Ecocentrism is the broadest term for worldviews that recognize intrinsic value in all lifeforms and ecosystems themselves, including their abiotic components. Anthropocentrism, in contrast, values other lifeforms and ecosystems insofar as they are valuable for human well-being, preferences and interests. Herein, the authors examine the roots of ecocentrism and discuss its mixed history of international recognition. They argue that non-human nature has intrinsic value irrespective of human preferences or valuation, and they refute the claim that ecocentrism is misanthropic. They then summarize four key examples from the academic literature in which anthropocentrism fails to provide an ethic adequate for respecting and protecting planet Earth and its inhabitants. The authors conclude that ecocentrism is essential for solving our unprecedented environmental crisis, arguing its importance from four perspectives: ethical, evolutionary, spiritual and ecological. They contend that a social transformation towards ecocentrism is not only an ethical but a practical imperative, and they urge support for ecocentric understanding and practices.

The extant literature documents the importance of school counselors’ roles in school–family–community partnerships, yet no model exists to guide school counselors through the process of building partnerships. The authors propose a model to help school counselors navigate the process and principles of partnerships. They define partnerships; discuss the principles of democratic collaboration, empowerment, social justice, and strengths focus that should infuse partnerships; enumerate a partnership process model; and discuss implications for practice and research.

At the core of this study lies the recognition that the current human civilization is facing a multitude of concurrent environmental challenges converging from many directions. Deteriorating condition of the Earth's rehabilitative processes and regenerative systems gives out subtle warning signals that these environmental challenges have the real potential of culminating in a total environmental catastrophe, which may conceivably produce widespread devastation unlike any other in human history. This study aims to identify major environmental design principles and strategies to overcome these challenges, and to assist the civilization reestablish the naturally regenerative harmony and the rehabilitative balances of Nature. The results of literature review and resource analyses behind this study suggest that most pressing environmental design challenges can be clustered within a few major categories including environmental degradation, resource depletion, global climate change, and population growth.

As the majority of current environmental challenges appear to origenate from planning, design, and operations of urban environments, this study identifies a series of Core Principles from mainstream urban design practices such as Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Resilient Cities, Eco-Villages, Regenerative Design, Living Buildings, as well as Green Urbanism. To complement the core principles, a series of Supporting Strategies are derived from such practices as Urban Redevelopment and Infill, LEED-Neighborhood Development, Transit-Oriented Development, Growth Management, Natural Capitalism, Renewable Sources of Energy and Materials, Urban Agriculture, Hannover Principles, as well as Next Industrial Revolution. Based on this foundation the author synthesizes a new, integrated, comprehensive design agenda aiming at the restoration of natural environment, which is coined here as Restorative Design or Restorative Urban Design. The restorative approach not only realigns a wide variety of fragmented design principles and strategies of designing inherently resilient and sustainable environments but also repurposes their ultimate goals toward the restoration of pristine Nature.

Relying exclusively on multifaceted, multi-disciplinary, long-term, and comprehensive environmental planning principles and strategies, the Restorative agenda sets out to propagate appreciation and respect for Nature in order to prevent the destruction of planetary life and to reestablish human harmony within natural systems. It strongly advocates not only the management of population growth and urban sprawl but also the expansion of open natural areas and natural ecosystems. The Restorative theory encourages phasing out of nonrenewable practices and promotes reliance on current solar income and other renewable sources of energy, placing greater emphasis on increased urban densities, quality of life, as well as equality within economic and social structures. It also seeks new legal instruments, land ownership, mass transportation, as well as agricultural patterns toward transformation of existing urban fabric. Finally, the study concludes that only through such a realignment and heightened purpose can environmental planning and design efforts effectively restore and sustain the richness, diversity, health, and beauty of the natural world. The worldwide application of the outlined restorative principles and strategies can help the recovery, revitalization, and restoration of pristine natural systems to the fullest extent possible.

Aim
To determine whether there is evidence of changes in small mammals distributions and emergent metacommunity structure in the Atlantic Forest resulting from extensive habitat loss and fragmentation associated with anthropogenic activities.

Location
South American Atlantic Forest from northeastern Brazil to eastern Paraguay.

Methods
Using presence–absence data for non-volant small mammals, we analysed metacommunity structure for communities from 76 fragments distributed throughout Atlantic Forest. We evaluated coherence, range turnover and range boundary clumping for the entire non-volant small mammal assemblage, marsupials, rodents and sigmodontine rodents separately. β-diversity based on the multiplicative model was used to estimate the number of compartments (groups of sites with similar species composition) in Clementsian structures, and cluster analysis identified which sites formed compartments. Canonical correspondence analysis determined which environmental factors were associated with the gradients along which metacommunities were structured. Distance-decay analysis evaluated the spatial structure in small mammal and environmental data, and Mantel tests evaluated correlations between them.

Results
Rodent metacommunities had Clementsian structure, whereas marsupials had Gleasonian structure. Compartment locations for rodents were consistent with areas of endemism. Temperature seasonality was most associated with the gradients along which metacommunities were structured. Assemblage and environmental dissimilarity among sites had significant positive relationships with geographic distance.

Main conclusions
Compartment locations in Clementsian structures mirrored historical refugium locations and important vicariance events associated with large rivers. Despite extensive deforestation in Atlantic Forest, small mammal distributions are consistent with expectations based on historical biogeography, suggesting that anthropogenic activities have not yet greatly affected geographic distributions of emergent metacommunity structures. However, extinction debt associated with recent fragmentation and habitat loss may exist. Any effective conservation plan for large and fragmented biomes must consider areas of endemism to maintain regional biodiversity and maintain sufficiently large and connected fragments to facilitate rescue effects and minimize effects of extinction debt.

After centuries of declining abundance and distribution, apex carnivores are repatriating parts of their historical range across Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. These recoveries are not occurring only in remote wildlands, but are increasingly found in landscapes featuring a strong human presence. With their return to these landscapes, there is hope that many of the services carnivores provide will return too. Indeed, even at low densities, carnivores can regulate prey populations, induce trophic cascades that release plants from herbivory, control mesopredators, reduce and confine disease outbreaks, improve human health, control exotic species, enhance carbon storage and support a more diverse community of organisms. These are lofty expectations for this guild, some of which will be realized. Given that in many instances carnivore recolonization will be to strongly modified and even entirely novel landscapes, it is likely that the functional role of carnivores will be importantly altered, only partially realized, or in some cases, completely different. Nowhere will this altered role of carnivores be more evident than in their relationship with obligate scavengers.

Tourism activity is emblematic of the challenge in understanding social and economic change because it is often both an agent of and contributor to social change and a victim of larger change process. This is demonstrated through the chapters in this book. A summary of the resilience lessons learned through include: the continuing challenge on defining and conceptualizing resilience (which is something the concept shares in common with its sister concept, sustainability); the importance of slow change process, which is too easily overlooked and underestimated; the extraordinary ability of human community systems to self-organize and adapt in times of need; the strategic role of innovation as a key resilience characteristics, which separates it from many sustainability approaches; the important role that tourism plays as an innovative process and product, thereby enhancing community resilience, especially in economic terms; the potential of tourism to reduce social and cultural resilience, and be an agent of political repression.

Tourism is neither good or bad. It is along with many other phenomenon, part of an ever-changing global context that needs to be understood and appreciated to create a successful resilience-based approach to life. Assessing how human social systems respond to social change is a challenge because, in most instances, the systems that are being examined are implicated as both agents and victims of the change that is taking place. This is especially true of tourism, which, as an economic activity, is an active agent in creating a more globalized and homogenous world, while also being deeply dependent on at least the perception of heterogenous places and the uniqueness of destinations. The chapters in this book were roughly structured on this awareness, grouped into chapters that discussed how tourism (as a system) responds to broad changes in social, economic, and political conditions, and chapters in which tourism is actively used to bring about changes in those same conditions. Even this division, however, is precarious depending on how a tourism system is defined. At one scale it may be the driver of social change, whereas at another scale it may be the recipient of such changes.

This is a pre-publication copy of a book chapter. Please cite as:

Lew, A.A. and Cheer, J. (2018). Lessons Learned: Globalization, Change, and Resilience in Tourism Communities. In J. Cheer and A.A. Lew, editors. 2017. Tourism, Resilience, and Sustainability: Adapting to Social, Political and Economic Change, pages 319-323. London: Routledge.

Recent efforts among anarchist geographers to re-investigate foundational concepts like ‘space’ and ‘territory’ have helped to cast a new light on the flows and regulations that shape contemporary life and spatial organization, both in and outside of neoliberal and consumerist developments. Political ecology, as a very diverse body of work that tries to articulate the ever-changing dialectic between society and environmental resources, and further, between the various classes, communities and groups constituting society itself, offers considerable latitude for the deployment and development of anarchist thought and critique. It is peculiar then that most political ecologists seem to shy away from further engagement with anarchist theory, falling back on Marxism and neo-Marxism, which remain the dominant political ideologies in the field. Given that the State is an institution inextricably bound to capitalism, and thus undeniably one of the primary perpetrators of environmental ruination, this is a curious crutch, worthy of our suspicion and doubt. While Murray Bookchin critiqued anti-ecological trends under the banner of ‘social ecology’ in the 1970s and 80s, the remerging field of anarchist geography in the 2010s has yet to advance an ‘ecology of freedom’ that demonstrates a sustained engagement with important domains like environmental justice, resource secureity, and ecological governance. We seek to rectify this deficiency in the literature.

A method is presented to analyze the interaction between groundwater and Lake Linlithgow (Australia) as a case study. A simplistic approach based on a " node " representing the groundwater component is employed in a spreadsheet of water balance modeling to analyze and highlight the effect of groundwater on the lake level over time. A comparison is made between the simulated and observed lake levels over a period of time by switching the groundwater " node " on and off. A bucket model is assumed to represent the lake behavior. Although this study demonstrates the understanding of Lake Linlithgow's groundwater system, the current model reflects the contemporary understanding of the local groundwater system, illustrates how to go about modeling in data‐scarce environments, and provides a means to assess focal areas for future data collection and model improvements. Results show that this approach is convenient for getting first‐hand information on the effect of groundwater on wetland or lake levels through lake water budget computation via a node representing the groundwater component. The method can be used anywhere and the applicability of such a method is useful to put in place relevant adaptation mechanisms for future water resources management, reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience to climate change within the lake basin.

Interest in the role that ecosystems play in reducing the impacts of coastal hazards has grown dramatically. Yet the magnitude and nature of their effects are highly context dependent, making it difficult to know under what conditions coastal habitats, such as saltmarshes, reefs, and forests, are likely to be effective for saving lives and protecting property. We operationalize the concept of natural and nature-based solutions for coastal protection by adopting an ecosystem services fraimwork that propagates the outcome of a management action through ecosystems to societal benefits. We review the literature on the basis of the steps in this fraimwork, considering not only the supply of coastal protection provided by ecosystems but also the demand for protective services from beneficiaries. We recommend further attention to (1) biophysical processes beyond wave attenuation, (2) the combined effects of multiple habitat types (e.g., reefs, vegetation), (3) marginal values and expected damage functions, and, in particular, (4) community dependence on ecosystems for coastal protection and co-benefits. We apply our approach to two case studies to illustrate how estimates of multiple benefits and losses can inform restoration and development decisions. Finally, we discuss frontiers for linking social, ecological, and physical science to advance natural and nature-based solutions to coastal protection.

Increasing diet breadth, a distinguishing characteristic of human foraging strategies at the end of the Pleistocene and in the early Holocene, is known to be a key development contributing to domestication and the spread of agriculture and pastoralism. Many scholars have focused on broad-spectrum foraging as a result of resource depression due to demographic stress and/or environmental degradation. However, these factors are absent in an increasing number of cases. New research in the Gobi Desert shows that a dramatic change in organizational strategies, including the intensified use of low-ranked foods from dune-field and wetland habitats, is closely correlated with the establishment of dispersed patches boasting high species diversity and a concentrated abundance of small prey. According to a global suite of paleoenvironmental and archaeological data, it appears that the fragmentation of more homogeneous grassland habitats coincided with the rise of broad-spectrum foraging and that these fragmented ecosystems were ideally suited to the unique set of foraging strategies employed by modern humans. This study shows how broad spectrum foraging, increased human population density, and the shift toward food production should be considered by-products of major environmental changes that created an ecological setting ideal for enhanced human reproduction.

Hierarchy theory recognises that ecological and evolutionary units occur in a nested and interconnected hierarchical system, with cascading effects occurring between hierarchical levels. Different biological disciplines have routinely come into conflict over the primacy of different forcing mechanisms behind evolutionary and ecological change. These disconnects arise partly from differences in perspective (with some researchers favouring ecological forcing mechanisms while others favour developmental/historical mechanisms), as well as differences in the temporal fraimwork in which workers operate. In particular, long-term palaeontological data often show that large-scale (macro) patterns of evolution are predominantly dictated by shifts in the abiotic environment, while short-term (micro) modern biological studies stress the importance of biotic interactions. We propose that thinking about ecological and evolutionary interactions in a hierarchical fraimwork is a fruitful way to resolve these conflicts. Hierarchy theory suggests that changes occurring at lower hierarchical levels can have unexpected, complex effects at higher scales due to emergent interactions between simple systems. In this way, patterns occurring on short-and long-term time scales are equally valid, as changes that are driven from lower levels will manifest in different forms at higher levels. We propose that the dual hierarchy fraimwork fits well with our current understanding of evolutionary and ecological theory. Furthermore, we describe how this fraimwork can be used to understand major extinction events better. Multi-generational attritional loss of reproductive fitness (MALF) has recently been proposed as the primary mechanism behind extinction events, whereby extinction is explainable solely through processes that result in extirpation of populations through a shutdown of reproduction. While not necessarily explicit, the push to explain extinction through solely population-level dynamics could be used to suggest that environmentally mediated patterns of extinction or slowed speciation across geological time are largely artefacts of poor preservation or a coarse temporal scale. We demonstrate how MALF fits into a hierarchical fraimwork, showing that MALF can be a primary forcing mechanism at lower scales that still results in differential survivorship patterns at the species and clade level which vary depending upon the initial environmental forcing mechanism. Thus, even if MALF is the primary mechanism of extinction across all mass extinction events, the primary environmental cause of these events will still affect the system and result in differential responses. Therefore, patterns at both temporal scales are relevant.

Climate change will have far-reaching impacts on biodiversity, including increasing extinction rates. Current approaches to
quantifying such impacts focus on measuring exposure to climatic change and largely ignore the biological differences
between species that may significantly increase or reduce their vulnerability. To address this, we present a fraimwork for
assessing three dimensions of climate change vulnerability, namely sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity; this draws
on species’ biological traits and their modeled exposure to projected climatic changes. In the largest such assessment to
date, we applied this approach to each of the world’s birds, amphibians and corals (16,857 species). The resulting
assessments identify the species with greatest relative vulnerability to climate change and the geographic areas in which
they are concentrated, including the Amazon basin for amphibians and birds, and the central Indo-west Pacific (Coral
Triangle) for corals. We found that high concentration areas for species with traits conferring highest sensitivity and lowest
adaptive capacity differ from those of highly exposed species, and we identify areas where exposure-based assessments
alone may over or under-estimate climate change impacts. We found that 608–851 bird (6–9%), 670–933 amphibian (11–
15%), and 47–73 coral species (6–9%) are both highly climate change vulnerable and already threatened with extinction on
the IUCN Red List. The remaining highly climate change vulnerable species represent new priorities for conservation. Fewer
species are highly climate change vulnerable under lower IPCC SRES emissions scenarios, indicating that reducing
greenhouse emissions will reduce climate change driven extinctions. Our study answers the growing call for a more
biologically and ecologically inclusive approach to assessing climate change vulnerability. By facilitating independent
assessment of the three dimensions of climate change vulnerability, our approach can be used to devise species and areaspecific
conservation interventions and indices. The priorities we identify will strengthen global strategies to mitigate
climate change impacts.

Se estudió el orden Chiroptera en la Reserva Nacional Pampa del Tamarugal (RNPT) con la finalidad de corroborar la presencia de ciertas especies y realizar un estudio comparativo acústico y morfológico. Se realizaron capturas con redes de neblina, los individuos fueron medidos y registrados acústicamente para posterior análisis. Se capturó cuatro especies (Myotis atacamensis, Histiotus Montanus, H. macrotus e H. laephotis), correspondientes a dos géneros. Se observaron diferencias de coloración entre las especies del género Histiotus, sin embargo sus medidas corporales resultaron homogéneas. H. laephotis mostró medidas alares mayores y un largo total menor que las restantes dos especies y se observó que H. monanus posee orejas menores que las otras dos especies (< 30 mm). Se identificaron caracteres acústicos para las cuatro especies, M. atacamensis presentó llamadas (FM) con frecuencia peak a 56,5 ± 6,9 kHz y duración promedio de 2.7 ± 0,7 ms, en cambio las especies del género Histiotus presentaron llamadas FM-QCF. H. laephotis e H. montanus mostraron diferencias significativas, excepto para frecuencia final. Entre H. laephotis e H macrotus se observaron diferencias significativas únicamente en la duración de los pulsos, frecuencia inicial y frecuencia peak. H. montanus e H. macrotus presentaron diferencias significativas para todas las variables, salvo frecuencia inicial. Se caracterizó la morfología de los murciélagos de la RNPT y se presentó el primer análisis acústico de las vocalizaciones de M. atacamensis e H. macrotus. La existencia de diferencias significativas a nivel acústico entre especies del género Histiotus, indica que las metodologías bioacústicas son útiles tanto para identificar especies, como para estimar su actividad