Reactive Power Control in Hybrid

Energy Systems

Presented by

D. K. Yadav
Associate Professor
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
 Wind Energy Conversion Systems

• Power potential available in the air-

• Power transferred to the wind turbine rotor-

(here Cp is power coefficient)

• Tip Speed Ratio-

 Introduction

• Micro Grid- A system that has generators, controllers and

loads and self sufficient to operate as a separate unit.

• Isolated System- System that operates independently to meet

the demand of local load without interaction with main grid.

• Grid Connected System- Micro grid can be operated in grid

connected mode and share the power in bidirectional way.
 Control Issues in Micro Grid

• Active power (frequency) control

Storage devices
Load Frequency Control
• Reactive power (voltage) control
Through Synchronous generator field control
Using reactive compensation devices

• Load balancing
• Harmonic elimination
 Generators for Wind/Hydro Systems

• Wind generators-
SCIG, SG, PMSG, DFIG, SRG

• Small Hydro Generators-

SG, SCIG
• Diesel Generators-
SG, SCIG
 Energy Systems
• Even today there are many locations in the world, where utility network
connectivity is available but sufficient grid power is not available due to lack
of generation or network failures.
• In some of the remote areas the grid connectivity is still not available.

• A separate power system that can generate and supply power to such
locations is called isolated power system

• The most common way to supply electricity to the isolated loads is with
diesel power plants

• Cost of electricity generated using diesel is higher because of cost of

transportation, oil price hike and minimum diesel loading problem.

• This source is polluting also, so it is advantageous to use renewable energy

sources for power generation.
 Active and reactive powers
• Wind is highly fluctuating source of energy.

• It will affect the quality of power generated considerably in the absence of

proper control mechanism.

• The main parameters to control are system frequency and voltage as both
are varying with change in wind speed.

• In a power system, the frequency deviations are mainly due to real or

active power imbalance between generation and demand.

• Voltage mismatch is the sole indicator of reactive power imbalance in the

system
 Active power control

• Active power balance can be achieved by controlling the water input to

the hydro unit through governor control action.

• This method is known as automatic generation control ( AGC) or load

frequency control (LFC).

• The function of load frequency controller is to regulate the generated

power by raising or lowering the command signal depending upon the
disturbance, which adjusts the speed-gear changer settings of the hydro
turbine.

• In wind turbine the pitch angle control can adjust the power output below
the rated power of the WECS.
 Reactive power control
• Small changes in terminal bus voltage are mainly dependent on machine
excitation.
• The poor power factor load demands more current which causes higher
voltage drop and higher line losses, so demands more reactive power.

• Reactive power balance or voltage control is achieved either by generating

higher/lower voltage by field regulation or by supplying/absorbing
reactive KVARs by compensating devices.

• The excitation control is fast acting, with major time constant contributed
by the generator field.

• While the time constant of load frequency control is contributed by the

prime mover and moment of inertia of the generator.
 Reactive Power Compensation in WECS

• SVC and STATCOM are the popular choices.

• STATCOM has many advantages over SVC and so it is a preferred choice.

 Reactive Power Compensation

• Early wind generators used FSIGs, which consumed reactive

power and have limited controllability of real power.
• The grid connection codes impose technical requirements of
fault ride through and also active and reactive power control
capability.
• Manufacturers developed new systems such as DFIG and FRCs
which can meet these requirements.
• To satisfy the grid connection code requirements, wind farms
may require the support of reactive power compensation
devices like SVC/STATCOM.
• SVC/STATCOM reacts fast to the changes in AC voltage and can
eliminate the need for rapid switching of capacitor banks or X-
mer tap changer operation.
• The rapid response of the SVC/STATCOM can also reduce the
voltage drop experienced by the wind farm during remote AC
system faults, thus increasing the fault ride through capability
of the wind farm.
SVC-

STATCOM-
• A STATCOM is a VSC based device, with the voltage source
behind a reactor. The voltage source is created from a DC
capacitor, so a STATCOM has very little real power capability.
• Its real power capability can be increased by connecting
energy storage device across the DC capacitor.
• The reactive power at the terminals of the STATCOM depends
on the amplitude of the voltage source.
• If the terminal voltage of the VSC is higher than the AC voltage
at the point of connection, the STATCOM generates reactive
current.
• When the amplitude of the voltage source is lower than the
AC voltage, it absorbs reactive power.
• The response time of a STATCOM is shorter than that of an
SVC, due to fast switching time of IGBTs of SVC.
• The STATCOM also provides better reactive power support at
low AC voltages than SVC, since the reactive power from a
STATCOM decreases linearly with the AC voltage.
 Mathematical Model of STATCOM
• Here  is the phase angle which determines the power flow.
• , V1 is fundamental component of converter o/p voltage (L-L).

• , here p is no. of pulses of inverter.

• Additional VAR required through STATCOM-

……. (1)
here V = bus voltage, Is = STATCOM line current.
• The current ripple through AC inductor is-

…….. (2)
• Inductance of AC Inductor-

……… (3)

here is switching frequency.

• The Susceptance is-
here a = 1.2 …….. (4)

• The reactive power generation by STATCOM at the AC bus is-

…… (5)
• Let G & δ= 0, then-

…… (6)
• Flow of reactive power depends upon V and . So
• Then for small perturbations in V and , by partial derivative of eqn. (6)

…… (7)

…. (8)
• By taking Laplace Transform of eqn. (8) –
……. (9)

STATCOM Model

Vref(s)
1 1
1 PID(s) 1
s+1 Td.s+1
In1 Out1
PI Controller Transfer Fcn1 Transfer Fcn2

2
V(s)

Td = avg. dead time of zero crossing in 3- system.

T = firing delay time.
• Voltage drop across the AC inductor-
…… (10)
 ……. (11)

• STATCOM Powers-

and …… (12)
SVC Small Signal Models
Active Power Transmission Characteristics for
Different types of compensations
 Status of Wind/Hydro Potential
• The Indian wind energy sector has an installed capacity
of 17,365.03 MW (as on March 31, 2012). In terms of wind
power installed capacity, India is ranked 5th in the World.

• Wind Energy Association has estimated that with the current

level of technology, the ‘on-shore’ potential for utilization of
wind energy for electricity generation is of the order of 102
GW.

• The estimated potential for power generation in the country

from such small hydro power plants is over 15,000 MW.

Source- www.mnre.gov.in
 Solar Power

• A 35,000 km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for
solar power projects sufficient to generate 700 GW to 2,100
GW. In July 2009, India unveiled a US $19 billion plan to
produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020.

• Rajasthan, emerging as the second largest State after Tamil

Nadu in solar power production, would be able to generate
1,500 MW electricity by 2013.

• National Solar Mission set the target of generating 20,000

MW of solar power by 2022.
Source- www.mnre.gov.in
 Hybrid Power System
V

PIG

WIND GB SCIG
QIG

PL
TURBINE
SVC/STATCOM Load
QST QL

PSG
Diesel Syn.
FUEL
Engine Gen QSG

steady state reactive power balance equation is

Kv
ΔV(s)=  ΔQSG (s)+ΔQQcom
ST (s)-ΔQ L (s)-ΔQ IG (s) 
1+sTv

IG-Squirrel Cage Induction generator, ST- Static compensator

 Proposed Power System
Pr , Q r
TF
Con-Inv V
Con-Inv
P SDF
WIND GB DFIG
Q SDF

PL
TURBINE
STATCOM Load
QST QL

PSG
Hydro Syn.
WATER
Turbine Gen QSG

Kv
ΔV(s)=  ΔQSG (s)+ΔQcom (s)-ΔQL (s)-ΔQIG (s)
1+sTv
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)

Q=f(m,α,V)

ΔQSTATCOM (s)=K10 Δα(s)+K11ΔV(s)

STATCOM equivalent circuit
K10 =kVdc VB Sinα

K11 =-kVdc BCosα

 Why to use STATCOM
• Provides reactive power compensation
• It’s response is fast
• It has high switching frequency.
• Excellent dynamic response.
• High operational flexibility
• Helps in voltage flicker mitigation
• It can provide active power output if supported by sufficient
DC input.

As D-STATCOM additionally performs the task of

• Load balancing and
• Harmonic elimination
 Wind/Hydro System Model

sim_v 1
QST
To Workspace
Step Scope 1 sim _qst

To Workspace3 In 1
Out1
2 v In 2

STATCOM
Scope 4
.6667

7.855 e-4s+1
Energy Balance Loop
3
Add Out 3

sim _qsg
In1 Out 1
delQIG Scope 3 To Workspace 2
delV

Wind Generator
In 1
Out1
In 2

Synchronous Generator

Model-1: Wind/Hydro system, using STATCOM at constant slip

(Wind + Hydro System (Const wind speed , Using STATCOM , Step Load Applied )

when 2% step change in load is applied

1. Step change in load (2%)

QL
CONSTANT SLIP (PU)

time (ms)
2. Change in voltage ( V)

V
(PU)

time (ms)
3. Change in QIG QIG

(PU)

time (ms)

4. Change in QSG
QSG
(PU)

time (ms)
5. Change in QST

QST

(PU)

time (ms)
 Wind/Hydro System Model

Model-2: Wind/Hydro system, using STATCOM at variable slip (2%)

When 2% step change in load is applied
1. Step change in load

QL
VARIABLE SLIP (PU)

time (ms)
2. Change in voltage ( V)

V
(PU)

time (ms)
3. Change in QIG QIG

(PU)

time (ms)
4. Change in QSG
QSG
(PU)

time (ms)
5. Change in QST

QST
(PU)

time (ms)
 Conclusions based on the simulation results

• Increase in input wind power changes the induction generator slip, thereby
the reactive power requirement changes.
• The STATCOM provides the sufficient reactive power required by the load
and the induction generator under steady state operating condition at very
fast rate.

• The PI control parameters values are optimized to provide proper

compensation using STATCOM for damping transient oscillations due to
disturbances in the system
 Why to use DFIG

• DFIG system operates in Sub, Super and Synchronous modes. The

operating speed range is ± 30 % of synchronous speed.

• It offers optimum aerodynamic efficiency by tracking the optimum TSR

as the generator can operate at variable speed.

• The stator is directly connected to the common bus but the rotor is
connected through Converter-Inverter system.

• The power electronic converters needs to be partially rated to handle

rotor power (about 30 % of nominal generator power).

• Energy conversion efficiency is high. Suitable for large size turbines.

 Control Functions of Converters
• In DFIG AC-DC-AC converter used on the rotor which consists of RSC and
GSC connected back to back through a DC link.

• The RSC can control the Torque or speed of the DFIG and the power factor
at stator terminals.

• The main objective of the GSC is to keep the DC link voltage constant
irrespective of magnitude and direction of rotor power.

• The GSC works at grid frequency and RSC operates at different frequencies
depending on wind speed.

• The back to back arrangement converts the variable voltage and frequency
output of rotor into a fixed frequency and voltage output compliant with
grid. The DC link provides the energy buffer required between the
generator and grid.
 Torque Control

• In DFIG the torque depends on the strength and angular

displacement between the two fields, means the torque is the
vector product of the two fields.
T α ΨS X Ψr = | ΨS || Ψr | cosθ

• Optimum torque is developed when two fields are normal to each

other.

• The magnetizing reactance produces useful flux that crosses the air
gap of machine.

• The stator and rotor fields rotate at synchronous speed even if the
rotor turning asynchronously.
 Torque Control

• In DFIG system, torque is controlled by stator flux (position and magnitude of

stator applied voltage) and regulating the rotor currents such that it is
normal to stator flux.

• The DFIG therefore has to control the magnitude, frequency and phase of the
applied rotor current .

• The VSI can be viewed as a 3-Ø voltage source whose magnitude and phase
can be altered instantaneously.

• The VSI can be used to regulate the rotor current.

• To properly position the rotor current, knowledge of the physical position of

the rotor is required using a mechanical position sensor.
Active Power Flow in DFIG
Reactive Power Flow in DFIG
 Reactive Power of DFIG
Stator and rotor reactive powers-
QS = Img. (VSIS*)
Qr = Img. (VrIr*)

Total reactive power as per eq. ckt.-

QDFIG = QS + Qr

After including the rotor converter effect-

QDFIG = QS + QGSC
Reactive power model of DFIG-
Δ QDFIG (s) = KA Δ Pin(s) + KB ΔV (s)
Wind Speed v/s Pm of DFIG

Slip (S)
Active Power Output of DFIG

Slip (S)
Reactive Power Output Curves of DFIG
Wind Hydro System using DFIG as WG

sim_v 0.005

To Workspace Band-Limited Step

1 White Noise
Scope4
v
QL 3 sim_qsg
Scope Out4
To Workspace1
v
Qsg
0.6667
5.43e-4s+1 -7.358
Transfer Fcn
Slider
Qdfig Qgsc Gain6

0.37 6.0497
DFIG
Qdfig

1
0.39 sim_qdfig Transfer Fcn1
Scope3 den(s)
Step1 To Workspace3

In1 Out2 4.53 2 0.15 Out4 In1

Out
Subsystem Exciter
sim_qgsc
0.79
3.36 To Workspace2

Sub Synchronous Mode

 qsg
0.02

-0.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
qgsc
0.04

0.02

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
-3
x 10 qdfig
1

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
 -3
x 10 v
1

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
 -4
x 10 qdfig
4

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
 -3
x 10 qsg
12

10

-2

-4

-6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
 qgsc

• ΔQGSC
0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
x 10
For Listening with Patience