Scribd
Upload
12 views

Lecture6

The document discusses the concepts of energy, enzymes, and biological reactions, focusing on forms of energy, laws of thermodynamics, and Gibbs free energy. It differentiates between exergonic and endergonic reactions, explaining how ATP hydrolysis is used to drive endergonic reactions through energy coupling. Key principles include the transformation of energy, the prediction of spontaneous reactions, and the relationship between free energy changes and metabolic pathways.

Uploaded by

bellastellanaude
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lecture6

The document discusses the concepts of energy, enzymes, and biological reactions, focusing on forms of energy, laws of thermodynamics, and Gibbs free energy. It differentiates between exergonic and endergonic reactions, explaining how ATP hydrolysis is used to drive endergonic reactions through energy coupling. Key principles include the transformation of energy, the prediction of spontaneous reactions, and the relationship between free energy changes and metabolic pathways.

Uploaded by

bellastellanaude
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Lecture 6

ENERGY, ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL


REACTIONS

Chapter 6: pp.125-133
Photo by Stefan
OVERVIEW

• Forms of energy
 kinetic
 potential
 Laws of Thermodynamics
 Gibbs (G) Free Energy
• Exergonic and Endergonic reactions
• ATP hydrolysis
FORMS OF ENERGY

Energy is the capacity to do work


• The various forms of energy exist in one of two states:

kinetic – energy of movement


 Eg. heat energy, light energy

potential – stored energy


 e.g. chemical energy

• Energy can be changed or transformed from one form to the next


A diver has more potential Dive convertible
energy on the platform as potential energy
in the water in kinetic energy

Transforming or
Converting Forms
of Energy

Climbing stairs converts the kinetic energy of muscle-


A diver has less potential energy
movement to potential energy
in the water than on the platform.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

• Thermodynamics: the study of energy and its transformation into a system


• Three types of systems:
Isolated system Closed system Open system
Matter
Materie Energy
Energie Matter
Materie Energy
Energie

Closed Open
Isolated
system system
system

Energy Matter
Energy exchange exchange
exchange
Surrounding Surrounding Surrounding

[Does not exchange energy [Exchange energy with [Exchange energy and matter with
or matter with environment] environment] environment]
Laws of Thermodynamics

• The two laws of thermodynamics direct energy transformation in a


system:

• First Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics


Laws of Thermodynamics: First
Law

• Total amount of energy in a system and its environment remains


constant
it can be transferred, or change shape, but it cannot be created or destroyed

What is the source of this energy?

• How does the first law apply to biochemical reactions?


Radiant energy is given Light energy absorbed by photosynthesizing
off by the sun organisms and converted into chemical
energy (potential energy)

Heat energy is lost from


photosynthetic organsims
Laws of Thermodynamics: First
Law

• How does the first law apply to biochemical reactions?

+
Chemical
Energy

(a) First law of thermodynamics


Laws of Thermodynamics: Second
Law

• Every energy transfer/transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of


a system
Converted to
kinetic energy

Heat CO2
+
Chemical H2O
Energy

(a) First law of thermodynamics (b) Second law of thermodynamics


Laws of Thermodynamics

↓ Entropy (disorder) Entropy (disorder)

↓ Entropy (disorder) Entropy (disorder)


Laws of Thermodynamics

The first and second law of thermodynamics allow us to predict whether a


reaction will occur spontaneously
Spontaneous ≠ immediately
• Two factors to consider are:

• potential energy in a system = Enthalpy (H)

disorder = Entropy (S)


Gibbs FREE ENERGY = G

According to second law of thermodynamics, energy is lost during an energy


transformation
The amount of energy in a system available to perform work
= Free energy (G)
• The change in free energy (DG) of a system can be calculated as follows:

DG = DH – TDS

DH = change in enthalpy (binding energy) of a system (total energy)


DS = change in entropy of system (disorder)
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) = temperature in oC + 273
Gibbs free energy = G

The value of DG can be used to predict whether a chemical reaction will


occur spontaneously:
DG < 0: Reaction occurs spontaneously
• Therefore ↓DH ↑TDS

• DG > 0: Reaction does not occur spontaneously

Therefore ↑DH ↓TDS


Equilibrium vs. Completion

Spontaneous reactions will tend towards completion (completion) until equilibrium is


reached
• Subsequently, both reactants and products are present, and the reaction is
reversible
Relative concentration Relative concentration
of reactant of product
EXERGONIC vs. ENDERGONIC REACTIONS

• Based on the free energy of reactants and products, each reaction can be
placed in one of two groups:
• Exergonic – net release of energy
• DG < 0 (negative)
Products have less free energy than reactants
reaction occurs spontaneously

Endergonic – energy required


DG ≥ 0 (positive)
Products have more free energy than the reactants
reaction does not occur spontaneously
Free Energy Change (∆G) in Exergonic
Reactions

• exergonic = net release of energy A. Exergonic reaction: free energy is released,


products have less free energy than reactants,
reaction proceeds spontaneously.
Free Energy Change (∆G) in Endergonic
Reactions

• endergonic = energy is required B. Endergonic reaction: free energy is obtained,


products have more free energy than reactants,
reaction does not pass spontaneously
Exergonic and Endergonic
reactions

• Individual reactions form part of metabolic pathways of which there are


two types:
• Catabolic pathways
• degradation of complex molecule into simpler compounds
• energy is released (exergonic)
Eg. glycolysis
• Anabolic pathways (biosynthetic pathways)
• build-up of complex molecules from simpler compounds
• energy is used (endergonic)
Eg. photosynthesis
Example: Disaccharide Formation

• Formation of maltose involves:


• break and shape of bonds - change in enthalpy (ΔH) is small
• change of two molecules (monosaccharides) into one large molecule (disaccharide) and one small
molecule (water) - change in entropy (ΔS) is negative
change in free energy (ΔG) is positive

Glucose Glucose Maltose


ATP HYDROLYSIS

Cells provide energy to Adenine


propel endergonic
reactions in the form of: Phosphate groups

Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
•
Hydrolysis of ATP

Exergonic reaction
∆G = -7.3 kcal/mol
(-30.5 kJ/mol)
(std Conditions)

∆G = -13 kcal/mol

(-54 kJ/mol)
(cellular conditions)
Hydrolysis of ATP

Cells use the hydrolysis of ATP (exergonic reaction) to drive endergonic


reactions
• Called: energy coupling
Example:
Energy coupling
Hydrolysis of ATP

• Cells also link reactions to regenerate ATP

• ATP synthesis requires energy (endergonic)

energy for synthesis comes from the exergonic


degradation of complex molecules

ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O


DG = +7.3 kcal/mol (30 kJ/mol) (STD Conditions)
Additional Resources

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy