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Automobile
COMPONENTS OF AN
AUTOMOBILE
THE BASIC STRUCTURE
THE POWER UNIT
THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
THE AUXILIARIES
THE CONTROLS
THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
BASIC STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
TO SAFEGUARD THE
OCCUPANTS FROM ROAD
SHOCKS
TO PRESERVE STABILITY OF
THE VEHICLE WHILE IN
MOTION
WHEELS
1. WIRE-SPOKED WHEELS
2. PRESSED STEEL WHEELS
3. LIGHT ALLOY WHEELS
AXLE
IT IS THE WEIGHT CARRYING TYPES
MEMBERS FULLY FLOATING TYPE ( ONLY
MAY BE ON THE REAR OR TORQUE- WEIGHT SUPPORTED BY
FRONT, BEAMS SUPPORTED AT HOUSINGS)
ENDS
THREE QUARTER FLOATING TYPE-
SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT KINDS ONLY TO TORQUE (TURN ON
OF LOADS; ROADS)
I. VERTICAL LOAD DUE TO SELF SEMI-FLOATING TYPE – BENDING
WEIGHT AND TORQUE
II. A FORE AND AFT LOAD DUE TO
DRIVING AND BREAKING
III. TORQUE REACTIONS DUE TO
DRIVE AND BREAK
IV. SIDE THRUST DUE TO
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE DURING
CONFERENCE.
THE POWER PLANT (ENGINE)
IT CONSISTS OF;
1) CLUTCH
2) GEAR BOX
3) PROPELLER SHAFT
4) DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
TO REDUCE THE ENIGINE SPEED CLUTCH- DISENGAGE THE SYSTEM FROM THE
PERMANENTLY IN A FIXED RATIO ENGINE AND TO ENGAGE WITHOUT SHOCK TO
ROAD WHEELS.
GEAR BOX- PROVIDES THE NECESSARY
TO TURN THE DRIVE THROUGH A LEVERAGE VARIATION BETWEEN THE ENGINE
RIGHT ANGLE AND ROAD WHEELS.
BEVEL PINION AND CROWNED WHEELS- THEY
TO MAKE PROVISION FOR THE TURN THE DRIVE ROUND THROUGH 90 ° AND
ALSO PROVIDE PERMANENT REDUCTION IN
FLEXING OF ROAD SPRINGS
SPEED.
UNIVERSAL JOINTS- PROVIDE FOR THE
RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN THE ENGINE
AND THE DRIVING WHEELS DUE TO FLEXING OF
ROAD SPRINGS.
DIFFERENTIAL- HELPS TO ATTAIN DIFFERENT
SPEEDS AT DIFFERENT WHEELS WHILE TAKING
A TURN
ARRANGEMENT OF
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TYPES OF ARRANGEMENT
COMPLICATED LINKAGE IS
FRONT AXLE CONSTRUCTION
IS SIMPLIFIED REQUIRED BETWEEN THE
ENGINE, CLUTCH AND
GEARBOX
ABSENCE OF PROPELLER
SHAFT ALLOWS DECREASE IN REAR POSITION OF ENGINE,
CHASSIS HEIGHT
COOLING EFFECT IS REDUCED
FRONT ENGINE
(FOUR WHEEL DRIVE)
VEHICLES WHICH OPERATE ON
ROUGH ROADS AND UNEXPECTED
ROAD PROFILES, ALL THE FOUR
WHEELS ARE THE DRIVING WHEELS
GOT AN EXTRA TRANSFER BOX,
WHICH DIVIDES THE TORQUE
BETWEEN FRONT AND REAR WHEELS
THERE IS A PROVISION FOR
DISENGAGING THE FRONT WHEELS
WHEN NOT REQUIRED
MAIN ADVANTAGE IS WHEN ANY
WHEELS FALL INTO A DITCH OR A
HOLE, IT CAN BE DRIVEN OUT WITH
THE HELP OF THE OTHER WHEELS
OR POWER BEING DELIVERED TO
THE SAME WHEEL.
CAR BODY STYLES
CLOSED CARS
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OPEN CARS
• Steam Engines:
– These engines burn fuel outside the engine to heat water, producing steam that
drives a piston or turbine.
– Historically significant, but now less common.
• . Electric Motors:
• These engines convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• Increasingly prevalent in electric vehicles and various industrial
applications.
THE
DIFFERENT
SYSTEM OF
ENGINE
Fuel System:
• Purpose:
– Supplies the engine with the
correct amount of fuel at the
appropriate pressure and
time.
• Components:
– Fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel
lines, fuel filters, carburetor or
fuel injectors.
• Variations:
– Carbureted systems (older
engines), fuel injection
systems (modern engines),
diesel injection systems.
Ignition System (for
Spark-Ignition Engines):
Purpose:
Creates a spark to
ignite the fuel-air
mixture in the
cylinders.
Components:
Battery, ignition coil,
distributor or electronic
ignition module, spark
plugs.
• Cooling System:
• Purpose:
– Removes excess heat from the engine to
prevent overheating.
• Types:
– Liquid-cooled (using coolant and a radiator)
– Air-cooled (using air flowing over fins on the
engine)
• Components:
– Radiator, water pump, thermostat, coolant
hoses, fan.
• Lubrication System:
• Purpose:
– Reduces friction between
moving parts within the
engine.
• Components:
– Oil pump, oil filter, oil pan, oil
passages.
• Intake System: In order to understand how an intake
system works, it can be useful to imagine an internal
combustion engine as a big air pump. It draws air in from one
end (the intake) and expels air from the other end (the
exhaust.) In order for this process to occur in modern
engines, a precise amount of clean, filtered air has to be
available at all times. That means that an air intake system
essentially works by:
• providing the engine with access to air
• filtering the air
• reporting the volume of the air to the engine control unit
• Purpose:
– Supplies clean air to the engine.
• Components:
– Air filter, intake manifold, throttle body.
• Exhaust System: collect
gases from the engine,
remove harmful toxins from
those gases, reduce engine
noise and discharge the gases
away from the car's
occupants.
• Purpose:
– Removes burned gases
from the engine.
• Components:
– Exhaust manifold,
exhaust pipes, catalytic
converter, muffler.
• Starting System:
• Purpose:
– Rotates the engine to
initiate combustion.
• Components:
– Battery, starter
motor, solenoid.
• Engine Control System
(Electronic):
• Purpose:
– Monitors and controls
various engine
functions for optimal
performance and
emissions.
• Components:
– Sensors (e.g., oxygen
sensors, temperature
sensors), electronic
control unit (ECU),
actuators.
Transmissi
on System
EVOLUTION OF TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
Direct Clutch
Transmission This
transmission addresses
the biggest performance
problems with manual
transmissions.
What is Transmission System?
A car transmission is a crucial component
in the drivetrain that transfers power from
the engine to the wheels. Transmissions
can be either automatic or manual, with
manual transmissions requiring the driver
to manually change gears.
What are the parts
of Transmission
System?
The transmission system
basically includes engine,
clutch, gearbox (also known as
transmission), drive shaft or
propeller shaft, universal joints,
rear axle, wheel, and tires.
Each component attached to
the engine plays a vital role in
the entire power transmission
process.
Variety of a car transmission
MANUAL- Manual transmission cars, also known as stick shift cars, are
vehicles where the driver manually changes gears using a stick shift.
-Chevrolet Camaro
-BMW M2
-2024 Ford Bronco
CONS
-More work required during driving.
Intelligent Manual
Transmission(IMT)
Transmission system that combines the feel of a
manual transmission with the convenience of an
automatic transmission.
BMW M3
Automated Transmission (AT)
A transmission in a car that shifts gears without driver input.
According to State Farm, an automatic car is an automobile with an
automatic transmission that doesn't require a driver to shift gears
manually.
Suzuki Swift
PRONS
-easy to use
-comfortable while driving
CONS
-expensive to maintain and repair
-many items can fail
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT’s)
a type of automatic transmission that can change through an infinite range of
gear ratios
PROS
-smoothest ride
-great fuel efficiency
-faster response
CONS
-unusuable in off road conditions
-no ability for engine braking
Semi Automatic Transmission
as a twin-clutch transmission) is
a type of multi-speed vehicle
transmission system, that uses
two separate clutches for odd
and even gear sets.