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Summary Notes Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the study of calculating reactants and products in chemical reactions using balanced equations. It involves concepts such as molar ratios, limiting reactants, and yield calculations, which help determine the amounts of substances involved in reactions. Key formulas include converting moles to grams, grams to moles, and calculating percent yield based on theoretical and actual yields.

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21 views

Summary Notes Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the study of calculating reactants and products in chemical reactions using balanced equations. It involves concepts such as molar ratios, limiting reactants, and yield calculations, which help determine the amounts of substances involved in reactions. Key formulas include converting moles to grams, grams to moles, and calculating percent yield based on theoretical and actual yields.

Uploaded by

mariazsamra07
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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@MEDichondria

Stoichiometry Summary Notes

1. Introduction to Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the calculation of reactants
and products in chemical reactions. It involves the use of balanced chemical equations
to determine the quantities of substances involved in a reaction.

2. Balanced Chemical Equations


A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element on
both sides of the equation. It reflects the law of conservation of mass, which states that
mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Example:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O\text{2H}_2\text{ + O}_2 \text{ → 2H}_2\text{O}2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
This equation shows that 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce
2 moles of water.

3. Molar Ratios
Stoichiometry relies on molar ratios derived from the coefficients in a balanced
chemical equation. These ratios allow chemists to convert between the amounts of
reactants and products.
Example:
For the reaction:
2N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3\text{2N}_2\text{ + 3H}_2 \text{ → 2NH}_32N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
The molar ratio of N2N_2N2 to H2H_2H2 is 2:3, and the molar ratio of N2N_2N2 to
NH3NH_3NH3 is 1:1.

4. Calculations Involving Stoichiometry

4.1. Converting Moles to Grams


To find the mass of a substance from moles, use the formula:
Mass (g)=Moles×Molar Mass (g/mol)\text{Mass (g)} = \text{Moles} \times \text{Molar
Mass (g/mol)}Mass (g)=Moles×Molar Mass (g/mol)
Example:
Find the mass of 3 moles of water (H2OH_2OH2O).
Molar mass of H2OH_2OH2O = 2×1+16=18 g/mol2 \times 1 + 16 = 18 \text{
g/mol}2×1+16=18 g/mol
Mass=3 moles×18 g/mol=54 g\text{Mass} = 3 \text{ moles} \times 18 \text{ g/mol} = 54
\text{ g}Mass=3 moles×18 g/mol=54 g
4.2. Converting Grams to Moles
To find the number of moles from the mass, use the formula:
Moles=Mass (g)Molar Mass (g/mol)\text{Moles} = \frac{\text{Mass (g)}}{\text{Molar
Mass (g/mol)}}Moles=Molar Mass (g/mol)Mass (g)
Example:
Find the number of moles in 36 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2CO_2CO2).
Molar mass of CO2CO_2CO2 = 12+2×16=44 g/mol12 + 2 \times 16 = 44 \text{
g/mol}12+2×16=44 g/mol
Moles=36 g44 g/mol≈0.818 moles\text{Moles} = \frac{36 \text{ g}}{44 \text{ g/mol}}
\approx 0.818 \text{ moles}Moles=44 g/mol36 g≈0.818 moles
4.3. Using Molar Ratios
To determine the amount of product formed from given reactants or vice versa, use
the balanced equation and molar ratios.
@MEDichondria

Example:
Given the reaction:
2Na2O + 3Cl2 → 4NaCl\text{2Na}_2\text{O} \text{ + 3Cl}_2 \text{ → 4NaCl}2Na2
O + 3Cl2 → 4NaCl
How many grams of NaCl are produced from 5 moles of Na2ONa_2ONa2O?
1. Use the molar ratio to find moles of NaCl produced:
Molar ratio=4 moles NaCl2 moles Na2O=2 moles NaCl per mole Na2O\text{Molar
ratio} = \frac{4 \text{ moles NaCl}}{2 \text{ moles Na}_2\text{O}} = 2 \text{ moles NaCl
per mole Na}_2\text{O}Molar ratio=2 moles Na2O4 moles NaCl
=2 moles NaCl per mole Na2O
5 moles Na2O×2=10 moles NaCl5 \text{ moles Na}_2\text{O} \times 2 = 10 \text{
moles NaCl}5 moles Na2O×2=10 moles NaCl
2. Convert moles of NaCl to grams:
Molar mass of NaCl = 23+35.5=58.5 g/mol23 + 35.5 = 58.5 \text{
g/mol}23+35.5=58.5 g/mol
Mass of NaCl=10 moles×58.5 g/mol=585 g\text{Mass of NaCl} = 10 \text{ moles}
\times 58.5 \text{ g/mol} = 585 \text{ g}Mass of NaCl=10 moles×58.5 g/mol=585 g

5. Limiting Reactants and Excess Reactants

5.1. Limiting Reactant


The limiting reactant is the substance that is completely consumed first in a reaction,
thus determining the amount of product formed.
Example:
For the reaction:
4Fe+3O2 → 2Fe2O3\text{4Fe} + 3O_2 \text{ → 2Fe}_2\text{O}_34Fe+3O2 → 2Fe2O3
If 6 moles of Fe and 4 moles of O2O_2O2 are used:
1. Calculate the required moles of O2O_2O2 for 6 moles of Fe:
Molar ratio=3 moles O24 moles Fe\text{Molar ratio} = \frac{3 \text{ moles O}_2}{4 \text{
moles Fe}}Molar ratio=4 moles Fe3 moles O2
6 moles Fe×34=4.5 moles O26 \text{ moles Fe} \times \frac{3}{4} = 4.5 \text{ moles
O}_26 moles Fe×43=4.5 moles O2
Since we have 4 moles of O2O_2O2 (less than 4.5 moles needed), O2O_2O2 is the
limiting reactant.
5.2. Excess Reactant
The excess reactant is the substance that remains after the reaction has gone to
completion.
Example:
Using the previous example, we have 6 moles of Fe and only 4 moles of O2O_2O2
(limiting reactant). Calculate the amount of Fe left over:
1. Find the moles of Fe used:
Molar ratio=4 moles Fe3 moles O2\text{Molar ratio} = \frac{4 \text{ moles Fe}}{3 \text{
moles O}_2}Molar ratio=3 moles O24 moles Fe
4 moles O2×43=5.33 moles Fe4 \text{ moles O}_2 \times \frac{4}{3} = 5.33 \text{
moles Fe}4 moles O2×34=5.33 moles Fe
So, 6 - 5.33 = 0.67 moles of Fe left over.
@MEDichondria

6. Yield of Reactions

6.1. Theoretical Yield


The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be formed from the
given amounts of reactants.
6.2. Actual Yield
The actual yield is the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.
6.3. Percent Yield
Percent yield is calculated using:
Percent Yield=Actual YieldTheoretical Yield×100%\text{Percent Yield} =
\frac{\text{Actual Yield}}{\text{Theoretical Yield}} \times
100\%Percent Yield=Theoretical YieldActual Yield×100%
Example:
If the theoretical yield of a product is 50 grams, and the actual yield is 45 grams:
Percent Yield=4550×100%=90%\text{Percent Yield} = \frac{45}{50} \times 100\% =
90\%Percent Yield=5045×100%=90%

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