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Unit Ix Emotions

The document presents an overview of emotions, defining them as strong feelings influenced by circumstances and relationships. It categorizes emotions into primary and secondary types, discusses their biological basis, and explores the impact of culture on emotional expression. Additionally, it addresses aggression as an emotional state and differentiates between hostile and instrumental aggression.

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10 views33 pages

Unit Ix Emotions

The document presents an overview of emotions, defining them as strong feelings influenced by circumstances and relationships. It categorizes emotions into primary and secondary types, discusses their biological basis, and explores the impact of culture on emotional expression. Additionally, it addresses aggression as an emotional state and differentiates between hostile and instrumental aggression.

Uploaded by

wahab32304
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

PRESENTED

BY: Phool Bashir


Nursing Instructor
( BIMS)
OBJECTIVES

•Define emotions
•Arousal and emotions
•Expression and emotions
•General reaction to being an emotional state
•Aggression as an emotional state
•Cultural expression of emotions
Emotion
The word emotion is derived from a Latin
word “Emovere” means a stir up state or
excitement.
Emotion is a strong feeling deriving from
one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships
with other.
Emotion is a feelings that is directed at
someone or something.
According to P.T.Young :
“Emotion is an acute disturbance of the individual as a whole.
Psychological in origin, conscious experience and visceral functioning.”

According to Gates:
“Emotions are episodes in which the individual is moved or excited.”

According to James Drever:


“Emotion is a complex state of organism involving bodily and mental
changes and marked by strong feelings.”
Categories OF Emotions
Emotions are divided into two categories:
1. Primary Emotions
2. Secondary Emotions
Primary Emotions
A primary human emotion types are the
one triggered in response to an event.
 Love
 Joy
 Anger
 Sadness
 Surprise
 Fear
Secondary Emotions
If we experience fear, the secondary emotions would be: feel
threatened or feel anger , depending the situation we are
experiencing.
 Passion
 Irritation
 Disgust
 Shame
 Nervousness
Variety of
Emotions

There are two varieties of


emotions:
1. Positive Emotions
2. Negative Emotions
Positive Emotions
Positive emotions that lead one to feel good about
one’s self will lead to an emotionally happy and
satisfied result.
Some of the positive emotions are:
 Hopeful
 Confident
 Peaceful
Negative Emotions
Negative emotions sap your energy and undermine your
effectiveness. In the negative emotional state, you find
the lack of desire to do anything.
Some of the negative emotions are:
 Exhausted
 Panic
 Obnoxious(unpleasant)
Arousal and Emotion

Arousal is a state of excitement or energy expenditure linked


to an emotion.
Arousal is the physiological state of being awoken or of sense
organ stimulated to a point of perception.
Continue…
It involves activation of the:
Reticular activating system in the brainstem
Endocrine system

Arousal is important in regulating emotion, consciousness,


alertness, information processing, flight-fight response and sexual
activity.
Biological Basis of
Emotions
Emotions involve conscious experience and physiological changes.

 Physiological changes involve changes in;

 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Endocrine system
 Heart Functioning
Also involve different parts of brain like;

 Cerebral Cortex
 Amygdala
 Hypothalamus
 Reticular Formation
 Adrenal Glands
 Sympathetic Nervous System
Cerebral Cortex

“Emotions develop at cerebral cortex when


stimulation of emotional situation reaches to
the cerebral cortex.”
Amygdala

 It is a part of limbic system.


 It is involved in emotions related to threat and damage.

Hypothalamus

 It is also part of limbic system.


 It is involved in regulating a wide variety
of emotional and motivational behaviors.
Reticular
Formation
• Lindsey in his theory of activation
considers reticular formation as
important in experience of
emotions.
• The arousal of cortex depends on
stimulation of RFS.
• So , emotion is a high state of
arousal of cortex.
Adrenal Glands

Adrenal glands secrete their


hormones in situations of stress.
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
Sympathetic Nervous
System

 A part of autonomic nervous


system.
 Functions in emotional and
emergency situations.
 Various physiological changes are
associated with its activation.
Expression and Emotions

Expressions serve as symptoms of our internal


states, a signal appealing to others for action, a
symbol to information about an event.
Emotional expression in psychology are
observable verbal and nonverbal behaviors that
communicate an internal emotional or affective
state.
Continue…
Example
Smiling
angry
behaviors (crying or laughing)
Emotional expression can occur with or without self awareness.
General Reaction To Being In An
Emotional State:
Emotions are always accompanied by strong physiological changes as follows:
 Heart Beat
 Blood Pressure
 Respiratory Rate
 Pulse Rate
 Harmonic Changes
 Brain Waves
 Galvanic Skin Response
 Digestive System
 White Blood Corpuscles
Aggression As An Emotional State

Aggression is an overt often harmful ,


social interaction with the intention of
inflicting damage or other
unpleasantness upon another
individual. It may occur either in
revenge or without frustration. In
humans frustration due to blocked
goals can cause aggression.
Types of Aggression

There are two types of aggression:


1. Hostile Aggression
2. Instrumental Aggression
Hostile
Aggression
Hostile aggression can
operationally be defined as
physical or verbal interactions
aimed at various target but not
directly connected to task
accomplishments.
Instrumental
Aggression
Instrumental aggression takes place when the
behavior is likely to cause harm, but its
intention is to achieve a different aim, such as to
score a point or prevent the opposition from
scoring goal.
• It’s mean to an end, not an end in itself.
• It is always motivated by some other goals.
• Such as injuring a player to gain competitive
advantage.
Cultural Expression of
Emotions

The culture in which people live provides


structure , guidelines , expectations and rules
to help us understand and interpret various
emotions.
Culture can have profound impact on the
way in which people display , perceive and
experience emotions.
People of different cultures can identify the
six basic emotions; Happiness, sadness,
anger, fear, surprise and disgust.
• Different Emotions Evoked:
The same situation may evoke different emotions in different culture.
• Different in Primary Emotions:
Different culture consider different emotions to be primary.
• Differences in Nonverbal Expressions:
Nonverbal expressions of emotion differ across cultures, due to the
fact that different cultures have different display rules.
• Power of Cultural Norms:
Cultural norms determine how and when to show emotions that are not
actually felt. Acting out an emotion that is not felt is called emotion
work.
Reference:

• file:///C:/Users/USER/Documents/Introduction%20to%2
0Psychology.pdf
• https://www.flipkart.com/psychology-nurses-b-sc/p/itmf
5acszkuym6av
• https://www.slideshare.net/uuroosa/emotions-21850032
• https://www.slideshare.net/NAGARJUNAKHASHYAP/
emotions-ppt

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