based on age, sex, and activity level, with excess energy stored as fat. Digestion involves mechanical and chemical processes, with various organs and enzymes playing critical roles in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

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12 views35 pages

Animal Nutrition

Animals require seven essential nutrients for a balanced diet, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. Energy needs vary based on age, sex, and activity level, with excess energy stored as fat. Digestion involves mechanical and chemical processes, with various organs and enzymes playing critical roles in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Uploaded by

bwaldorf985
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANIMAL NUTRITION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bo2Ape8JHqA
DIET
• Most animals need seven types of nutrients in their
diet:
• Carbohydrates – Needed for energy
• Proteins – Growth and repair, to make haemoglobin,
hormones and antibodies
• Fats – for energy, to make cell membranes, act as an
insulator and mechanical protection
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water
• Fibre
BALANCED DIET
• A diet which contains all the
nutrients in the correct amounts and
proportions
ENERGY NEEDS
• The amount of energy a person requires
depends upon the age, sex and work
profile
• The energy comes from the food we eat
• Extra intake will be stored as fat while too
less will make us tired
• All food contains some energy:
• Carbohydrates – 1 g contains 17k
• Fats – 1g contains 39kJ
• A person’s diet may need to change at
different times
NUTRIENTS
• Apart from carbohydrates, fats and proteins, a
person’s diet must also contain:
• VITAMINS: Organic substances needed only in
small amounts
• MINERALS: Inorganic substances needed in small
amounts
• FIBRE: keeps the alimentary canal working
properly: PERISTALSIS
• WATER: More than 60% of the human body is
water. Used as a solvent for metabolic reactions,
to transport substances and to eliminate wastes
like urea
NUTRIENTS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY DISEASES
NUTRIENTS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY DISEASES
NUTRIENT ENZYME SMALLEST UNIT

Starch

Protein

fats

maltose
DIGESTION
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

• Mechanical Digestion:
• By teeth
• By churning action of the alimentary
canal
• Chemical Digestion:
• Involves a chemical change from 1 sort
of molecule to another
• Involves enzymes
Digestion of different nutrients
Simple sugars, water, vitamins and minerals

• Are already small molecules


• They can be absorbed just as they are
• They do not need to be digested
TEETH
• Help with ingestion and mechanical
digestion
• Gives the food a large surface area,
making it easier for enzymes to work on
• Helps soluble parts of the food dissolve
STRUCTURE OF A TOOTH
TYPES OF TEETH
DENTITION IN HERBIVORES, CARNIVORES AND OMNIVORES
ALIMENTARY CANAL
• Antagonistic movement of the Circular and
Longitudinal Muscles on the walls – Peristalsis
• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0E9ITyRlh0

• Sphincter muscles - Close the tube completely


at certain places

• Mucus – made by goblet cells which occur along


the alimentary canal and help food to slide
easily
MOUTH
• Food is ingested using the teeth, lips
and tongue
• TEETH – bite and grind the food into
smaller pieces
• LIPS – Open to allow the food to enter
• TONGUE – mixes the food with saliva
and turns it into a BOLUS
• SALIVA – Made by the salivary glands
and is composed of water, mucus and
enzymes
Functions of the different secreted substances in the mouth

• WATER – helps to dissolve substances in


the food, allowing us to taste them
• MUCUS – Helps the chewed food to
bind together and lubricates it so that it
slides easily down the oesophagus
• AMYLASE – digests starch maltose
OESOPHAGUS
• Found behind the trachea
• Takes food down to the stomach
• EPIGLOTTIS – A piece of cartilage which
covers the entrance to the trachea and
prevents food from entering the lungs
• SPHINCTER MUSCLES – Guard the
entrance to the stomach from the
esophagus
STOMACH
• Has strong muscular walls to churn the
bolus and mix it with enzymes + mucus +
conc. HCl acid CHYME
• CHURNED BOLUS – Muscles in the
stomach walls
• GOBLET CELLS – produce mucus
• PEPSIN AND RENIN IN SMALL MAMMALS
– Cells which make Proteases
• Conc. HCl ACID – Cells which produce acid
• HCl ACID –
• Kill microorganisms ingested
with the food
• Provide an acidic
environment for the
proteases
• PROTEASES –
• PEPSIN:
Proteins polypeptides
• RENIN:
Clots milk and the milk proteins
are then broken down by
pepsin
SMALL INTESTINE
• 5m long
• Quite narrow
• DUODENUM – first
part near the
stomach
• JEJUNUM – middle
part
• ILEUM – last part
near the large
intestine (COLON)
DUODENUM
• Several enzymes made by the pancreas are
secreted here

• PANCREATIC JUICE CONTAINS :


• AMYLASE => starch maltose
• TRYPSIN => proteins polypeptides
• LIPASE => fats fatty acids + glycerol
• Sodium Hydrogencarbonate : partially
PANCREAS
• Secrete the pancreatic juice containing
enzymes which help with the digestion of
food in the duodenum
BILE
• Yellowish-green, alkaline,
watery liquid
• Made in the LIVER and
stored in the GALL BLADDER
• Flows into the duodenum
along the bile duct
• COMPOSED OF:
• BILE SALTS – Emulsify fats
• BILE PIGMENTS – made by
the liver when it breaks
down old RBC cells,
composed of
haemoglobin. Is a waste
product excreted in the
VILLI
• Millions of tiny projections covering
the Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum
• Cells covering the villi contain
enzymes which complete the
digestion process
• Enzymes do not come out but stay
close to the cells
• MALTASE
• Maltose glucose
• PROTEASES
• Polypeptides amino acids
• LIPASES
• Fats fatty acids + glycerol
ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD
• The small intestine absorbs:
– The digested food like glucose, amino acids,
fatty acids and glycerol
– Water – 5 – 10 l per day
– Mineral salts
– vitamins
ENZYMES
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN AND LIVER
COLON AND RECTUM – LARGE INTESTINE

• They are wider tubes


• Food travels through the caecum and
appendix to reach the colon
• Colon absorbs water and salts
• Rectum stores the wastes which is
passed out through the anus as faeces
• FAECES – undigested food (fibre or
roughage) + bacteria + dead cells from
the wall of the alimentary canal + bile
pigments
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