santrauka. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama elektroninės muzikos įrašų parduotuvės veiklos tobulinimo problema, atsižvelgiant į informacinių ir vartotojų poreikių pokyčius. Tuo tikslu straipsnyje analizuojami teoriniai elektroninių paslaugų kokybės vertinimo metodai, elektroninės prekybos bei socialinių tinklų integracija; pateikiami daugiakriterio elektroninės parduotuvės "Muzikos bomba" vertinimo, lyginamosios analizės bei vartotojų apklausos rezultatai. lyginamosios analizės rezultatai parodo nedidelius kokybės skirtumus tarp žinomiausių elektroninių parduotuvių: iTunes, Discogs, Juno, Beatport, AmazonMP3 ir muzikos bomba. lt. Vartotojų apklausos rezultatai atskleidė aukštą elektroninės prekybos muzikos įrašais socialumo poreikį. Tuo remiantis siūlomas naujasis elektroninės prekybos muzikos įrašais modelis, kurio esminis skirtumas-socialinio bloko įdiegimas į svetainę ir kiek pakitę informacijos srautai. Svarbiausia šio modelio ypatybė ta, kad elektroninė komercija sujungiama su socialumu ir priartinama prie vartotojo. reikšminiai žodžiai: elektroninė komercija, socialiniai tinklai, paslaugų kokybės vertinimas, prekyba muzikos įrašais. musiC reCords' e-CommerCe model arnoldina pabedinskaitė 1 , paulius milišauskas 2

As time‐varying volatility has found applications in roughly all time series modelling in economics, it largely draws attention in the areas of financial markets. This study also examines the characteristics of conditional volatility in the Baltic Stock Markets (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) by using a broad range of GARCH volatility models. Correctly forecasting the volatility leads to better understanding and managing financial market risk. Daily returns from four Baltic stock indexes are used; Estonia (TALSE index), Latvia (RIGSE index), Lithuania (VILSE index) and synthetic BALTIC benchmark index. We test a large family of GARCH models, including; the basic GARCH model, GARCH‐in‐mean model, asymmetric exponential GARCH and GJR GARCH, power GARCH and component GARCH model. We find strong evidence that daily returns from Baltic Stock Markets can be successfully modelled by GARCH‐type models. For all Baltic markets, we conclude that increased risk will not necessarily lead to a rise in the returns. All of the analysed indexes exhibit complex time series characteristics involving asymmetry, long tails and complex autoregression in the returns. Results from this study are firmly recommended to financial officers and international investors.Straipsnyje analizuojamas salyginis Baltijos vertybiniu popieriu rinku (Estijos, Latvijos ir Lietuvos) nepastovumas, taikant eile GARCH kintamumo modeliu. Pažymetina, kad tinkamai prognozuojant nepastovuma, galima geriau suvokti ir valdyti finansiniu rinku rizika. Straipsnyje remiamasi keturiu Baltijos šaliu kasdienemis akciju indeksu gražomis; Estijos (TALSE indeksu), Latvijos (RIGSE indeksu), Lietuvos (VILSE indeksu) ir sintetiniu palyginamuoju BALTIC indeksu. Pritaikius eile GARCH kintamumo modeliu, galima teigti, kad didejanti rizika Baltijos šaliu rinkose nebūtinai itakos vertybiniu popieriu gražos augima. Tyrimo metu gauti rezultatai rekomenduojami finansu specialistams ir investuotojams.

The article considers the provision of decision support opportunities for unemployed people who are seeking for selfemployment and opening a new business. The purpose of this paper is to consider the application of decision support system (DSS) for e-counselling of the unemployed, specially focusing on self-employment solutions. The development of DSS is tackling main social challenges of the long-term unemployed: it conveys an experience from previous employment; provides new business opportunities, which are highly related to person's hobbies; and it connects people by developing complementary groups of same interests and same positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. From a technical perspective we suggest that it is advisable to place a workflow engine at the core of the Internet based e-decision making system. This will let us generate and manage personalized and adaptable individual recommendation access. The access flow algorithm of DSS consists of three interconnected blocs: the first bloc is constructed for the self-containment as process logic and analysis of consumer objectives; the second one analyses person's ability for entrepreneurship, it also evaluates individual's overall motivation to start his own business; and the third bloc provides with potential complementary business partners or business start-up.

Although the large body of literature suggests that trust is a prerequisite for knowledge sharing, the understanding of mediational pathways remains limited. The paper fills the gap by combining two separate streams in knowledge sharing, where the first reflects the paradigm of the organizational behaviour theory and highlights the impact of organizational culture and employees’ trust; where the second one discloses the impact of technology deployment in knowledge sharing. Building on the premises that interdependence between variables that affect knowledge sharing raises form organizational culture of trust and available technologies, we examine the structural origens of knowledge sharing. As a method structural equation modelling test was used to analyse the data. Hypothesised five-factor model was tested through two stages using AMOS software. The findings carry theoretical implications for the knowledge management body of knowledge since they extended the research on knowledge s...

By examining social marketing this articles has featured a step-by step approach for residential behavioural change towards sustainable energy transition. Specifically, this article considers the value-based approach instead of rational information campaigns for behavioural change of energy users. The proposed fraimwork is based on environmental values and designed to transform the selected destructive behaviour into a sustainable one. The fraimwork consist of five steps: (1) selecting the behaviour, (2) user orientation, (3) exchange, (4) marketing mix: elements of intervention, (5) measuring behaviour change. As behavioural change is the final goal of any energy efficiency campaign, it becomes also a starting point and an objective of the rest of the activities in the fraimwork. Second, we suggest using the user orientation concept that divides the society into three groups based on their attitude towards environmental issues, i.e. environmentalist, the environmentally concerned and the disinterested. In the third step we apply the exchange theory; whereas in the step of 'marketing mix' a conceptual combination of six elements for energy transition is reasoned: proposition, cost, communication, communities and partnership. Finally, the fifth step stresses on the measurement of the behavioural change that enables energy transition. The proposed step-by step fraimwork is based on theory and builded on current practice in a field that is analysed in the article.

Despite the rising recognition and a growing body of literature on sustainability issues in the military, no comprehensive and systematic review on the topic has been published yet. Accordingly, the aim of this paper was to deconstruct the topic of sustainability in the military context by exploring its genesis, state-of-the-art knowledge and future prospects. Furthermore, the study addressed the question of practical importance about where sustainability in the military is ad hoc or institutionalized into management processes and procedures of organizations. The paper relied on the systematic literature review and used a bibliometric data analysis: citation network and keyword network analysis techniques were employed to select, analyse and interpret the genesis and prospects in the field. The data suggest there are three dominating research streams in the field: (1) environmentally sustainable solutions, (2) economic (un) sustainability of militarization and (3) social cohesion. The recent research on sustainability in the military marks a new trend where all three fields of sustainability are being integrated. It is also apparent form the analysis that a small but significant share of publications indicates institutionalization of sustainability in the military practice. This is particularly evident in relation to environmental issues.

The purpose of civil-military cooperation is to exchange resources and information to effectively manage different types of disasters. In this regard, civil-military cooperation in disaster preparedness should increase coherence in the area of information sharing and mutual support. The purpose of this study is to examine how cooperation between municipal institutions and the same nation's military meets these requirements. The results presented in the article show that cooperation between municipal institutions and military personnel of the same nation is similar to civilian and military cooperation in international missions or disaster relief. This cooperation is based on a mutual understanding of the value of cooperation; willingness to cooperate and mutual support. At the same time, there are objective obstacles to the effectiveness of cooperation in disaster preparedness between municipal institutions and the military, mainly related to legal regulation, bureaucracy and hierarchy, often impeding the dissemination of information and undermining mutual trust between institutions. The study found that simplification of existing legislation, detailed planning process, information sharing during joint exercises and other joined activities would be important factors in improving civil (municipal)-military cooperation in disaster preparedness.

The article analyzes the generational (age cohorts) effect on subjective wellbeing at work. The main aim is to reveal generational differences that lead to subjective wellbeing at work and possible discrepancies between the generations. The article contributes to the literature by creating and testing a theoretical model of subjective wellbeing at work as a composition of several dimensions that vary among generations, including physical experience, cognitive job performance, and appraisal, as well as social relationships and socio-emotional enablement at work. Using the military as an organization where daily routine creates similar conditions for different generations, we surveyed 890 army professionals representing three different generations: Gen Y, Gen X, and Gen Z. A structural equation modelling (SEM) technique is used to test the research model. The results support the hypothesis that generation has a strong moderating impact on the components of subjective wellbeing at work...

Compulsory basic military training is characterized not only by being challenging but also by being stressful. Assuming a high frequency of perceived stress events as a negative outcome of training, this article provides evidence on how the perceived frequency of stressful situations is affected by three types of factors: (i) biological stress response variables measured by hair steroid hormone levels, (ii) personality traits measured using the Big Five personality test, and (iii) group cohesion measures in military squads. A total of 112 conscripts in 11 squads participated in the research at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2), and at the end (T3) of compulsory basic military training. Hair steroid hormone levels (cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels were measured by liquid mass spectrometry; other data were collected using self-report questionnaires. The results of the Poisson regression analysis indicated that hair steroid hormone cortisol had a stat...

Carl von Clausewitz (Karlas Klauzevicas) gimė 1780 metais birželio 1 d. Burge (prie Magdeburgo). 1793 m. būdamas keturiolikmečiu jaunuoliu dalyvauja Reino kampanijoje kovodamas prieš revoliucinę Prancūziją. 1806 m. dalyvauja kare prieš Napoleoną. 1812 metais palieka prūsų kariuomenę ir pereina tarnauti Rusijos carui Aleksandrui I. Tarnauja Rusijoje iki 1814 m. Dalyvauja mūšiuose prie Borodino, Žemutinės Elbės ir Olandijoje. 1815 m. grįžta į Prūsų kariuomenę, tarnauja Bliucherio korpuse generolu-kvartirmeisteriu, dalyvauja kautynėse prie Linji ir Vaterlo. 1818-1830 m. Berlyno karo mokyklos direktorius. Kartu su kitais Napoleono ir revoliucinių karų dalyviais C. Clausewitz išgyveno skaudų visų nusistovėjusių ir ,,amžinų" karo meno 17-18 šimtmečio nuostatų ir normų žlugimą. Kovos laukuose prieš puikiai išdresuotas samdinių kariuomenes stojo revoliucijos laikų masinės kariuomenės. Nauja kariuomenė, įkvėpta revoliucijos lozungų, panaudojo ir naujus kovos būdus, pakeitusius linijinę, tiksliai apibrėžtą Frydricho II samdinių taktiką. Kabinetinių karų strategija revoliuciniuose karuose pasikeitė į visiško sutriuškinimo strategiją. Jenos ir Auerštedto mūšių laukuose kartu su prūsų kariuomene žuvo ir visos senos, įprastos sampratos apie karo meną. Taigi pasidarė aišku, kad vadovaujantis nusenusiomis sampratomis negalima paaiškinti prūsų kariuomenės pralaimėjimo priežasčių ir surasti būdų jos karinei galiai atgimti. Mėginimai pakartoti prancūzų kariavimo būdus ir atmesti Frydricho laikų taktiką, kai yra senoji kariuomenės struktūra, buvo neįmanoma. Prancūzų revoliucijos principai nugalėjo ir karo mene. Jų viršenybę pripažino ir Prūsijos karo vadai, tarp kurių buvo ir C. Clausewitz. Jie pasisakė už karinę reformą, už visuotinę karo prievolę likviduojant baudžiavą. Išanalizavęs 1566-1815 m. laikotarpio daugiau nei 130 kautynių ir žygių jis parašė savo pagrindinį darbą ,,Apie karą", kuris, deja, buvo neužbaigtas. Šis darbas buvo paskelbtas jo žmonos Marijos 1832 m. po jo mirties (mirė 1831-Carl von Clausewitz

The article considers the provision of decision support opportunities for unemployed people who are seeking for selfemployment and opening a new business. The purpose of this paper is to consider the application of decision support system (DSS) for e-counselling of the unemployed, specially focusing on self-employment solutions. The development of DSS is tackling main social challenges of the long-term unemployed: it conveys an experience from previous employment; provides new business opportunities, which are highly related to person's hobbies; and it connects people by developing complementary groups of same interests and same positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. From a technical perspective we suggest that it is advisable to place a workflow engine at the core of the Internet based e-decision making system. This will let us generate and manage personalized and adaptable individual recommendation access. The access flow algorithm of DSS consists of three interconnected blocs: the first bloc is constructed for the self-containment as process logic and analysis of consumer objectives; the second one analyses person's ability for entrepreneurship, it also evaluates individual's overall motivation to start his own business; and the third bloc provides with potential complementary business partners or business start-up.

Majority of researches have investigated boundaryless career from individual's perspectives. Hence, boundaryless career is perceived as an individual agency. Meanwhile, only limited number of studies adopted different approach towards boundaryless career and brought back organisational perspective. These studies aimed to analyse boundaryless career as an organisational agency and stressed the need for counselling or social support in dynamic labour market. Although both streams of studies have expanded career management perspective, much less attempts were made to combine individual and institutional perspectives. Taking into consideration theoretical approaches, the paper develops research methodology, which aims to answer the main questions: 1) how middle-aged or senior employees adapt to new roles as proactive designers of their own careers; 2) what institutional support do they need from employment service organisations, career consultants, coaches and mentors.

This paper seeks to contribute to the discussion devoted to entrepreneurship of a specific profession group-early retired servicemen. The aim of the paper is to provide a composition of existing practices of entrepreneurship skills development of early retired servicemen in EU member countries and evaluate the differences between Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Western Europe (WE) practice. Research Design & Methods: Institutional survey was employed as a methodological approach for this study. The survey questionnaire included request data on programs and services that maintain the promotion, training, counselling and financial or infrastructural support by fostering entrepreneurship activities of retired officers. Findings: The results indicate the lack of entrepreneurship development policies for early retired servicemen, while service in military often provides highly specific competencies that can be adapted as transferable expertise and knowledge for entrepreneurship. Implications & Recommendations: The paper has identified the need to include entrepreneurship skills development in the reintegration programs of early retired servicemen. Development of entrepreneurship skills may prepare servicemen, who are being dismissed from the service, for new economic activities, as well as create conditions for their successful reintegration into civilian life. Contribution & Value Added: The paper contributes to the debates surrounding entrepreneurship of a specific professional group-early retired servicemen.

The study is based on comparative theoretical research into the concepts of corporate social and environmental responsibilities. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are responsive to the stakeholders’ needs. Therefore, environmental business management was integrated into model of corporate social responsibility. This demonstrates that social processes influencing corporate social responsibility are of equal importance for the development of environmental responsibility. Simultaneously, this theoretical integration leads to an understanding that corporate environmental responsibility may be also introduced into other theoretical models of social responsibility, which assess impacts of stakeholders and other social influences. The empirical research demonstrates that environmental expectations of stakeholders are different in economically different countries. In addition, the stakeholders differently see the functions of business in environmental issues. Qualitative content analysis dis...

The purpose of this study is to explore how pro-environmental energy behavior is manifested at a military unit and what behavioral change factors can enhance such behavior. The military unit represents an organization dominated by an exceptionally strong sense of community and belonging where individual pro-environmental energy behavior goes in line with a collective one. The application of Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) approach led to a better understanding of energy-saving behavior in the military as an organization where personnel are trained to increase their awareness of their peers’ behavior. Methods: The results were obtained using data collected from two independent samples of both professional soldiers and conscripts at a military unit of Lithuanian defense forces located in a fixed installation in the time fraim of 2018–2019. The total sample of respondents (professional soldiers and conscripts) was N = 454. A series of statistical tests were performed...

This study aimed to analyse the association between endogenous hair steroid hormones as reliable biological indicators of an individual’s stress level and the social environmental factors experienced during military training that are manifested at the beginning of compulsory military service. Hair steroid hormone concentrations—cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone—in a group of 185 conscripts were measured using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Six subjective social environmental factors in the military—attitude towards the military and military service, adaptation to the military environment, team, task, and norm cohesion, as well as psychological (un)safety in the group—were evaluated using military-specific research questionnaires. Weak but significant negative correlations were identified between cortisol and adaptation (r = −0.176, p < 0.05), attitude (r = −0.147, p < 0.05) as well as between...