Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

DYNAMIC DISTURBANCE OF WIND FARM CONNECTED TO 14 BUS NETWORK

A. M. Amin M.M.A. Mahfouz Erhab B. Youssef

Helwan University Helwan University Helwan University

Department of Electrical Power Department of Electrical Power Department of Electrical Power
P.O. Box 11792,Helwan,Egypt P.O. Box 11792,Helwan,Egypt P.O. Box 11792,Helwan,Egypt
amrmaamin@yahoo.com mmahfouz@abcelectric.com rehabbakry@gmail.com

turbine generator (WTG) applications, t h e i r demand for

reactive power can b e p r o b l e m a t i c . To achieve continuous
ABSTRACT voltage regulation under varying system conditions such as
Induction generators are the most popular in wind energy under fault conditions, this demand increases substantially,
conversion system due to its simplicity and absence of contributing to voltage instability and possible voltage Collapse
synchronization problem. However the major drawback of this [5],[6], by compensating capacitors located at the site of the
machine is its additional reactive burden on the electric network. WF's itself, however during fault conditions additional
This paper studies the voltage stability of wind farms (WFs) reactive power resources are needed. Flexible ac transmission
Connected to IEEE 14 bus network during system disturbances systems (FACTS) devices improve the transmission o f electric
such as a load change, three phase fault or island condition. power and include a family of shun and series devices. static
Those disturbances have a great impact on the system voltages synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) can provide t h e
and frequency. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is reactive power required for the regulation voltage
proposed to maintain voltage and frequency within grid codes .STATCOMs have not yet been widely used in distribution
requirements. The proposed system shows an excellent networks due to their cost, however when used in this
performance it maintains the voltage and frequency constants by context they can assist WFs to continue to provide active
injection controllable reactive power during system disturbances. power during fault conditions for some time. STATCOMs are
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the Power System Analysis Toolbox shunt devices that use voltage-sourced converter (VSC)
(PSAT) package are used for the simulation. technology, which allows them to regulate the voltage at the
bus to which they’re connected by either generating or
absorbing reactive power [6].
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SYSTEM MODELING
Wind turbine technology h a s u n d e r g o n e a revolution during
the last century. The attention has continued to grow as the
demands on reducing polluting emissions have increased. Figure 1(a), shows the one-line diagram for the IEEE 14
With the development of wind turbine technology, large bus[11] the interconnected system with one additional wind
scale wind farms at hundreds MW rated capacity are being farm connected at bus 8 that is PV bus which consist of
developed in many countries. These modern wind farms are 50units of 2MW,690V ,60 Hz squirrel cage induction generator
usually connected to the power grid. The wind power wind energy conversion system which serves local load and
penetration levels in the networks could b e h i g h , f o r STATCOM connected in parallel to wind farm. Figure 1(b)
e x a m p l e , average w i n d power penetration levels of 20-30 ,shows the direct connection of squirrel cage induction
% with peak penetration level up to 100%. Which will generator to grid through transformer and transmission line,
effectively reduce the requirement on the fossil fuel based STATCOM connected in parallel to wind energy conversion
conventional power generation; however, it also presents many systems at load bus voltage. The data used in simulation f o r
challenges to modern power systems. The issues, such as wind farms and STATCOM described in table below,
power system operation and control, system stability and power 100MVA is selected for base power and the frequency i s 60Hz
quality, need to be addressed in order to realize power for interconnected power system.
quality for the power systems integrating large scale wind
power [3, 4, 7, 10].Technical constraints of power generation Table 1.Simulation Data
integration in a power system may in general be associated Turbine D a t a
with the thermal limit, frequency and Voltage control and Shaft stiffness 2.5pu/rad
stability. Grid codes are set up to specify the relevant Rated wind speed 12m/s
requirements [8]; these specifications have to be met in order Turbine rotor speed range 9.52rpm
to integrate wind turbines into the grid. The predominant Rotor diameter 75m
generator employed in WF ’ s i s t h e asynchronous type, Gear ratio 1:86.5
which requires reactive power for its excitation. Whilst STATCOM Data
asynchronous generators have particular advantages for wind

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 Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear annd Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March
M 21-24, 2010

Rated Power 500MVA

Rated voltage 6690V
Rated frequency 660Hz
Maximum current 1.1pu
Minimum current -1.0 pu
Gain of the voltage control 50
Time constant of voltage control 0.2s
Generator Data
Rated power 22MW
Rated voltage 6690 V
Rated frequency 660Hz
Stator resistance 0..048 pu
Stator reactance 0..075 pu
Rotor resistance 0.018 pu
Rotor reactance 0.120 pu
Mutual reactance 3.8 pu
Generator rotor inertia 00.5 s
Number of poles pairs 2

3. STATCOM MODEL

A simplified representation of the STATCOM, including a DC

side capacitor, an inverter, and series inductancce X in the three
lines connecting to the transmission line is shown in Figure 2.
This inductance accounts for the leakage oof the actual
power transformers. The circuit also includdes resistance RC
in shunt with the capacitor to represent the sswitching losses Figure 1.a. The IEEE 14
4 bus network.
in the inverter, and resistance R in series w with the AC lines
to represent the inverter and transformer coonduction losses.
The inverter block in the circuit is treated as an ideal, lossless
power transformer .It operates in two modees inductive and
capacitive mo d e will depend upon the volttage level of the
power system. If the voltage is V1 higheer than V2, the
STATCOM will absorb reactive power; if the ssystem voltage is
V1 lower than V2, it will generate react ive power. For
balanced three phase system STATCOM cann be described in
steady-state, wh e r ea s the DC circuit is ddescribed by the
following differential equation, in terms of thhe voltage V on
the capacitor [12].
dV P Vdc R( P 2 + Q 2 )
= − − (1)
dt CVdc CRdc CVdcV 2 Figure 1.b. Wind farm conn
nection to bus 8.
The active and reactive power injections into thhe ac system are:
P = V 2G − GVKVdc cos(θ − α ) − KVdccVB sin(θ − α )
(2)
Q = −V B + BVKVdc cos(θ − α ) − KVdccVG sin(θ − α )
2

(3)
√
Where K = and m is modulation index=√ √2 / and α is
phase angle of inverter voltage. Of primary inteerest is controller
for transmission line ASVCs. In this case, k is a constant factor,
and the only available control input is the anglee α of the inverter
voltage vector [1] .This type of controller is useed in paper where
k=0.9 constant and α is varying within range thhe maximum and
minimum value to get minimum and maximum m current in two
modes.. The block diagram of control of voltagge for STATCOM
is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2.Simpified circuit of STATCOM
S circuit

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 Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

Figure 4.a. Voltage terminal at wind farm bus

Figure 3. Block diagram of STATCOM controller.

4. SIMULATION STUDIES

Simulation studies for the proposed system were carried

out d u r i n g d i f f e r e n t system disturbances occurrences
with and without STATCOM using MATLAB/SIMULIN
and the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) package.

4.1. Sudden Load change

The dynamic performance of self excited induction generator

with STATCOM connected in parallel with load bus is
examined under disturbance and results are depicts in
figures.4-7.
Figure 4.b. Reactive power at bus 8
4.1.l. load increase: sudden increase in load demand occurs
at (t=3 s to t =4 s) by 40% as shown in figure 4(a)simulated
generator terminal voltage magnitude drops from 1 pu to
0.98 pu due to reactive power increased to apply load
demand but using fixed capacitor as source for reactive power
voltage cannot remain constant. F i g u r e 4(b) reactive powers
transferred to wind farm increased to support load demand,
STATCOM used for this reason where in this case STATCOM
generates reactive power required to maintain voltage stable as
shown in figure 4(c). A transient drop in the kinetic energy,
speed and active power of the IG in order to provide the sudden
increase in generator output power are represented in figure
4(d) and (e). After This transient, the increase in load power
was balanced by the grid, and generator speed returned to its
original value. The active power exported to the grid was
decreased, whereas the local bus load increased.
Figure 4. c. Reactive power generated by STATCOM

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 Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

Figure 4. d. Stator frequency at wind farm bus Figure 5. a. Voltage terminal at wind farm bus.

Figure 5.b. Reactive power generated by STATCOM

Figure 4.e. Active power at wind farm bus

Figure 4. Grid performance for wind farm during increasing load

condition.

4.2 Three Phase Short Circuit Faults

Figure 1(b), Shows three-phase short-circuit faults that

occurs at 3second and cleared after 100 ms. The voltage at the
wind turbine drops during the fault period, which leads to the
reduction in rotor acceleration and the active power
transmitted to grid is zero .The results with and without the
STATCOM in operation are presented in figure 5(a),(c)
and(d) as the generator terminal voltage cannot recovered
after the fault and the generator will be tripped by the over-
speed protection .the STATCOM has effectively restored Figure 5.c. Stator frequency at wind farm bus
the generator terminal voltage and the system will restore
normal operation. Figure 5(b), Shows the reactive power amount
that was generated by STATCOM d u rin g fault and increasing
time of voltage to recover its normal operation as fast as
possible it can be seen that the STATCOM control is an
effective.

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 Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear annd Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March
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Figure 6.b. Reactive power geenerated by STATCOM

Figure 5.d. Active power at wind fa
farm bus

Figure 4. Grid performance for wind farm duriing three faults at

bus 8 condition.

4.3 Island P e r f o r ma n c e

During island condition, self-excitation will occur when the

I G l o s e s i t s c o n n e c t i o n with t h e g r i d . Unstable voltage
and frequency will be observed during self- exxcitation [2], [5],
and [9]. In the simulated event, the wind d farm lost its
connection to the grid at t = 2.5 s and remained in
islanding mode thereafter .Figure 7(d) illusstrates that the
active power of IG exported to grid dropp ped rapidly from
0.4 to 0 pu. After the grid-disconnection trannsient .As showed
in figure 6 (a) generator voltage terminal coollapse due loss Figure 6.c. Stator frequen
ncy at wind bus.
reactive power and this time the load demannd change due to
voltage collapse. To continue wind farm serving load
demand at island condition STATCOM uused as shown in
figure (b), the load bus voltage magnitude wa s fixed at steady
state. Rotor speed of IG accelerates in islannd mode due to
reduction of active power exported to grrid that causes
difference between frequency of IG and grrid. Due to stall
turbine that lead to active stall control to keep speed
constant and it will be take be covered in futture work in this
case wind farm will trip and isolated from sysstem .

Figure 6.d. Active powerr at wind farm bus.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Disturbances normally occur in powerr system networks such as

load change, faults and island mod de in case of wind farm
connection to the grid. These h a v e great impacts on wind
farms performance during direct co onnection of wind energy
conversion system with network.

The previous results above show

s that the proposed
Figure 6.a. Voltage terminal at windd farm bus system ,using STATCOM can coverr the variations of voltage
and frequency during network dissturbances and keep its

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 Proceedings of the 1st International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC10), Amman, Jordan, March 21-24, 2010

values within the grid code. STATCOM work a s a

reactive power controller has been successfully designed to
regulate the load bus voltage during disturbances by injection
reactive power demand to compensate for the voltage drop.
STATCOM has a great effect on voltage stability during
disturbance .Constant frequency will be studied in future work
to serves load at island case with constant voltage and
frequency in future work with artificial intelligent control
techniques.

6. REFERENCES

[1] C. D. Schauder and H. Mehta, "Vector analysis and control

Of advanced static VAR compensators ", Proc. Inst. Elect
Eng.–C, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 299–306, Jul. 1993.
[2] Z. Saad-Saoud, M. L. Lisboa, J. B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins,
and G. Strbac,"Application of STATCOMs to wind
farms,"Proc. IEE–Gener. Transm . Distrib. vol. 145, no.
pp. 511–516, Sep. 1998.
[3] DEFU Committee reports 111-E (2nd edition): Connection of
wind turbines to low and medium voltage networks1998.
[4] IEC 61400-21: Power quality requirements For wind whines
(2001).
[5] W. L. Chen and Y. Y. Hsu, "A novel active voltage and
frequency regulator to improve grid-disconnection transients
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1586–159.
[6] Genevieve Coath and Majid Al-Dabbagh" The Influence of
STATCOMs on Islanded Weak Power Systems Embedded
Wind Farms ". In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron.
Drive system 2003.
[7] English version of Technical Regulations TF 3.2.6, "Wind
turbines connected to grids with voltage below100kV
Technical regulations for the properties and the control
wind turbines ", Eltra and Kraft systems, 2004.
[8] Z. Chen, Senior Member, IEEE," Issues of Connecting Wind
Farms into Power Systems," in 2005 IEEE/PES Transmission
and Distribution Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific
Dalian, China.
[9] Woei-Luen Chen, Member, IEEE, and Yuan-Yih Hsu, Senior
Member,IEEE,"Controller Design for an Induction Generator
Driven by a Variable- Speed Wind Turbine,"inIEEE
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NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2006.
[10] IEC 61400-12: Wind turbine generator systems. Power
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[11] http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca/~fmilano/.
[12] F. Milano, Documentation for PSAT, volume 1.3.3.

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