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L4 4 Stoichimetry

The document outlines a lesson plan on stoichiometry, detailing objectives such as defining stoichiometry, balancing chemical equations, calculating molar mass, and identifying limiting reactants. It emphasizes the importance of balanced chemical equations and mole ratios in determining the quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions. Additionally, it provides examples and problems for calculating molar mass and converting grams to moles.

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52 views29 pages

L4 4 Stoichimetry

The document outlines a lesson plan on stoichiometry, detailing objectives such as defining stoichiometry, balancing chemical equations, calculating molar mass, and identifying limiting reactants. It emphasizes the importance of balanced chemical equations and mole ratios in determining the quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions. Additionally, it provides examples and problems for calculating molar mass and converting grams to moles.

Uploaded by

wizardlaire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4 th

Grading
Period
February 3, 2025
= 1 ham and cheese
sandwich

If you have 8 slices of bread, 4 slices of ham, and 16


slices of cheese, how many sandwiches can you
make?
March 7,
2025
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define stoichiometry and explain its importance in


chemistry.
2. Balance chemical equations to determine mole ratios.
3. Calculate the molar mass of elements and compounds by
summing the atomic masses of their constituent atoms.
4. Convert given masses of reactants or products to moles
using molar mass.
5. Identify the limiting reactant and calculate the theoretical
yield.
What do you
notice happening
in the reaction?

Can you describe


the reactants and
products?
Does changing the
amount of
reactants affect the
reaction?

What happens
when one reactant
runs out?
Stoichiometry is
the part of chemistry
that deals with the
quantitative relationships
between reactants and
products in a chemical
reaction. It is based on
the Law of Conservation
of Mass, which states
that matter cannot be
created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
Key Concepts of Stoichiometry
1. Balanced Chemical Equations – Stoichiometry relies on balanced
equations to ensure the number of atoms of each element is the same on
both sides.
2. Mole Ratios – The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation show the
ratio of moles of reactants and products.
3. Mass Relationships – Using molar mass, we can calculate the amount of
reactants needed or products formed.
4. Limiting Reactants – The limiting reactant is the substance that runs out
first, determining how much product is formed.
5. Theoretical yield – It is the maximum amount of product that can be
formed in a chemical reaction based on the limiting reactant and the
balanced chemical equation.
How to calculate the molar of a
substance?
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance (element or compound)
and is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). It is calculated by summing the
atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

For example:
The molar mass of water (H₂O) is calculated as:
Hydrogen (H) = 1.008 g/mol × 2 = 2.016 g/mol
Oxygen (O) = 16.00 g/mol
Total molar mass of H₂O = 18.016 g/mol

Molar mass is important in chemistry for converting between grams and moles,
which helps in stoichiometric calculations and chemical reactions.
Steps to Calculate the Molar Mass
of a Substance:
1. Identify the chemical formula of the substance (e.g., H₂O, CO₂,
NaCl).
2. Find the atomic masses of each element from the periodic table (in
atomic mass units, amu).
3. Multiply each atomic mass by the number of atoms of that
element in the formula.
4. Add up all the values to get the total molar mass in grams per mole
(g/mol).

Please review the example provided on the previous slide.


Directions: Calculate the molar mass of the
following substances. Write your answer in your
notebook.
1.Aluminum sulfate Al₂(SO₄)₃
2.Potassium permanganate KMnO₄
3.Iron(III) oxide Fe₂O₃
4.Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO₄·5H₂O
5.Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO₃
6.Ethanol C₂H₅OH
7.Phosphoric acid H₃PO₄
8.Calcium phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂
9.Silver nitrate AgNO₃
10.Glutamic acid C₅H₉NO₄
Conversion of Grams to Moles in
Chemistry
In chemistry, converting grams to moles is essential for stoichiometry,
chemical reactions, and quantitative analysis. Moles represent the
number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) in a substance, while
grams measure its mass.
Formula for Converting Grams to Moles:

1. Mass (g): The given mass of the substance.


2. Molar Mass (g/mol): The mass of one mole of the substance (from the periodic
table).
Problem:

How many moles are in 36.0 grams of water (H₂O)?


Solution:
1.Find the molar mass of H₂O 2. Use the formula for converting
1. Hydrogen (H) = 1.008 g/mol × grams to moles:
2 = 2.016 g/mol
2. Oxygen (O) = 16.00 g/mol
3. Total molar mass of H₂O =
18.016 g/mol

Final Answer:
There are 2.00 moles of water in 36.0 grams of H₂O.
Problem:
How many moles are in 150 grams of carbon dioxide
(CO₂)?
Solution:
1.Find the molar mass of CO₂ 2. Use the formula for converting
grams to moles:

Final Answer:
Problem:
How many moles are in 220.0 grams of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)?
Solution:
1.Find the molar mass of NaOH 2. Use the formula for converting
grams to moles:

Final Answer:
Problem:

A sample of iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) has a mass of 320.0 grams.

1. How many moles of Fe₂O₃ are in this sample?


2. How many moles of iron (Fe) atoms are present in this sample?
3. How many moles of oxygen (O) atoms are present in this
sample?

Note: Write your answers and solutions in your notebook.


Mole ratio is the ratio of the number of moles of one substance to the
number of moles of another substance in a balanced chemical equation. It
is used to relate the quantities of reactants and products in a reaction.

Example: Mole Ratio in a Chemical Reaction


Consider the balanced equation for the reaction between hydrogen and
oxygen to form water:

From the equation, we can determine the mole ratios:


a) H₂ to O₂ → 2:1 (2 moles of H₂ react with 1 mole of O₂)
b) H₂ to H₂O → 2:2 or 1:1 (2 moles of H₂ produce 2 moles of H₂O)
c) O₂ to H₂O → 1:2 (1 mole of O₂ produces 2 moles of H₂O)
Problem:
How many moles of oxygen gas (O₂) are needed to react completely with 5.0 moles
of hydrogen gas (H₂) to form water (H₂O)?
Step 1: Write the Balanced Equation

Step 2: Identify the Mole Ratio


From the balanced equation, the mole ratio of H₂ to O₂ is 2:1 (2 moles of H₂ react
with 1 mole of O₂).
Step 3: Use the Mole Ratio to Convert Moles of H₂ to Moles of O₂
Problem:

Ammonia (NH₃) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to form nitrogen


monoxide (NO) and water (H₂O) according to the
balanced equation:

1. What is the mole ratio of NH₃ to O₂?


2. What is the mole ration of NH ₃ to H₂O?
1. Balance the Chemical Equation - Ensure the number of atoms of each element is
the same on both sides. This provides the correct mole ratios for the reaction.
2. Convert Given Mass to Moles - Use the molar mass (g/mol) of the substance to
convert grams to moles:
3. Use the Mole Ratio - From the balanced equation, determine the relationship
between reactants and products. Multiply by the correct mole ratio from the
equation.
4. Convert Moles to Grams - Use the molar mass of the desired product to convert
moles to grams.
The final answer is 29.95 g of CO₂ produced.
Problem

A chemist reacts aluminum (Al) with oxygen (O₂) to produce aluminum


oxide (Al₂O₃). If 10.0 grams of aluminum are used in the reaction,
determine the theoretical yield of aluminum oxide.

1. Write the chemical equation of the reaction


2. Balance the Chemical Equation
3. Convert Given Mass to Moles
4. Use the Mole Ratio
5. Convert Moles to Mass
6. Theoretical Yield
Problem

A chemist reacts magnesium (Mg) with chlorine (Cl₂) to produce


magnesium chloride (MgCl₂). If 12.0 grams of magnesium are used in
the reaction, determine the theoretical yield of magnesium chloride.

1. Write the chemical equation of the reaction


2. Balance the Chemical Equation
3. Convert Given Mass to Moles
4. Use the Mole Ratio
5. Convert Moles to Mass
6. Theoretical Yield
Problem

A chemist burns methane (CH₄) in oxygen (O₂) to produce carbon


dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). If 8.0 grams of methane are burned,
determine the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide.

1. Write the chemical equation of the reaction


2. Balance the Chemical Equation
3. Convert Given Mass to Moles
4. Use the Mole Ratio
5. Convert Moles to Mass
6. Theoretical Yield
1. Why is it necessary to balance a chemical
equation before solving stoichiometry
problems?
2. What is the name of the reactant that is
completely used up, and why is it important in
stoichiometry?

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