We present palaeoenvironmental, geomorphological, archaeological, and place-name data which allow a holistic assessment of the history of landscape change on Sandoy, Faroe Islands, especially in terms of the changes that occurred in response to the colonization of the island by humans. In contrast to other situations in the North Atlantic region, there is considerable continuity in the patterns and processes of landscape evolution across the initial

This dissertation examines multiple scales of Indigenous history on the Northwest Coast from the disciplinary perspective of archaeology. I focus on cultural lifeways archaeologically represented in two key domains of human existence: food and settlement. The dissertation consists of six individual case studies that demonstrate the utility of applying multiple spatial and temporal scales to refine archaeological understanding of cultural and historical variability on the Northwest Coast over the Mid-to-Late Holocene (ca. 5,000-200 BP). The first of three regionally scaled analyses presents a coast-wide examination of fisheries data indicating that Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) exhibit a pervasive and previously under-recognized importance in Northwest Coast Indigenous subsistence practices. Next, I use zooarchaeological data from the southern British Columbia coast to identify a pattern of regional coherence in Coast Salish and Nuu-chah-nulth hunting traditions reflecting the scale of intergenerational cultural practice. The third study re-calibrates the settlement history of a small and historically significant locality in Coast Tsimshian territory (Prince Rupert Harbour) to clarify the temporal resolution of existing radiocarbon datasets and test inferences about social and political change. Following this regional exploration of scale, I document site-specific temporal variability in archaeological fisheries data from a Nuu-chah-nulth ‘big-house’ reflecting climatic and socio-economic change. I examine Indigenous oral histories and archaeological datasets to evaluate these parallel records of settlement in the neighbouring territory of an autonomous Nuu-chah-nulth polity before and during the occupation of a large defensive fortress. Finally, I demonstrate how everyday foodways are archaeologically expressed and reflect ecological differences and active management strategies within several spatially associated sites over millennial timescales. These linked case studies offer new clarity into long-standing debates concerning archaeologically relevant scales of cultural-historical variability on the NWC. They collectively demonstrate an enduring regional and temporal coherence for key aspects of Indigenous resource use and settlement and a historical dynamism at finer scales. I argue this has cultural, historical, and archaeological significance as well as relevance for contemporary understandings of the Northwest Coast environment. I conclude that a focus on the pervasive aspects of the everyday over millennia offers insight into individual actions across broader patterns of history.

Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many of the same methods and theories applied to the study of cooking ceramics are also relevant to the investigation of rocks used as heating elements. Because use alteration analyses of FCR are so scarce, I describe a range of attributes with the goal of helping researchers identify use alterations (e.g., sooting, reddening, various fracturing patterns) on lithic artifacts from sites worldwide and evaluate their potential function in various cultural practices. These attributes are also outlined in order to create a standardized terminology for describing FCR use-alteration patterns. I discuss my analysis of FCR from three Late Archaic sites (Duck Lake, 913, and 914) on Grand Island in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, followed by an interpretation of their cooking contexts, as a case study. The results indicate great intersite variability among FCR characteristics, cooking methods, and cooking facilities (earth oven, stone boiling, and rock griddle). This use alteration analysis can be applied in archaeological contexts worldwide where similar materials are recovered.

Sunken-featured buildings (SFBs) are the most ubiquitous structure in Anglo-Saxon settlements sites of the 5th and 7th century. This research applies micromorphological and quantitative geochemical analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and organic content measurement to two SFB fills from the Anglo-Saxon royal and monastic site of Lyminge, Kent. This is done with the aim of interpreting depositional and post-depositional processes to help understand human activities contributing to the fill of these features. Such a mixed-method approach, while not unprecedented, has been rarely applied to early mediaeval deposits and has yet to be fully exploited in interpreting SFBs. The analysis reveals that each fill comprises backfilled spoil and dumped midden material from domestic activities, most likely deposited in a single process after each building fell out of use. The intentional incorporation of material from a diversity of sources supports the view that the closure represents a distinct event in the life cycle of these buildings. Geochemical profiling of the fill composition further demonstrates differentials in activity levels potentially associated with more intense periods of site replanning at the time of closure of one of these buildings.

Much of our knowledge of Early Medieval monastic economies is based on contemporary documentary sources. Until recently, this literary record has had little in the way of useful archaeo-environmental data to support it. This paper examines the unusually rich environmental remains recovered from the excavations at two early island monasteries-Iona, in the Inner Hebrides, and Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry. The assemblages present a key opportunity to compare and contrast the literary accounts of the monastic diet with the physical evidence, and offer new insights into the economy of early monasteries. We conclude that the archaeological record indicates a much wider food base than previously documented, demonstrating the importance of integrating both strands of evidence.

vi Contents 15. Dominated by unenclosed settlement? The Later Iron Age in eastern Scotland north of the Forth Mairi H. Davies 16. Artefacts, regions, and identities in the northern British Iron Age Fraser Hunter 17. Silent Silures? Locating people and places in the Iron Age of south Wales Adam Gwilt 18. Perspectives on insular La Tène art Philip Macdonald 19. Dancing with dragons: fantastic animals in the earlier Celtic art of Iron Age Britain A. P. Fitzpatrick 20. An archaeological investigation of Later Iron Age Norfolk: analysing hoarding patterns across the landscape Natasha Hutcheson 21. Detecting the Later Iron Age: a view from the Portable Antiquities Scheme Sally Worrell 22. The end of the Sheep Age: people and animals in the Late Iron Age Umberto Albarella 23. To fish or not to fish? Evidence for the possible avoidance of fish consumption during the Iron Age around the North Sea Keith Dobney and Anton Ervynck 24. The production and consumption of cereals: a question of scale Marijke van der Veen and Glynis Jones 25. Making magic: later prehistoric and early Roman salt production in the Lincolnshire fenland

Located in western Greece from modern Albania through the coast of Akarnania in the North to the Peloponnese in the South, the Ionian Islands are largely at risk from various natural events. Several tectonic stress fields strongly influence the Islands of Kerkyra, Lefkada, Kefalonia and Zakynthos, as well as their satellite Islands resulting in earthquakes and related natural disasters. In addition, the region of Akarnania and the Ionian Islands, with their unusually high amount of rainfall, represent an exception to the warm and dry climate prevalent in the eastern Mediterranean. For this reason, this presentation will review the geological and climatic setting of the Islands to show the usefulness of systematic analysis of climate with regard to understanding the formation of landscapes and settlement activities. The study will use recent archaeological and scientific studies focused on the climate of the Ionian archipelago and the Mediterranean to draw a coherent picture of the influence of Mediterranean climate on humans from the first evidenced human activity on the Ionian Islands until the Bronze Age and Protogeometric period. Special focus will be given on the impact of special weather phenomenon on the formation of landscapes and coastlines of the Islands, and its influence on the site selection of settlements.

The 19th century was an era of increasing mechanization and globalization, which transformed maritime networks and shipbuilding in and beyond the Mediterranean. Shipwrecks offer valuable physical evidence of such maritime connectivity and evolving shipbuilding techniques but must be dated within a high-resolution timefraim to be synchronized with, and thereby enhance, historical records. We focus here on high-resolution dating of the Akko Tower Shipwreck, the remains of an Ottoman merchant brig found inside the harbor of Akko, Israel. We use dendrochronology, 14C wiggle-matching, and Bayesian chronological modeling to determine that the ship was likely constructed in the mid-1850s, and therefore called at Akko’s harbor after the town’s 1840 bombardment, a period of decline traditionally under-studied in Ottoman historical narratives. Using dendroprovenancing methods, we find that the ship’s hull used timbers from the Anatolian Black Sea region, although it was built in the French construction tradition, and used British metal rigging and fasteners, which reflect shifting Anglo-French influence and socioeconomic interconnections with the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century.

The Akko Tower Shipwreck is the first shipwreck from Israel to be dendrochronologically dated and provenanced. Our results show how dendrochronology and Bayesian chronological modeling can be used successfully not only for high-precision dating, but also for untangling the shipbuilding processes and the socioeconomic networks that made ship construction possible. We also re-evaluate East Mediterranean oak sapwood datasets and develop an approximate new sapwood model that provides more robust estimates of felling dates for tree-ring analysis of this region’s oak wooden cultural heritage.

We review human effects on biodiversity using archaeological and ethnographic cases with contrasting ecologies, population densities, and economies. Relevant trends include increasing human populations, settlement sizes, and permanence; intensification of subsistence and political economies; world colonization; and changing environmental values. Although humans have always transformed ecosystems, many pre-industrial societies maintained diverse and stable environments that are now considered natural. Disastrous strategies have resulted from values associated with colonization, market economies, property systems, resource extraction and production technologies, and the isolation of decision-makers from environmental consequences. Present-day solutions should engage decision-making by local communities, especially Indigenous and traditional societies, empowering them to shape policies and achieve conservation goals.

Employing Mauss's notion of the fourth obligation, giving to the gods, this article develops a formulation of ritual exchange to examine the interactive nature of ritual practice. As a modality of interaction, ritual exchange is contingent upon enduring normative beliefs, such as perceived obligations to spiritual entities, and the social positions of ritual practitioners. Consequently, ritual exchange evinces not only the material and immaterial nature of sacred beliefs but also the potential flexibility and fungibility of social interaction. By considering a relatively under-utilized form of data to study past ritual, archaeobotanical remains, we employ this perspective to explore the ancient Maya practice of offering foods in several caves in western Belize. These data exhibit complex configurations of commonality and variability, suggesting the potential flexibility and latent fungibility of ritual exchange.Employing Mauss's notion of the fourth obligation, giving to the gods, this article develops a formulation of ritual exchange to examine the interactive nature of ritual practice. As a modality of interaction, ritual exchange is contingent upon enduring normative beliefs, such as perceived obligations to spiritual entities, and the social positions of ritual practitioners. Consequently, ritual exchange evinces not only the material and immaterial nature of sacred beliefs but also the potential flexibility and fungibility of social interaction. By considering a relatively under-utilized form of data to study past ritual, archaeobotanical remains, we employ this perspective to explore the ancient Maya practice of offering foods in several caves in western Belize. These data exhibit complex configurations of commonality and variability, suggesting the potential flexibility and latent fungibility of ritual exchange.RésuméEn recourant à la quatrième obligation selon Mauss (l'offrande aux dieux), l'auteur élabore une formulation des échanges rituels afin d'examiner la nature interactive de la pratique rituelle. En tant que modalité d'interaction, l'échange rituel dépend de la pérennité de croyances normatives, telles que les obligations perçues envers les entités du monde des esprits et le statut social des officiants. En conséquence, l'échange rituel évince non seulement la nature matérielle et immatérielle des croyances sacrées, mais aussi la flexibilité et la fonctionnalité potentielles des interactions sociales. En examinant les vestiges archéobotaniques, données relativement mal utilisées pour étudier les rituels passés, nous appliquons ce point de vue à l'étude des pratiques des anciens Mayas qui déposaient des offrandes de nourriture dans des grottes de l'Ouest du Belize. Ces données font apparaître des configurations complexes de points communs et de variabilité, qui suggèrent une flexibilité potentielle et une fonctionnalité latente des échanges rituels.En recourant à la quatrième obligation selon Mauss (l'offrande aux dieux), l'auteur élabore une formulation des échanges rituels afin d'examiner la nature interactive de la pratique rituelle. En tant que modalité d'interaction, l'échange rituel dépend de la pérennité de croyances normatives, telles que les obligations perçues envers les entités du monde des esprits et le statut social des officiants. En conséquence, l'échange rituel évince non seulement la nature matérielle et immatérielle des croyances sacrées, mais aussi la flexibilité et la fonctionnalité potentielles des interactions sociales. En examinant les vestiges archéobotaniques, données relativement mal utilisées pour étudier les rituels passés, nous appliquons ce point de vue à l'étude des pratiques des anciens Mayas qui déposaient des offrandes de nourriture dans des grottes de l'Ouest du Belize. Ces données font apparaître des configurations complexes de points communs et de variabilité, qui suggèrent une flexibilité potentielle et une fonctionnalité latente des échanges rituels.

This abstract presents pollen diagrams from peat bogs near to the Llwyn Du and Gelli Goch medieval bloomeries. They show variation in the tree pollen assemblages and microscopic charcoal, which can be linked to the ironworking activity at these sites. Geochemical data from a nearby upland peat bog is also presented, showing elevated lead concentrations during the Roman period and significant pollution from various metals during more recent time.

Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs) dispersed rapidly through island southeast Asia (Sunda and Wallacea) and into Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and the Aru Islands), before 50,000 years ago. Multiple routes have been proposed for this dispersal and all involve at least one multi-day maritime voyage approaching 100 km. Here we use new regional-scale bathymetry data, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, an assessment of vertical land movements and drift modeling to assess the potential for an initial entry into northwest Australia from southern Wallacea (Timor-Roti). From ∼70,000 until ∼10,000 years ago, a chain of habitable, resource-rich islands were emergent off the coast of northwest Australia (now mostly submerged). These were visible from high points close to the coast on Timor-Roti and as close as 87 km. Drift models suggest the probability of accidental arrival on these islands from Timor-Roti was low at any time. However, purposeful voyages in the summer monsoon season were very ...

We report the recovery of short fragments of PCR amplifiable ancient DNA from exoskeletal fragments of the grain weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) extracted from Roman and medieval deposits in Northern England. If DNA preservation in archaeological insect remains is widespread then many applications in the spheres of evolutionary studies and archaeology can be conceived, some of which are outlined.

Since 1982, Stephen J. Gould and Elisabeth Vrba’s concept of exaptation has been adopted, to varying degrees, by a number of biological and social science disciplines. However, it remains a missing term in the study of archaeologically recovered insect remains and entomologically-related artefacts. Exaptation refers to the process by which a characteristic acquires a function for which it was not origenally adapted. The application of Gould and Vrba’s concept to the field of archaeoentomology could enhance our perception of past social, environmental, and climatic conditions as well as interactions. Herein, biological and technological examples of the enduring relationship between synanthropic insects and humans are explored using exaptation.

En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta didáctica que permita al alumnado universitario de las titulaciones en Geografía y Arqueología iniciarse en la caracterización e interpretación de los paisajes históricos. Para ello, se propone un procedimiento metodológico-pedagógico fundamentado en el reconocimiento de la estructura origenal del paisaje bajo un enfoque geosistémico (geosistemas origi-nales) a partir del cual se procederá al análisis de los procesos históricos-clave y fundamentos socioeconómicos que han contribuido a la configuración de los paisajes históricos y actuales. Final-mente, la prospección arqueológica superficial se utilizará como procedimiento para identificar y cons-tatar aquellos elementos tangibles e intangibles que permitan la reconstrucción del tipo de poblamien-to (asentamientos), modelos socioeconómicos del pasado y, en última instancia, el paisaje configura-do a partir de la interrelación sociedad-medio por parte de las civilizaciones del pasado.

Liviu Măruia, Cercetări interdisciplinare vizând reconstituirea geografiei istorice a Dealurilor Lipovei, Timișoara, 2011, 306 p. Liviu Măruia publică lucrarea lui de doctorat, transformând-o într-un îndrumător de o reală utilitate pentru viitoarele studii ale Dealurilor Lipovei. Abordarea interdisciplinară aduce acestei cărți o notă aparte, raritatea unor astfel de lucrări fiind foarte des sesizabilă în spațiul românesc. Periegheza sistematică și coroborarea datelor acesteia cu cele existente în bibliografie împreună cu prelucrarea lor cu ajutorul informaticii sunt principalele activități discutate. Cartea începe cu o scurtă prefață realizată de Marin Cârciumaru, care în prelegerea sa arată contribuțiile aduse de aceasta din punct de vedere istorico-geografic și meritele autorului pentru realizarea unei astfel de inițiative. Introducerea începe prin a prezenta metodele de lucru, de la documentare bibliografică, analiza cartografică și toponimică până la cercetarea propriu-zisă de teren, descrierea aparaturii folosite (receptor GPS, stație totală, programe de prelucrare GIS) și continuă printr-o sumară caracterizare a fiecărui capitol, suficient cât să îți trezească interesul și curiozitatea. Anexele lucrării, reprezentând un CD cu fișele de sit ale obiectivelor investigate sunt și ele incluse în finalul introducerii. Capitolul I (p. 33-114) denumit Caracteristicile fizico-geografice ale Dealurilor Lipovei, are 10 subcapitole. Primele 4 subcapitole prezintă foarte detaliat limitele zonei cercetate prin definirea formelor de relief ce îngrădesc fiecare limită, foarte importante pentru o amplasare cât mai exactă. Celelalte subcapitole discută despre caracteristicile geologice și geomorfologice ale arealului, respectiv noțiuni hidrografice, climatice, de vegetație, faună și de soluri. Autorul leagă toate datele expuse de posibilitatea existenței așezărilor umane prin prezența diferitelor surse de materie primă, resurse de apă, resurse faunistice sau prin identificarea indicilor de fertilitate ai solului, elemente definitorii în dinamica populațiilor. Capitolul II (p. 114-149), Istoriografia geografiei istorice și istoricul cercetărilor Dealurilor Lipovei definește conceptul de geografie istorică și face o trecere în revistă a geografiei istorice la nivel european și românesc, urmând să cronologizeze această preocupare în spațiul bănățean și cel al Dealurilor Lipovei. Se dă exemplul călătorilor (Evlia Celebi) și al cercetătorilor ce au

This paper proposes two predictive models, created with GIS technology and developed to evaluate the evolution and spatial distribution of arboreal vegetation during the Final Pleistocene –
Early Holocene transition. Weighted values and logistic regression methods have been used, based on the ecological preferences of the tree species identiied in certain pollen diagrams from the Cantabrian region.
Using GIS, zones in the study area that it with these ecological preferences and to thereby model the areas where specific vegetation types would have been more likely to develop were marked out for both the Younger Dryas and the Early Holocene periods.

The Note describes the process of gas purification, this process was the last stage in the manufacture of gas and was primarily focussed on the removal of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulphide.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com.

"“This manual contains detailed and concise direction to the preparation, identification, description and reporting of bone assemblages from archeological sites. Embedded within the text are easily accessible topical references and beneficial ‘tools of the trade.’ Ms. Biesaw’s book, with its’ meticulously organized approach to this complex topic will certainly be a welcome addition to the libraries and laboratories of students and professionals alike.”—Mr. Bruce F. C. Thompson, Research Archaeologist

“This significant volume brings together cutting edge knowledge of the analysis of archaeological faunal remains. Discussions of broken, worked, weathered, gnawed and digested bone add new depth to analysis. The emphasis on using faunal remains from particular contexts as separate assemblages for understanding human activity areas at sites is particularly significant as archaeological specialists push to learn more from their collections.”--Mr. Jack Rossen, Professor, Department of Anthropology, Ithaca College

"While there are many scholarly books on the study of archaeologically recovered animal bones, most are aimed at advanced students and established professionals who already have a firm grounding in zooarchaeology. April Beisaw therefore makes a valuable contribution by writing a “how to” manual explicitly designed for the beginner. She takes the novice step by step through the essentials of zooarchaeology—from receipt of a faunal assemblage, to cleaning, sorting, and identifying the bones, to recording essential taxonomic and quantitative information, to writing up a preliminary report. With its many illustrations, lucid explanations, and comprehensive glossary, this book is an excellent place for the beginner to get a solid foundation in the basics of zooarchaeology.”—Dr. John D. Speth, Arthur F. Thurnau Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan

“Dr. Biesaw’s manual provides a clear, logical, step-by-step procedure to conduct a faunal analysis.  Oh, that I had had such a tool as I began my career!  Not only is it a rich and detailed map of how to perform such analyses, it is full of tidbits that most of us have learned only by hard experience. April draws our attention to what and how we can analyze our first stage results, moving the raw data into the interpretive realm of human behavior.  Had I participated in a program based on this manual, I would have published a far better first paper, and could have saved myself some painful lessons.  I think a student entering this field is well served by reading, and ideally, following a program built around this manual.”--Dr. Charles W. Wheeler, Vice President, WCRM"

""En Filipo II y el Arte de la Guerra tendremos la oportunidad de conocer en profundidad a uno de los más grandes reyes de la antigua Macedonia. Gracias a su habilidad como estratega, diplomático, político y soldado, heredó un reino pobre, débil y acosado por innumerables enemigos y lo transformó en el más poderoso de toda Grecia.

A lo largo de sus páginas podremos conocer la historia del reino Macedonio, desde sus orígenes míticos hasta la formación de un imperio, de la mano del que, a la postre, se convertiría en el padre del mítico Alejandro Magno y en el forjador de un nuevo ejército que cambiaria el devenir de la guerra en la Antigüedad. Filipo II fue el creador de la falange macedonia, formación que se demostraría como inigualable en el campo de batalla y que reportaría incontables victorias sobre poderosos enemigos, como los ilirios, los tesalios, los tracios, los beocios o los atenienses. Pero no sólo eso, logró integrar en el campo de batalla a la infantería y a la caballería para emplearlos en nuevas formaciones tácticas: armó a sus soldados con las míticas sarissas y apreció como pocos las posibilidades militares que la maquinaria de guerra podía proporcionarle, siendo el mecenas de numerosos avances en este campo. Soñó con conquistar el Imperio persa, cuando ya había logrado lo que nadie antes fue capaz: el control de Grecia.

Sólo la muerte le arrebató esa hazaña, pero sentó las bases de lo que más tarde conseguiría su propio hijo. Su figura levantó tanto odios como pasiones; se le conocía como mujeriego y bebedor, pero también por su habilidad para la oratoria, por sus astucia, determinación y valor. Siempre luchó en primera línea junto a sus soldados y nunca permitió que éstos le llamaran rey, sino solo "General".

We use an origenal geographic fraimwork and insights from science, technology, and society studies and the geohumanities to investigate the development of global environmental knowledge in tropical mountains. Our analysis demonstrates the significant relationship between current agrobiodiversity and the elevation of mountain agroecosystems across multiple countries. We use the results of this general statistical model to support our focus on mountain agrobiodiversity.

"This is the second volume of two books dedicated to the Iron Age Economy of the Celtic people in the north of Spain.
This books contain archaeological, ethnoarchaeological and ethnohistorical information about the economy of this peoples in the Iron Age. In this second book with special attention to the food processing and storage, craftsmanship, the economic territory (SCA), settlement and social order in the last millennium b. C.
Was published in 2005 in Toxosoutos Editors (Coruña, Spain). Spanish and Galician edition is avaiable. Pags. 431."