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Supplementary Materials Required for Learning

For finding out the effect of saliva on starch:

 2 Test Tubes
 Iodine Solution
 Boiled Rice
 Chewed Rice
 Water

For finding out the position of taste buds:

 Sugar Solution
 Common Salt Solution
 Lemon Juice
 Juice of Crushed Neem Leaves or Bitter Gourd
Answer:
1. Give examples for living and non-living things.

2. How many kinds of living things are there?

Two Kinds

3. Which are they?

Plants and animals
4. What do plants and animals require to live?
Nutrition and air
Answer:

1. How do plants prepare their own food?

Plants prepare their own food through the process of

photosynthesis.

2. Do animals prepare their own food?

You have learnt that animals can not prepare their own food.
Grade: 7 Chapter: 2 Subject: Science

Nutrition In Animals
Nutrition in Animals: Introduction

Nutrition in Animals:
Introduction
https://youtu.be/CGChNiNuUdY?list=PLH
OGBLPrsnMoZNLxYasHSitoQLzhzp-cZ
Nutrition in Animals
 Animals get their food from plants, either directly by eating
plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. Some
animals eat both plants and animals.
 All the living organisms including humans requires food for their
body growth, development, repair and metabolism
(functioning).
 Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake
of food and its utilisation in the body.
Digestion in Animals

Ingestion occurs when an animal takes food into its digestive tract.

Digestion occurs when the animal’s body gets busy breaking down the
food. Two types of digestion exist in all animals:

Mechanical digestion physically breaks down food into smaller and

smaller pieces.

Chemical digestion uses enzymes and acids to break down chewed or

ground-up food into even smaller pieces.

Absorption occurs when cells within the animal move small food
molecules from the digestive system to the insides of the cells.

Elimination occurs when material that the animal can’t digest passes
out of its digestive tract.
Activity:

You have learnt in 6th grade that food consists of many

components. Try to recall them and list below.

1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
5. ___________________
6. ___________________
Digestion
 Food components such as carbohydrates are Complex Substances.
These items cannot be used as such. So they are broken down into
Simpler Substances.

 The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler

substances is called Digestion.

Complex Substance Simple Substance

Carbohydrate Glucose
Different Modes of Food Intake
 The mode of taking food into the
body varies in different organisms.

 Bees and humming-birds suck the

nectar of plants.

 Infants of human and many other

animals feed on mother’s milk.
Different Modes of Food Intake

 Snakes like the python swallow

the animals they prey upon.

 Some aquatic animals filter tiny

food particles floating nearby
and feed upon them.
Activity:
What is the type of food and mode of feeding of the following animals?
Write down your observations in the given Table. Use the list of modes of
feeding clues given below the Table.
Various Modes of Feeding
Name of the Animal Kind of Food Mode of Feeding
1. Snail
2. Ant
3. Eagle
4. Humming bird
5. Lice
6. Mosquito
7. Butterfly
8. Housefly
(Scraping, chewing, siphoning, capturing and swallowing, sponging,
sucking etc.)
Amazing Facts
 Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium
carbonate.
 After opening the shell, the starfish pops out its stomach
through its mouth to eat the soft animal inside the shell.
 The stomach then goes back into the body and the food is
slowly digested.

Star Fish
Stages of Digestion

Stage of Digestion

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Assimilation
5. Egestion
Digestion in Humans
 We take in food through the mouth, digest and utilise it. The unused
parts of the food are defecated. Have you ever wondered what
happens to the food inside the body?

 The food passes through a continuous canal which begins at the

buccal cavity and ends at the anus.

 The canal can be divided into various compartments:

(1) The buccal cavity
(2) Foodpipe or Oesophagus
(3) Stomach
(4) Small intestine
(5) Large intestine ending in the rectum and
(6) Anus
Human Digestive System

Buccal Cavity
Salivary Glands

Oesophagus

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas

Small Intestine
Large Intestine

Rectum
Anus
Human Digestive System
 Is it not a very long path?

 These parts together form

the alimentary canal
(digestive tract).

 The food components

gradually get digested as
food travels through the
various compartments.
Human Digestive System
 The inner wall of the stomach and the small
intestine, and the various glands associated
with the canal such as salivary glands, the
liver and the pancreas secrete digestive
juices.

 The digestive juices convert complex

substances of food into simpler ones. The
digestive tract and the associated glands
together constitute the digestive system.

 Now, let us know what happens to the food

in different parts of the digestive tract.
Think…

Boojho is fascinated by the

highly coiled small intestine
seen in picture. He wants to
know its length. Would you
like to make a guess?
The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
Food is taken into the body through the mouth. The process of
taking food into the body is called Ingestion.

Milk Teeth and Permanent Teeth

 Do you remember about falling of your teeth some years ago?
 The first set of teeth grows during infancy and they fall off at
the age between six to eight years.
 These are termed Milk Teeth.
 The second set that replaces them are the Permanent Teeth.
 The permanent teeth may last throughout life or fall off during
old age or due to some dental disease.
Arrangement of Teeth
 We chew the food with the
teeth and break it down Molar
mechanically into small
pieces.
Premolar

 Each tooth is rooted in a

separate socket in the gums. Canine

 Our teeth vary in appearance

and perform different Incisor

functions.

 Accordingly they are given

different names.
Activity:
 Wash your hands.
 Look into the mirror and count your teeth.
 Use your index finger to feel the teeth.
 How many kinds of teeth could you find?
 Take a piece of an apple or bread and eat it.
 Which teeth do you use for biting and cutting, and which ones
for piercing and tearing?
 Also find out the ones that are used for chewing and grinding?
Activity:
Record your observations from the previous activity in a table.
Type of Teeth Number of Teeth Total
Lower Jaw Upper Jaw
Cutting and
biting teeth

Piercing and
tearing teeth
Chewing and
grinding teeth

Our mouth has the salivary glands which secrete saliva. Do you
know the action of saliva on food? Let us find out.
Effect of Saliva on Starch – Experiment:
 Take two test tubes. Label them ‘A’ and ‘B’.
 In test tube ‘A’ put one teaspoonful of boiled rice; in test tube
‘B’ keep one teaspoonful of boiled rice after chewing it for 3 to
5 minutes. Add 3–4 mL of water in both the test tubes.

Iodine Solution
Water

Boiled Rice
Chewed Rice

Effect of Saliva on Starch

Effect of Saliva on Starch – Experiment:
 Now pour 2–3 drops of iodine solution in each test tube and
observe. Why is there a change in colour in the test tubes?
 Discuss the results with your classmates and your teacher. The
saliva breakdown starch into sugar
 The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ attached at the back to
the floor of the buccal cavity.
Activity:
Slowly chew some poha/ beaten rice in your mouth for about ten
minutes. How does it taste? Why? Try it at home.
Sweets and Tooth Decay
Sweets and Tooth Decay
 Normally bacteria are present in our mouth but
a. they are not harmful to us.
 However, if we do not clean our teeth and
b. mouth after eating, many harmful bacteria also
begin to live and grow in it.
 These bacteria break down the sugars present
c.
from the leftover food and release acids (see
Chapter 5 to know what an acid is).
d.
Gradual decay of
 The acids gradually damage the teeth .
Tooth
 This is called tooth decay. If it is not treated in
time, it causes severe toothache and in extreme
cases results in tooth loss.
Sweets and Tooth Decay
Sweets and Tooth Decay
 Chocolates, sweets, soft drinks and other sugar
a.
products are the major culprits of tooth decay.

b.  Therefore, one should clean the teeth with a

brush or datun and dental floss (a special strong
thread which is moved between two teeth to
c. take out trapped food particles) at least twice a
day and rinse the mouth after every meal.
d.
Gradual decay of  Also, one should not put dirty fingers or any
Tooth
unwashed object in the mouth.
Tongue
 The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ
attached at the back to the floor of the
buccal cavity.
 It is free at the front and can be moved in all
directions.
 Do you know the functions of the tongue?
 We use our tongue for talking.
 Besides, it mixes saliva with the food during
chewing and helps in swallowing food.
 We also taste food with our tongue.
 It has taste buds that detect different tastes
of food.
Finding the Position of the Taste Buds - Activity:
 Prepare a separate sample each of these
(i) sugar solution, (ii) common salt solution, (iii) lemon juice and
(iv) juice of crushed neem leaf or bitter gourd.
 Blindfold one of your classmates and ask her/ him to take out the
tongue and keep it in straight and flat position.
 Use a clean toothpick to put the above
samples one by one on different areas of the
tongue as shown in the Figure.
 Use a new toothpick for each sample. Ask the
classmate which areas of the tongue could
detect the sweet, salty, sour and bitter
substances.
 Now write down your observations and label.
Regions of the Tongue
for Different Tastes
The Foodpipe/ Oesophagus
The swallowed food passes into the foodpipe or oesophagus. The
foodpipe runs along the neck and the chest.
Think…

Paheli wants to know

how food moves in
the opposite
direction during
vomiting.
The Foodpipe/ Oesophagus
 Food is pushed down by movement of the
wall of the foodpipe.

 Actually this movement takes place

throughout the alimentary canal and
pushes the food downwards .

 At times the food is not accepted by our

stomach and is vomited out.

 Recall the instances when you vomited

Movement of Food in
after eating and think of the reason for it. Foodpipe

 Discuss with your parents and teacher.

Stomach
 The stomach is a thick-walled bag. Its shape is like a flattened J
and it is the widest part of the alimentary canal.
 It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into
the small intestine at the other.
 The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric
acid and digestive juices.
 The mucous protects the lining of the stomach. The acid kills
many bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the
medium in the stomach acidic and helps the digestive juices to
act.
 The digestive juices break down the proteins
into simpler substances.
Pancreas
 The pancreas is a large cream coloured gland located just
below the stomach .

 The pancreatic juice acts on carbohydrates, fats and proteins

and changes them into simpler forms.

 The partly digested food now reaches the lower part of the
small intestine where the intestinal juice completes the
digestion of all components of the food.

 The carbohydrates get broken into simple sugars such as

glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into
amino acids.
Do you know this?
 The working of the stomach was
discovered by a strange accident. In
1822, a man named Alexis St. Martin
was badly hit by a shot gun.

 The bullet had seriously damaged the

chest wall and made a hole in his
stomach.

 He was brought to an American army

doctor William Beaumont. The doctor Alexis St. Martin’s Shotgun
Wound
saved the patient but he could not close
the hole properly and left it bandaged .
Do you know this?
 Beaumont took it as a great
opportunity to see the inside of the
stomach through the hole. He made
some wonderful observation.

 Beaumont found that the stomach was

churning food. Its wall secreted a fluid
which could digest the food.

 He also observed that the end of the Alexis St. Martin’s Shotgun
Wound
stomach opens into the intestine only
after the digestion of the food inside
the stomach is completed.
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
 The small intestine is highly coiled and
is about 7.5 metres long.
 It receives secretions from the liver
and the pancreas.
 Besides, its wall also secretes juices.
 The liver is a reddish brown gland
situated in the upper part of the
abdomen on the right side.
 It is the largest gland in the body. It
secretes bile juice
 The bile juice is stored in a sac called
the gall bladder.
 The bile plays an important role in the
digestion of fats.
Absorption in the Small Intestine
 The digested food can now pass into the blood vessels in the
wall of the intestine. This process is called Absorption.

 The inner walls of the small intestine have thousands of finger-

like outgrowths. These are called villi. (singular villus).

 Can you guess what the role of villi could be in the intestine?
The villi increase the surface area for absorption of the digested
food.
 Each villus has a network of thin
and small blood vessels close to its
surface.
Absorption in the Small Intestine
 The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels
to different organs of the body where they are used to build
complex substances such as proteins required to the body .

 This is called Assimilation.

 In the cells, glucose breaks down with the help of oxygen into
carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released.

 The food that remains

undigested and unabsorbed
enters into the large intestine.
Large Intestine
 The large intestine is wider and shorter
than small intestine. It is about 1.5 metre
in length.
 Its function is to absorb water and some
salts from the undigested food material.
 The remaining waste passes into the
rectum and remains there as semi-solid
faeces.
 The faecal matter is removed through the
anus from time-to-time. This is called
Egestion.
Answer:

What are villi? What is their location and function?

Fill in the Blanks:
1. The main steps of nutrition in humans are __________,
__________, __________, _________ and __________.

2. The largest gland in the human body is __________.

3. The stomach releases hydrochloric acid and ___________

juices which act on food.

4. The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like

outgrowths called _____________.
Exercise:
Label the figure of the digestive system.

A Part of Human Digestive System

Exercise:
Match the items of Column I with suitable items in Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Salivary gland (i) Bile juice secretion
(b) Stomach (ii) Storage of undigested food
(c) Liver (iii) Saliva secretion
(d) Rectum (iv) Acid release
(e) Small intestine (v) Digestion is completed
(f ) Large intestine (vi) Absorption of water
(vii) Release of faeces
Diarrhoea
 Sometime you may have experienced the need to pass watery
stool frequently.
 This condition is known as diarrhoea. It may be caused by an
infection, food poisoning or indigestion.
 It is very common in India, particularly among children. Under
severe conditions it can be fatal.
 This is because of the excessive loss of water and salts from the
body. Diarrhoea should not be neglected.
 Even before a doctor is consulted the patient should be given
plenty of boiled and cooled water with a pinch of salt and
sugar dissolved in it.
 This is called Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS).
Answer:

Can we survive only on raw green leafy vegetables, raw

vegetables or grass? Discuss.
Digestion in Grass-eating Animals
 Have you observed cows, buffaloes and other grass-eating
animals chewing continuously even when they are not eating?

 Actually, they quickly swallow the grass and store it in a part of

the stomach called rumen.

 Here the food gets partially digested and is called cud. But later
the cud returns to the mouth in small lumps and the animal
chews it.

 This process is called rumination and these animals are called

ruminants.
Digestive System of Ruminants

Oesophagus Small Intestine

Rumen
Large Intestine

Caecum

Stomach
Nutrition in Animals

Nutrition in Animals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfX
wtWPfRks
Do you know this?

The fat in goat's milk is simpler than the fat in cow's milk.
That's why it is easier to digest goat's milk than cow's milk.
Think…

Paheli wants to know Boojho wants to

why these animals know why we
cannot chew food cannot digest
properly at the time cellulose like the
they take it in? cattle do.
Digestive System of Ruminants
 The grass is rich in cellulose, a type of carbohydrate.

 In ruminants like cattle, deer, etc., bacteria present in rumen

helps in digestion of cellulose.

 Many animals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose.

 Animals like horses, rabbit, etc., have a large sac-like structure

called Caecum between the oesophagus and the small intestine.

 The cellulose of the food is digested here by the action of

certain bacteria which are not present in humans.
Answer:

Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by

ruminants but not by humans. Give reasons.
Think…
 So far you have learnt about animals which possess the
digestive system.

 But there are many small organisms which do not have a

mouth and a digestive system.

 Can you give some examples?

 Then, how do they acquire and digest food?

 In the section below you will learn another interesting way of

food intake.
Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba
 Amoeba is a microscopic single-celled organism found in pond
water.

 Amoeba has a cell membrane, a

rounded, dense nucleus and many
small bubble-like vacuoles in its
cytoplasm.

 Amoeba constantly changes its

shape and position.
Amoeba

 It pushes out one, or more finger -like projections, called

pseudopodia or false feet for movement and capture of food.
Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba
 Amoeba feeds on some microscopic organisms. When it senses
food, it pushes out pseudopodia around the food particle and
engulfs it.
 The food becomes trapped in a food vacuole .
 Digestive juices are secreted into the food vacuole. They act on
the food and break it down into simpler substances.
 Gradually the digested food is absorbed. The absorbed
substances are used for growth, maintenance and
multiplication. Nucleus

Nucleus
Dying
Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba
 The undigested residue of the Nucleus
food is expelled outside by the Food Particle

vacuole.

 The basic process of digestion of

food and release of energy is Pseudopodium
the same in all animals.
Food Vacuole
 In a later chapter you will learn
Food Particle
about the transport of food
absorbed by the intestine to the
various parts of the body.
Exercise:
1. Amoeba digests its food in the ____________.

2. Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition

in amoeba and human beings.
Keywords
Absorption Oesophagus
Fatty acid
Amino acid Pancreas
Food vacuole
Amoeba Premolar
Gall bladder Glycerol
Assimilation Pseudopodia
Incisor
Bile Rumen
Ingestion
Buccal cavity Ruminant
Liver
Canine Rumination
Milk teeth
Cellulose Salivary glands
Molar
Digestion Villi
Permanent teeth
Egestion Saliva
Summary
 Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of
intake of food and its utilisation in the body.
 The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal
and secretory glands. It consists of the (i) buccal cavity, (ii)
oesophagus, (iii) stomach, (iv) small intestine, (v) large
intestine ending in rectum and (vi) anus.
 The main digestive glands which secrete digestive juices are (i)
the salivary glands, (ii) the liver and (iii) the pancreas. The
stomach wall and the wall of the small intestine also secrete
digestive juices.
 The modes of feeding vary in different organisms.
 Nutrition is a complex process involving: (i) ingestion, (ii)
digestion, (iii) absorption, (iv) assimilation and (v) egestion.
Summary
 Digestion of carbohydrates, like starch, begins in the buccal
cavity. The digestion of protein starts in the stomach.

 The bile secreted from the liver, the pancreatic juice from the
pancreas and the digestive juice from the intestinal wall
complete the digestion of all components of food in the small
intestine.

 The digested food is absorbed in the blood vessels from the

small intestine.

 The absorbed substances are transported to different parts of

the body. Water and some salts are absorbed from the
undigested food in the large intestine.
Summary
 The undigested and unabsorbed residues are expelled out of
the body as faeces through the anus.

 The grazing animals like cows, buffaloes and deer are known as
ruminants. They quickly ingest, swallow their leafy food and
store it in the rumen.

 Later, the food returns to the mouth and the animal chews it
peacefully.

 Amoeba ingests its food with the help of its false feet or
pseudopodia. The food is digested in the food vacuole.
Exercise:
1. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

a) Digestion of starch starts in the stomach. (T/ F)

b) The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva. (T/ F)

c) The gall bladder temporarily stores bile. (T/ F)

d) The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth

and chew it for some time. (T/ F)
Exercise:
2. Tick ( ) mark the correct answer in each of the following:

a. Fat is completely digested in the (i) stomach (ii) mouth

(iii) small intestine (iv) large intestine
b. Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the
(i) stomach (ii) foodpipe (iii) small intestine (iv) large
intestine

3. Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food

does it help to digest?
Exercise

4. Why do we get instant energy from glucose?

5. Which part of the digestive canal is involved in:

i. Absorption of food - ________________
ii. Chewing of food - ________________
iii. Killing of bacteria - ________________
iv. Complete digestion of food - ________________
v. Formation of faeces - ________________
Extended Learning - Activities and Projects:
1. Visit a doctor and find out:
I. Under what conditions does a patient need to be on a drip
of glucose?
II. Till when does a patient need to be given glucose?
III. How does glucose help the patient recover?
Write the answers in your notebook.
Extended Learning - Activities and Projects:
2. Find out what vitamins are and get the following information.
I. Why are vitamins necessary in the diet?
II. Which fruits or vegetables should be eaten regularly to get
vitamins?

Write one-page note on the information collected. You may take

help of a doctor, a dietician, your teacher or any other person, or
from any other source.
Extended Learning - Activities and Projects:
3. Collect data from your friends, neighbours and classmates to know
more about “milk teeth”. Tabulate your data. One way of doing it is
given below:

Age at Which Age at Which No. of Teeth No. of Teeth

Sl. No. First Tooth Last Tooth Lost Replaced
Fell Fell

1
2
3
4
5

Find out from at least twenty children and find the average age at
which children lose the milk teeth. You may take help of your
friends.