Lecture-7 Linecoding
Lecture-7 Linecoding
Layer
These slides are partially based on slides assembled by B. A. Forouzan, with grateful acknowledgement of the many others who made their course materials freely available online.
DIGITAL-TO-
DIGITAL
CONVERSION
•How we can represent digital
data by using digital signals?
•The conversion involves three
techniques:
• Line coding
• Block coding
• Scrambling
Signal Rate:- It refers the number of signal element sent per second.
Signal rate is also known as pulse rate or baud rate and represented
in baud.
Signal Rate (S)=
Average Signal Rate ()=
Solution
Question
Solution
Assuming that the average value of c is 1/2 . The baud rate is
then
Signal Transmission Issues
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster than the
sender clock.
How many extra bits per second does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1
kbps?
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster than the
sender clock. How many extra bits per second does the receiver receive if the
data rate is
1 kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.
Polar RZ:- Return-to-zero (RZ) scheme uses three values: positive, negative, and zero.
• In RZ, the signal changes not between bits but during the bit also.
• No DC component problem.
• It occupies greater bandwidth.
• Complexity: RZ uses three levels of
voltage, which is more complex to
create and discern.
Polar Biphase: Manchester and
differential Manchester schemes
The idea of RZ (transition at the middle
of the bit) and the idea of NRZ-L are
combined into the Manchester scheme.
No DC component.
Commonly used for
long-distance
communication
Synchronization
problem when a long
sequence of 0s is
present in the data.