EMOTIONS

AATIKA BATOOL
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the unit, learners will be acquainted

with:
1. Arousal and emotion
2. Expression and emotion
3. General reactions to being in an emotional state
4. Aggression as an emotional reaction
5. Cultural expressions of emotions
IMAGINE LIFE WITH OUT

 Love
 Joy
 Fear
 Sadness
 Surprise
 Anger
What do arousal & emotion
mean in psychology?

Arousal: A state of excitement or energy

expenditure linked to an emotion.
Emotion: Came from the Latin word ''emovere''
which means ''to move out''.
• Subjective reactions to experiences that are
associated with physiological and behavioral
changes(According to Woolfolk)
• Feelings that generally have both physiological
and cognitive elements and that influence
behavior (Acc. to Feldman)
• Considered as the building blocks of personality
WHAT ARE
EMOTIONS?
They are Intense feelings that
are directed at someone or
something
Emotions are private
experiences.
We infer observable behavior
associated with emotion.
During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman
identified six basic emotions that he suggested
were universally experienced in all human
cultures. The emotions he identified were
 happiness,
 sadness,
 disgust,
 fear,
 surprise, and
 anger.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF
EMOTION
Feelings

Social- Bodily
Expressive
Emotion
Arousal

Sense of

Purpose
1.FEELING COMPONENT

Emotions are subjective feelings

Make us feel in a particular way.
Anger or joy.
Meaning and personal significance.
Vary in intensity and quality.
Rooted in mental processes.
 2. Bodily Arousal
 Biological activation.
 Autonomic and hormonal systems.
 Prepare and activate adaptive coping
behavior during emotion.
 Body prepared for action.
 Alert posture, clenched fists.
3. Purposive
Component
 Give emotion its goal-directed force.
 Motivation to take action.
 Cope with emotion-causing
circumstances.
 Why people benefit from emotions.
 Social and evolutionary advantage.
4. SOCIAL-EXPRESSIVE
COMPONENT
 Emotion’s communicative aspect.
 Postures, gestures, vocalizations,
facial expressions make our
emotions public.
 Verbal and nonverbal
communication.
 Helps us interpret the situation.
 How person reacts to event.
DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONS

Birth Distress and pleasure

3 months Joy, happiness (smiling), sadness and
disgust.
4-6 months Anger, surprise.
7-8 months Fear
8-9 months All primary emotions present.
18-24 months Embarrassment , empathy and envy
(self-awareness).
2-3 years Evaluating emotional behavior against
a standard.
Facial Expressions
Convey Emotions
 FACIAL EXPRESSION CONVEY
EMOTIONS
Our facial muscle- there are 44 of them-are
able to communicate important nonverbal
messages in a split second.
 Anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness,
universal facial expressions that all humans
unconsciously recognize and interpret.
⮚TYPES OF EMOTION:
 Anticipatory emotions- Desire, fear
Outcome emotions- happiness, sadness,
anxiety, regret,
relief.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CUES

 Our emotions are accompanied by subtle

physiological change.
A subtle flush of the face or increase in heart
rate or body temperature could be a clue to the
emotional state of the person you’re talking to.
 AGGRESSION AS AN EMOTION

Under-regulation of anger... The

influence of under-regulation on aggression
is particularly clear with regard to anger.
Aggressive behavior is frequently preceded
by feelings of anger, more so than any
other emotion.
OR
Aggression is an emotional state that
consist of feeling of hate and a desire to
inflict harm.
Androgen affect aggression behaviors.
 EMOTIONS ACROSS CULTURE

Six facial expression seem to be universally

recognized across cultures. However there are
some differences; emotions like surprise and
disgust are not recognize by isolated groups.
⮚ The Culture:
✔Culture plays a significant role in determining
emotional expression.
✔Determines what people feel anger, sad, lonely,
happy, and ashamed or disgusted about.
✔Differences in secondary emotions appear to be
reflected in differences in languages.
Categories of Emotions

Emotions Are Divided Into Two Categories

Primary emotions Secondary

emotions
Primary Emotions

A primary human emotion types are

the one triggered in response to an
event
Primary
Emotions

 Love
 Joy
 Anger
 Sadness
 Surprise
 Fear
Secondary Emotions
If we experience fear , the secondary
emotions would be : feel threatened,
depending on the situation we are
experiencing.
Secondary
Emotions

1. Passion 2. Optimism
3. Irritation 4. Shame
6. Nervousness
Variety of
Emotions

 Positive human
emotions

 Negative human
emotions
 Positive Emotions

Positive emotions that

lead one to feel good
about one’s self will
lead to an
emotionally happy
and satisfied result.
POSITIVE EMOTIONS
Some of the positive
emotions are
 Hopeful
 Confident
 Peaceful
Negative Emotions
Negative emotions sap
your energy and
undermine your
effectiveness. In the
negative emotional
state, you find the
lack of desire to do
anything.
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
Some of the negative
emotions are
 Exhausted
 Panic
 Obnoxious(unpleasant)
 FACTOR AFFECTING EMOTION

 There are various

factors that influence
the expression of
feelings, whether
positively or negatively.
Here are some factors.
 PERSONALITY

 The personality is a main factor that affects

how emotion are experienced and
communicated. For instance, people that are
known as extroverted people who enjoy
communication and social contact,
experience more positive emotion than
introverted people, and they can express
them easier.
 CULTURE

 Culture plays a central role in emotional

expression. This is due to the fact that people all
over the world have the some emotion; however
different culture generate different feelings with
same events.
We do hear about stereotypes that are placed on
the emotional expressions of the different
nationalities.
For instance, Americans are known to be over-
enthusiastic while English people are known as
being reserved.
 There has been a number of scientific attempts
in order to understand the effect of culture on
emotions. It has been proven that the most
important division between cultures is
individualism vs collectivism and is therefore
relevant to any investigation of differences
between cultures in emotional expressions.
 For example Japanese report much more socially
engaged emotions (being friendly) than socially
disengaged emotions (anger) while for
Americans, the difference is of less importance.
 GENDER:

According to research, gender is the best way to

recognize emotions and interpret them..
Women were more emotionally reactive than
men. They reported experiencing more intense
emotion while reliving anger and love, and smiled
more while reliving happiness and love.
The effects of gender on emotional response may
hold across ethnic groups. Furthermore, it has
been proven that men are 10% to 15% less
precise in recalling emotional thoughts or images.
WEATHER STRESS
AGE ENVIRONMENTAL
ROLE OF NURSE

A major component of their work focuses on the

delivery of emotional care and support to patients
and their families.
“Nurse-Patient Interaction" is the pulse of the
nursing practice.
This interaction is not just conversation. It is a
complex process that involves nurse perception,
understanding of the patient emotions and
utilization of the perceptions to manage patient
situations towards the goal of effective patient 38

care.
 Nurses should develop skills to assess patient's
responses to the illness.
 This requires active self-introspection of the events,
assessment of the events, psychological
understanding of the patients and above all a
genuine concern for the ill.
 The perception cannot be universal in the sense that
every patient differs and has different attitudes on
various issues of life and has varied levels of
understanding and withstanding capabilities