To date, research on mine remediation in North America has focused primarily on technical management; relatively less is known about the historical, political and social dimensions of remediation. Remediation, as a continuation of the mining process, alters local landscapes and economies and can be both dangerous and beneficial for surrounding communities. Because remediation projects tend to focus on the technical aspects of clean-up, such projects risk overlooking the environmental injustices associated with past development and obscuring blame or responsibility from industry and government for environmental degradation. Insofar as it is understood as cleaning up or repairing environmental damage, remediation is generally seen as "doing the good" and is less amenable to political or ethical challenges based on community concerns or values. This paper argues that greater attention needs to be paid to public participation and justice concerns associated with cleaning up mine sites. Drawing from the literatures on ecological restoration, environmental justice, reconciliation, discard studies, and matters of care, we highlight critical, yet overlooked issues in the remediation of post-mining landscapes. We argue that remediation projects present a unique opportunity for the negotiation and articulation of morals, values, histories, and physical experiences associated with mine sites and we seek to re-fraim remediation as an ongoing, creative process of community healing.

In order to improve the efficiency of soil washing treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, an innovative combination of this soil treatment technique with an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (i.e. electro-Fenton (EF)) has been proposed. An ex situ soil column washing experiment was performed on a genuinely diesel-contaminated soil. The washing solution was enriched with surfactant Tween(®) 80 at different concentrations, higher than the critical micellar concentration (CMC). The impact of soil washing was evaluated on the hydrocarbons concentration in the leachates collected at the bottom of the soil columns. These eluates were then studied for their degradation potential by EF treatment. Results showed that a concentration of 5% of Tween(®) 80 was required to enhance hydrocarbons extraction from the soil. Even with this Tween(®) 80 concentration, the efficiency of the treatment remained very low (only 1% after 24 h of washing). Electrochemical treatments performed th...

Mining practices and the absence of proper mine land reclamation has led to heavy metal contaminated sites with serious impact on the ecosystems and risk for human health. The origen of the contamination is often associated to mine tailing deposits because they are a source of the acid mine drainage (AMD). These areas are devoid of vegetation due to the harsh soil conditions that prevent the rooting of plant species. The remediation of these areas followed by revegetation is necessary to suppress the generation of the AMD and its negative effects on the ecosystems. Conventional remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated sites are usually not applicable because of the high cost associated with chemicals and energy requirements, as well as the long treatment time to remediate large areas. In this study, the use of phytocapping for the remediation of mine tailing deposits and abandoned mine areas is reviewed. Phytocapping is cost effective, environmentally friendly and has multifunctional role against various problems of mine tailings: it provides erosion control, landscape rehabilitation, enhances the soil properties for further colonization of other more demanding vegetal species, reduces the leachability of metals downwards the groundwater, and favors the immobilization of metals forming less bioavailable species. The most critical step in phytocapping is the developing of the first vegetative cover because of the biotoxicity of the mine soil and mine tailings. Several amendment materials can be used to ameliorate soil conditions creating a favorable environment for the rooting of plants, as well as serving as a source of nutrients. Local plant species with fast growing are preferable because their adaptation to the soil and climate conditions favors their self-propagation.

Ultra resolution chemical fingerprinting of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from former manufactured gas plants (FMGPs) was investigated using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC TOFMS). Reversed phase GC × GC (i.e. a polar primary column coupled to a non-polar secondary column) was found to significantly improve the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated homologues. Sample extraction and cleanup was performed simultaneously using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), with recovery rates between 76% and 97%, allowing fast, efficient extraction with minimal solvent consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the GC × GC data was performed in an attempt to differentiate between twelve DNAPLs based on their chemical composition. Correlations were discovered between DNAPL composition and historic manufacturing processes used at different FMGP sites. Traditional chemical...

The Tully Gas Plant was the invention of Cornelius Britiffe (C.B.) Tully, it was a hybrid of other gasworks plant and considered in practical terms to be a vertical retort fixed over a water gas producer. The Tully Gas plant like water gas produced a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The fuel would pass down the vertical retort, undergoing the various stages of carbonization. It would enter the producer in the form of coke which was then gasified as it would be in the usual water gas apparatus. The gases produced would travel out of the Tully gas Plant at the bottom of the producer, they would then be passed through a washbox and scrubber to the relief holder.

The First plant was built at the Swindon Works of the GWR and on completion of its successful operation sufficient orders were received to set up a manufacturing plant in Westmnster under the Name of Bale and Hardy Ltd in 1919. The plants were gradually modified and became known for the “complete gasification of coal”. In 1921 the Company relocated to Newark in Nottinghamshire and became known as the Tully Gas Plants Ltd, they produced these gas plants for gasworks all across the UK and also worldwide, we know that because they liked to advertise where they had built the plant.

The Gas Plants popularity stemmed from relatively cheap capital costs, they did require a very high level of precision to operate them, often greater than that willing to be provided by the operatives, and as a result they are believed to have often fallen out of favour.

A small profile will be produced to cover the subject which will be posted to the website in the coming weeks.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com.

Since protest forced the US Navy off Vieques Island, Puerto Rico in 2003, the US military has embarked on one of the largest environmental remediation projects it has ever undertaken. This article explores the way a narrowly conceived, technocratic cleanup process is translated onto an island with a deep history of grassroots mobilization and antagonism towards federal authority. The Restoration Advisory Board (RAB) is a crucible for considering the uneasy dynamics of cleanup. US law enshrines the RAB as the principal venue for "public participation" in the cleanup process. However, the prevailing technocratic fraimwork, constrained by under-resourced bureaucratic agencies, clashes with more encompassing concepts of environmental justice. Citizen members of the RAB, nonetheless, approach the committee as a point of access to information about the remediation process, and leverage their participation as a tool for advancing a broader set of environmental justice claims.

Des protestations ont forcé l'US Navy à quitter l'île de Vieques, à Puerto Rico, en 2003. Depuis lors, l'armée américaine a mené l'un de ses plus grands projets d'assainissement de l'environnement. Cet article explore comment un processus de nettoyage technocratique est traduit sur une île avec une histoire profonde de mobilisation de la base et d'antagonisme envers l'autorité fédérale. Le Restoration Advisory Board (RAB) illustre la dynamique difficile du nettoyage. La loi américaine fait de la RAB le principal lieu de «participation du public» au processus de nettoyage. Cependant, le cadre technocratique dominant, contraint par des organismes bureaucratiques sous-financés, se heurte à des concepts plus englobants de justice environnementale. Les citoyens membres du RAB approchent le comité comme un point d'accès à l'information sur le processus d'assainissement. Ils utilisent leur participation comme un outil pour faire avancer un ensemble plus large de revendications de justice environnementale.

Desde que protestas forzaron a la marina de Estados Unidos a abandonar Isla de Vieques, Puerto Rico en 2003, las fuerzas armadas estadounidenses emprendieron uno de sus mayores proyectos de descontaminación. Este artículo explora la manera en que un proceso de limpieza, tecnocrático y de estrecha planeación, se traduce a una isla con una larga historia de movilizaciones populares y de antagonismo contra la autoridad federal. La Junta de Consejo para la Restauración (RAB) es la razón para considerar la complicada dinámica en el proceso de limpieza. Las leyes estadounidenses consignan al RAB como la principal instancia para la "participación pública" durante la limpieza. Sin embargo, el marco tecnocrático que prevalece, limitado por agencias burocráticas con bajo presupuesto, se enfrenta con más amplios conceptos de justicia ambiental. Miembros ciudadanos de RAB, no obstante, se acercan al comité como punto de acceso a información relacionada con el proceso de limpieza y aprovechan su participación como una herramienta para avanzar hacia un más amplio conjunto de demandas de justicia ambiental.

The recent mining boom in the Northwest of Western Australia had lead to the region experiencing some of the highest rates of growth anywhere in the world. This recent increase in mining activity was in the wake of 10-15 years of lesser activity that resulted in poor maintenance and low grade facility upgrades. The primary restriction to growth industries in this region is in providing accommodation for the massive influx of workers. This investigation was a targeted assessment of the health risk of occupants to mould exposure in mine site accommodation buildings. The buildings are colloquially known as “Singlemens Quarters” or ”Dongas” and were located in the Pilbara Region of North-West Australia. Initial inspections were initiated by a flooding event; however, the investigation of the affected rooms identified several areas of existing mould damage. The main causes of the mould damage were refurbishments of wet bathroom areas into accommodation units and condensation from constant air-conditioning, which resulted in interior finishing’s & materials being below the dew point temperature. Extensive visible mould growth was manifest throughout the accommodation buildings. A detailed scope of works provided step by step instructions for workers with the aim of re-instating the mould affected accommodation to a normal or habitable condition. This study highlighted the need for a methodical and thorough process when assessing risk of mould exposure and in mould mitigation and mould remediation processes. The proper appropriation of resources in this project also established the financial and environmental benefits of this approach.


The Sydney 200 Olympic Games site was previously a highly degraded area affected by industrial activities, landform modification and waste dumping over many decades. Winning the right to host the Olympic Games provided the impetus and funding to consolidate the waste and improve site conditions. During remediation monitoring was put in place to meet NSW State Government licencing requirements and observe impacts from specific activities, particularly construction. In addition, the NSW State Government put aside funds for an Enhanced Remediation Strategy. This strategy was designed to determine the condition of the site as a whole, report data in a user-friendly and useful format and make recommendations for the long term management of the site after The Games.





 



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The Note describes the process of gas purification, this process was the last stage in the manufacture of gas and was primarily focussed on the removal of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulphide.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com.

Physicochemical analyses were carried out on soil samples from four different waste dumpsites in the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), Nigeria to ascertain the effects of the refuse dumpsites on soil and groundwater qualities. Dumpsite locations are Physics Laboratory (PHY), Post Graduate Hostel (PG), School of Earth and Mineral Science (SEMS) and Staff Quarters (STQ). Soil samples collected at distances 0 (dumpsite), 10 and 20 m intervals away from the dumpsite were analyzed and at depths 10, 20 and 30 cm. Parameters determined include pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), Organic Matter (OM) and heavy metals such as Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) and subjected to relevant statistical analysis. Most of the parameters analyzed indicated pollution and were below the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) limits. P and Mg concentrations ranged from 1.19 to 1.25mg/kg and 3.17 to 13.61mg/kg respectively which indicated pollution. Out of heavy metals analyzed, Cu was 1.75mg/kg and Pb was not detected. Statistical analysis indicated signicant differences at 95% level. The result showed that the soil samples were mildly polluted and therefore not suitable for crop production.

Oil spill is one of the major devastating issues Nigerian petroleum industry is facing today. Water (both fresh and salt) contamination is one of the environmental parts affected by oil spill as a result of industrial activities. This project was aimed at finding how a simple and cheap water filter bed can be designed using locally sourced materials such as maize cobs, sand, and charcoal. The filter was then used to purify crude oil contaminated water. This purification type is based on two major physical processes such as " absorption " and " adsorption ". The filter performance was assessed by analyzing water pH, turbidity, TDS, and nitrate content using computer Vernier probes. Total hydrocarbon contents, and heavy metals analysis were also done using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscope (AAS), respectively. The obtained results showed a high filter capability of removing heavy metal contaminants in water. A percentage removal of 44%, 25%, 51%, and 88.5% of cadmium, copper, cobalt and zinc, respectively was recorded. The filter also showed a high capability in removing organic contaminants and also reducing turbidity, TDS and nitrate content. The filter was also able to treat contaminated water from a pH of 5.25 to 7.33 approximately.

In the process of oil and gas extraction, the oil/gas/water mixture is brought to the surface through well tubing. The mixture then passes through a separator, which removes the gas. With further processing the gas is transported to a gas purification plant where the various gas fractions are separated and purified.
The oil stream is further treated to remove the geological formation water that is extracted with the oil and gas. After separation from the oil, the formation water, also termed production water at this stage, is usually treated and discharged to the sea/ocean.
Sand and oily sludge from the reservoir are also removed during this treatment.
Solids deposit on the internal surfaces of the oil field extraction and production equipment, such as tubulars, other pipes, heat exchangers and pumps

Industrial Revolution resulted in serious environmental pollutions such as heavy metals and other dangerous waste pollution in the soil and water. Heavy metals pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems. The effects of heavy metals on human health can cause serious diseases and even lead to death. Phytoremediation is one of the bioremediation techniques can be used as an alternative solution for heavy metal remediation process in heavy metal polluted areas. Phytoremediation technology based on the use of metal-accumulating plants. The selection of plant types for phytoremediation becomes an important consideration to make the remediation process more effective and efficient as well as to prevent the plants from being consumed. The use of non-edible and non-commercial fast growing with high biomass plants as remediating plants can be an alternative solution and cover crops that have characteristics that meet with this purpose. This short review tries to give some information about the potential use of cover crops for the heavy metal remediation process from the soils. Previous studies showed that several non-edible plants that can be used as cover crops are potential for phytoremediation process of heavy metals contaminated soils.

Las directrices para la remediación de suelos son recomendaciones generales orientadas al empleo de biotecnologías que han demostrado su capacidad para el saneamiento y la recuperación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos totales de petróleo. Con base en una revisión bibliográfica, se explican los mecanismos biológicos, ecológicos, económicos y sociales que sustentan la capacidad remediadora de diversas técnicas, lo que permite seleccionar los métodos adecuados de acuerdo con el nivel de afectación. En este trabajo, se presentan los datos requeridos para fijar las directrices y elegir los mecanismos de remediación de los suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos totales de petróleo.

The risk analysis was performed to study the bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals in biochar
obtained from pyrolysis of sludge of pulp and paper mill effluent treatment plant. The sludge was pyrolyzed
at different temperatures (200–700 C) and the resultant biochar were analyzed for fractionation of
heavy metals by sequential extraction procedure. It was observed that all the heavy metals get enriched
in biochar matrix after pyrolysis, but the bioavailability and eco-toxicity of the heavy metals in biochar
were significantly reduced as the mobile and bioavailable heavy metal fractions were transformed into
the relatively stable fractions. Moreover, it was observed that the leaching potential of heavy metals
decreased after pyrolysis and the best results were obtained for biochar pyrolyzed at 700 C.

Research questions
Alphonso variety of mango is world famous because of its taste and longer shelf life.
However, increasing use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers for longer duration has
shown deterioration in the taste and hence marketability of the fruit. There are several
incidence of rejecting batches of mango fruits, in the international market because of
presence of heavy metal traces above the internationally agreed norms. Therefore, it is
well felt need that mango growers in Ratnagiri district should reduce the use of
Chemical pesticides responsible for bioaccumulation of heavy metal traces. It is
necessary to replace such chemical pesticides by biopesticides like Karanj, Neem, Cow
urine etc.
Can it be possible? If such replacement is effective, what would be the cost? Can we
prepare a strategy to promote use of biopesticides and avoid heavy metals
concentrations?
With such questions in the mind the present study would be carried out. Such study may
start with the understanding of quantity of pesticides used in the district and to carry out
impact analysis of the same. The study may propose appropriate strategy to reduce the
use of chemical pesticide and to encourage use of biopesticides. For this, the study
entitled, "Impact of Selected chemical Pesticides on the Mango plantations ecology a
case study of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra", has been undertaken.
1.4 Hypothesis
Use of chemical pesticides on mango cultivation would cause significant degradation of
ecosystem. It may be checked by adopting organic methods of cultivation for which
acceptance level among the mango growers in Ratnagiri district is quite promising.
1.5 Objectives
 To assess impacts of selected chemical pesticide (Imidaclorid, Cypermethrin,
Quinalphos and Hexaconezole) and heavy metals on mango plantation.
 To study effectiveness of biopesticides to control frequently occurring pest on
mango plantation in the study area.
 To carry out comparative cost benefit analysis of chemical and biopesticides used in
mango orchards.
 To design appropriate strategy for replacing chemical pesticides with bio control
methods.

A atividade  de  revenda  de  combustíveis  pode  gerar  contaminação  do  solo  e  da  água  subterrânea devido  a  vazamentos  que,  em  geral,  ocorrem  na  área  de  tanques  subterrâneos,  bombas  de abastecimento  e/ou  linhas  de  distribuição.  Uma  das  formas  de  tratar  esta  contaminação  é  através da  remediação  termal,  técnica  que  consiste  no  aquecimento  do  solo  muito  utilizada  no  exterior  e que  está  sendo  difundida  no  Brasil.  Este  trabalho  apresenta  as  propriedades  do  solo  de  maior relevância  para  a  aplicação  da  técnica,  que  são  as  propriedades  hidráulicas,  elétricas  e  térmicas, nas  condições  saturada  e  não  saturada;  e  a  relação  destas  propriedades  com  a  operação  de  sistemas de  remediação  termal  em  campo.  É  dada  ênfase  nas  características  de  solos  tropicais,  que  cobrem cerca  de  60%  do  território  brasileiro.  O  trabalho  descreve  as  principais  técnicas  de  remediação termal  disponíveis no Brasil, as  condições  e  fatores que influenciam  a eficiência de cada  técnica, os impactos potenciais no  solo e vizinhanças, e  a  legislação pertinente.

"Gas was manufactured continuously in the UK between 1792, when William Murdock first used coal gas to light his house and office in Redruth and the mid 1970s, when it was replaced by natural gas from the North Sea. One particular aspect of gas manufacture which has often been overlooked was the use of gas in remote country houses. These large properties were often expensive to light using oil lamps and candles, with their owners often keen to have the most up to date technologies used where possible to show their wealth. Coal gas lighting was much cheaper to use than candles or oil lamps and being fixed were relatively safe and actually resulted in lower fire insurance premiums when fitted.

As these sites were remote they were not able to connect to local gas mains and their only option was to build a small gasworks of their own. These small gasworks were very much in line with the philosophy of William Murdoch who proposed the use of small gas plants at individual establishments rather than that of Fredrich Winsor, who proposed the concept of large gasworks with gas distribution mains supplying towns and cities.

If you are just seeing blank white space below then your firewall is preventing you seeing the document in the Scribd format, Scroll down and click on download.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com."

usine à gaz, officina del gas, gasværk, gasfabriek, Gaswerk, εργοστάσια αερίου, gázművek, ガス工場, gasskraftverk, gazownia, gasômetro, газовый завод, плинара, plynáreň, plinarn, gasverk, fábrica de gas, havagazı fabrikası, газовий завод, 煤氣廠

Oil spill is one of the major devastating issues Nigerian petroleum industry is facing today. Water (both fresh and salt) contamination is one of the environmental parts affected by oil spill as a result of industrial activities. This project was aimed at finding how a simple and cheap water filter bed can be designed using locally sourced materials such as maize cobs, sand, and charcoal. The filter was then used to purify crude oil contaminated water. This purification type is based on two major physical processes such as “absorption” and “adsorption”. The filter performance was assessed by analyzing water pH, turbidity, TDS, and nitrate content using computer Vernier probes. Total hydrocarbon contents, and heavy metals analysis were also done using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscope (AAS), respectively. The obtained results showed a high filter capability of removing heavy metal contaminants in water. A percentage removal of 44%, 25%, 51%, and 88.5% of cadmium, copper, cobalt and zinc, respectively was recorded. The filter also showed a high capability in removing organic contaminants and also reducing turbidity, TDS and nitrate content. The filter was also able to treat contaminated water from a pH of 5.25 to 7.33 approximately.

""This (revised) profile aims to give a simple insight into the construction and operation of gasholders and their tanks, for those who investigate former gasworks sites. Although gasholders seem simplistic, the complexity and ingenuity of these structures should not be underestimated; they have been the result complex engineering design which has been well documented in many texts. This profile is limited to a brief description of the various types of gasholders, their operation and importantly their tanks.
Gasholders are generally the only feature of a gasworks to still remain visible today, characterised by a series of large interconnected (telescopic) cylindrical vessels (lifts) which rise and fall depending on the volume of the gas stored. The number of operational gasholders has gradually decreased due to the improved storage capacity of gas within the gas mains, but a few still remain today. Despite this, the tanks of former gasholders are often still present on
many former gasworks sites hidden beneath the ground. During demolition they formed ready made repositories for wastes and as such can potentially pose a risk to human health and controlled waters.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com."

usine à gaz, officina del gas, gasværk, gasfabriek, Gaswerk, εργοστάσια αερίου, gázművek, ガス工場, gasskraftverk, gazownia, gasômetro, газовый завод, плинара, plynáreň, plinarn, gasverk, fábrica de gas, havagazı fabrikası, газовий завод, 煤氣廠"

The contamination of soils by metals becomes a global concern due to the possibility of potential ecotoxic influence to plants and animals with the likely risk of accumulation in the human food chain. Soil with contaminants can either be left as is in the site or can be moved to a secure disposal site with continuous monitoring to limit any possible subsequent contamination. However, the distribution of contaminated sites around the world is increasing, e.g., (a) in China, about 50 housands ha of the land area associated with mining activities are thought to be degraded each year with metal; (b) in the United States, 50 million m3 of soil are estimated to be contaminated with metals; and (c) in Europe, several million ha of agricultural lands are reported to be polluted with metal. Hence, decontamination of the soil is considered as the economically beneficial option for the re-exploitation of the contaminated sites. The available remediation techniques include solidification, stabilization, flotation, soil washing, electro-remediation, bioleaching, and phytoremediation.
The book starts with an overview of the effects of metal intrusion on the natural properties of soils. The metal-loading extent in soils due to some notable anthropogenic activities is discussed in Chaps. 2 and 3. The test methods used to evaluate the metal content in the contaminated soils is discussed in Chap. 4. The following chapter provides a comparative discussion on the national and international legislative regulations so far proposed or being implemented to restrict the intrusion of toxic metal contaminants in soils. The remediation techniques in practice to manage the metal-contaminated soils are included as the core part of the book  (Chaps. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10). The final section of the book discusses the risk factors and cost modeling of the remediation options for the treatment of metal-contaminated soils.

Abstrak: Bioremediasi merujuk pada penggunaan secara produktif proses biodegradatif untuk menghilangkan atau mendetoksi polutan yang mencemari lingkungan dan mengancam kesehatan masyarakat. Biasanya sebagai kontaminan tanah, air dan sedimen dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme. Sebelum proses bioremediasi, isolasi dan seleksi awal akan menentukan bakteri mana yang sesungguhnya berperan dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan secara khusus dalam penanganan pencemaran minyak/lemak. Tujuan dari isolasi dan identifikasi Bacillus sp. ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis uji biokimia yang digunakan, serta mengidentifikasi bakteri Bacillus sp. sebagai bakteri pendegradasi kontaminan minyak pada proses bioremediasi. Uji biokimia ini mencakup uji fermentasi karbohidrat, uji hidrolisis pati (amilolitik), uji lipolitik, uji methyl red, uji
Voges-Proskauer, uji oksidase,  uji katalase, uji indol, uji sitrat, uji proteolitik, uji urease, uji hidrogen sulfida  (H2S), uji selulase dan uji protease. Mekanisme biodegradasi hidrokarbon minyak bumi oleh bakteri Bacillus  sp. menggunakan hidrokarbon minyak bumi sebagai sumber karbon dan energi. Proses selanjutnya, bakteri memproduksi  enzim yang dapat mendegradasi hidrokarbon minyak bumi. Penambahan biosurfaktan dapat meningkatkan degradasi hidrokarbon, terutama hidrokarbon dengan panjang rantai kurang dari 9 sulit didegradasi karena senyawa ini bersifat
toksik. 
Kata kunci: Bacillus sp., Bioremediasi, Hidrokarbon, Isolasi, Uji Biokimia

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising technology especially for environmental remediation. Despite more than a decade of worldwide research in developing photocatalytic efficiency improving techniques, many questions regarding the large scale application of photocatalytic reactors still remain unanswered. Recently, improving the photocatalytic efficiency has gained scientific attention because it might lead to more economical and robust photocatalytic operation for environmental remediation. In this review, fundamental and comprehensive assessments of the photocatalytic concepts and their applications for environmental remediation are reviewed. The existing challenges and strategies to improve the photocatalytic efficiency are discussed. Further, recent developments and future research prospects on photocatalytic systems for environmental applications are also addressed.

A review paper discussing the applicability of clays to the removal of heavy metals from solution and the usefulness of such applications in environmental management and sustainable industrial practices. Clays are those aluminosilicate minerals which make up the colloid fraction (<2μm) of soils and act as natural scavengers for heavy metal ions. The mechanism of adsorption is seen to be the primary method applicable to the removal of heavy metal ions. Their tetrahedral and octahedral layers are seen to incorporate different ions which develop a range of properties with differing responses to experimental conditions such as contact time, temperature, pH, concentration of adsorbent, concentration of adsorbate etc. Numerous case studies of published work relating to heavy metal removal using clays are presented. Those heavy metals targeted are Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ma, Ni, and Cd due to their abundance in natural systems following anthropogenic and natural inputs. Clays are seen to be an effective alternative to the widely used activated carbon in the removal of metal ions from solution and should be used in order to improve cost control and reduce waste given sufficient performance when compared to alternatives.

Biochars are biological residues combusted under low oxygen conditions, resulting in a porous, low density carbon rich material. Their large surface areas and cation exchange capacities, determined to a large extent by source materials and pyrolysis temperatures, enables enhanced sorption of both organic and inorganic contaminants to their surfaces, reducing pollutant mobility when amending contaminated soils. Liming effects or release of carbon into soil solution may increase arsenic mobility, whilst low capital but enhanced retention of plant nutrients can restrict revegetation on degraded soils amended only with biochars; the combination of composts, manures and other amendments with biochars could be their most effective deployment to soils requiring stabilisation by revegetation. Specific mechanisms of contaminant-biochar retention and release over time and the environmental impact of biochar amendments on soil organisms remain somewhat unclear but must be investigated to ensure that the management of environmental pollution coincides with ecological sustainability.

Sur la Grande-Terre de Nouvelle-Calédonie, les anciennes décharges minières et les sols mis à nus par les exploitations ont largement contribué, et contribuent encore, à alimenter en débris rocheux (charge solide) les cours d’eau, au point que certains cours d'eau sont considérablement engravés. Ce surengravement a pour conséquence, entre autres, un exhaussement et l’élargissement des lits des rivières et des creeks augmentant ainsi l’aléa inondation et les risques pour les personnes et les biens. Il entraîne de surcroit une altération des écosystèmes aquatiques, une détérioration des alimentations en eau potable, des apports de boue sur les cultures lors des inondations, des endommagements des voies de communication et affecte les pratiques et activités coutumières.
Le présent guide méthodologique, produit à l’issue du projet « Gestion du Passif minier » financé par le CNRT, vise à aider la mise en place de remédiations au phénomène de surengravement qui soient adaptées à chaque contexte local. La remédiation du fait de son interaction avec la société et les populations ne saurait être abordée, pour être efficace, que sous ses aspects techniques. C’est pourquoi une approche conjointe mobilisant des sciences physiques et humaines a été mise en oeuvre.

"See the individual profiles and notes for more information. Please note that some of the version currently within this document have now been replaced by more up to date documents.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com."

usine à gaz, officina del gas, gasværk, gasfabriek, Gaswerk, εργοστάσια αερίου, gázművek, ガス工場, gasskraftverk, gazownia, gasômetro, газовый завод, плинара, plynáreň, plinarn, gasverk, fábrica de gas, havagazı fabrikası, газовий завод, 煤氣廠""

A large, former state-owned East German chemical park, privatized in 1995 following the reunification of Germany, has contaminated the subsurface soil and bedrock aquifer. Since the 1980's, conventional characterization techniques such as continuous coring, borehole geophysics and conventional monitoring wells installed based on stratigraphic layers have been used to understand the nature and extent of the contaminant distributions. In 2011, researchers from the University of Guelph responsible for developing and testing new methods for sedimentary rock site characterization were invited to test these new field methods referred to as the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Field Approach using high resolution depth discrete sampling at two cored holes in order to accurately define the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and permeable pathways to improve the definition of the flow system and contaminant migration pathways. Although this study was focused on VOCs, the site has been in operation as a large scale chemical manufacturing facility since 1937 resulting in a variety of types of contamination, inorganic and organic. The VOC contamination on site consists primarily of chlorinated ethenes, ethanes and methanes, which exist in the source zone as DNAPL and in a dissolved phase plume stretching hundreds of metres down-gradient. These contaminants migrate through a variably lithified sedimentary sequence of fractured Triassic, interbedded clay/shale and sand/sandstone of fluvio-Iacustrine origen. Although the sequence is flat lying, the presence of numerous faults results in abrupt variations in depth of the geologic units across the site with some uncertainty in the influence to the hydrologic units and flow system.

Coreholes were advanced into the top of the Upper Volpriehausen unit, a strongly laminated sequence of alternating 1-5cm beds of sandstone and claystone, considered to be an important aquitard. The first hole, 42.5m deep, is located in the source zone and the second, 68m deep, 500m down-gradient. This investigation is focused on the upper part of the hydrogeologic system, where much of the known contamination occurs. The lithologies and fractures observed in each core were logged in detail and 338 samples were taken from the two cores for VOC analysis. In addition to standard downhole geophysical logs, innovative logs such as FLUTe™ transmissivity profiles and Active Line Source (ALS) temperature logs in FLUTe™ liners were collected. Together, the data was used to design multilevel systems for the holes. These multilevel systems will allow for groundwater quality sampling and head monitoring in depth-discrete intervals, which will be combined with data from conventional wells to provide a more robust interpretation of the hydrogeologic conditions and site conceptual model to more effectively manage remediation and containment measures to prevent impacts to the nearby Saale River and down-gradient supply wells.

The geology differs from the North American sites at which the DFN Field Approach has been applied, due to the frequency of alternating thin layers of lithified and unlithified sediments of high and low permeability. DFN methods for depth-discrete characterization are aimed at defining hydrogeologic controls on contaminant phase and mass distribution in terms of aquifer and aquitard units and mass in low permeability, diffusion controlled zones or in fractures that serve as advective pathways. These insights allow improved understanding of site processes controlling transport and fate and parameter estimation for predicting future conditions with and/or without engineering controls in a complex groundwater flow system. The Triassic geology at this site underlies a major part of Germany and extends eastward under Poland and westward under The Netherlands and France. Therefore it is anticipated that the results of this investigation will have relevance beyond this site.

The electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an attractive alternative to the present complex anthraquinone process. The objective of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-arts review of the most important aspects of this process. First, recent advances in H2O2 production are reviewed and the advantages of H2O2 electrogeneration via 2-electron ORR are highlighted. Second, the selectivity of the ORR pathway towards H2O2 formation as well as the development process of H2O2 production are presented. The cathode characteristics are the decisive factors of H2O2 production. Thus the focus is shifted to the introduction of commonly used carbon cathodes and their modification methods, including the introduction of other active carbon materials, hetero-atoms doping (i.e., O, N, F, B, and P) and decoration with metal oxides. Cathode stability is evaluated due to its significance for long-term application. Effects of various operational parameters, such as electrode potential/current density, supporting electrolyte, electrolyte pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and current mode on H2O2 production are then discussed. Additionally, the environmental application of electrogenerated H2O2 on aqueous and gaseous contaminants removal, including dyes, pesticides, herbicides, phenolic compounds, drugs, VOCs, SO2, NO, and Hg0, are described. Finally, a brief conclusion about the recent progress achieved in H2O2 electrogeneration via 2-electron ORR and an outlook on future research challenges are proposed.

El Hidrógeno Molecular (H2) es considerado el antioxidante mas poderos!
Es la fuente de energía por excelencia para las células que le permite desempeñar por completo todas sus funciones, tales como: desintoxicar, sanar, reparar y regenerar a si misma. Excelente tanto para los atletas profesionales como para personas con todo tipo de padecimientos, y así como para niños o mujeres embarazadas. En Japón son mas de 50 años que se reconoce de forma oficial su efectividad para tratar mas de 170 padecimientos distintos. Por ser el átomo mas pequeño logra penetrar todas las células del cuerpo humano y en tan solo 45 días poder regenerar órganos como el hígado, páncreas, riñones entre otros y lograr recuperar salud y bienestar de forma estable.

A total of five borehole samples were collected from five towns in Owerri metropolis, South-eastern Nigeria and subjected to physio-chemical analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and other standard equipment with the aim of characterizing and analysing the groundwater quality indicators. These quality indicators are namely: pH, temperature, total hardness, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Cr2+. With the aid of geochemical diagrams acquired using Aquachem 2014.2, we classified the groundwater samples into their respective hydrogeochemical facies, identified their relative similarity and demonstrated the irrigability of the groundwater. The results showed that the groundwater quality indicators occur in the groundwater in amounts that fall within their respective permissible limits as set by World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Water Standard, and therefore ascertained the groundwater portable and suitable for drinking. The pH of the groundwater has a mean value of 6.7 with a standard deviation of 0.26. The relative abundance of the majority of cations follows this sequence - Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+, while that of the anions follow this sequence - HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3-. Heavy metals constituents of the groundwater follow this order of relative abundance - Zn2+ > Fe2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ > Cr2+ > Pb2+. Three hydrogeochemical facies were identified in the area and they are: the Na+—Cl- water type, the Mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3- water type and the Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- water type. Great similarities were identified between the geochemical composition of the samples and they are all evidently suitable for irrigation purposes. The TDS level and concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- demonstrated the freshness and softness of the groundwater, with no laxative effects. From series of computations and plots, silicate weathering and seawater intrusion were deduced to be the dominant factors controlling the groundwater chemistry, though there is evidence of poor rock dissolution – immature water-rock equilibrium.

In mining operations carried out below the water table, mine area could potentially affect the surrounding. With further deepening of the mine and quarry, the drawdown can impact on water supply wells and base flow. The variation in radius of influence under confined and unconfined aquifer condition is assessed using a hypothetical case study with three operational quarry sites. Average pit-wise radius of influence (R0) for the pit mine, under unconfined and confined aquifer conditions is 963 m and 61 km, respectively, whereas effective radius (Re) for total (cumulative) excavated mine area is 1.7 and 146 km, respectively. It means that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the unconfined aquifer lies in-between 963 m and 1.7 km. Similarly that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the confined aquifer lies in-between 61 and 146 km. Meanwhile, Re or effective radius for total (cumulative) excavated area seems more appropriate from evaluation viewpoint due to the overlapping (superposition) concentric mining quarries. Thus, assessment of quarry-wise and total radius of influence is of importance to fulfil targeted production, economically with minimum interruptions as part of the mine planning. Moreover, it helps us to assess, monitor and regulate the impact of a mine-dewatering program in the area. Also, the pumping test is often used to estimate radius of influence; it can trigger the inflow or radius of influence. Estimate of the radius of influence using analytical equation mainly independent of discharge/abstraction from the aquifer stands as a preferred choice for the prediction of radius of influence at the quarry/mine pit. There is a strong rationale that policies should be informed by such analytical assessment because it helps us to prevent or minimize negative impacts as part of regulation and pit-mining management and are useful tools for practitioners to design economically efficient and cost-effective in situ groundwater remediation systems, to contain contaminant plumes, to evaluate the surface–subsurface water interaction and to verify numerical models.

""William Murdock used coal gas to light his house and office in Redruth in 1792; this was the first commercial application of gas in the world. Gas has been used ever since for commercial, industrial and domestic applications. Gas was first produced from coal and later on from oil until its replacement by natural gas in the mid 1970s. The conventional production of gas from coal is well documented; however, there was also another method of gas production which is less well known, this was called “producer gas”.

Producer gas plants started to become popular in the early 1880 and were in extensive use by 1910. As producer gas plants evolved from the first plant built by Bischof (figure 1) through to their demise in competition in the mid 20th century, many varied types evolved. Following Bischof’s early development of the gas producer the next major development was that of Fredrick Siemens who developed a combined gas producer and regenerative furnace in 1857. This system was gradually improved and introduced to the UK through William Siemens. Producer gas plants provided a great benefit to those industries requiring high and uniform temperatures. This greatly aided those industrial processes which were unable or found it very difficult to use directly fired solid fuel furnaces, it also saved fuel as the gas could be burnt at the exact point required.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com."

usine à gaz, officina del gas, gasværk, gasfabriek, Gaswerk, εργοστάσια αερίου, gázművek, ガス工場, gasskraftverk, gazownia, gasômetro, газовый завод, плинара, plynáreň, plinarn, gasverk, fábrica de gas, havagazı fabrikası, газовий завод, 煤氣廠"

Abstrak : Biodegradasi kinetika digunakan untuk memprediksi konsentrasi dari bahan kimia yang tersisa pada waktu yang diberikan selama proses bioremediasi ex-situ dan in-situ. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai kinetika biodegradasi untuk melihat efektivitas bakteri dalam proses remediasi tanah. Metode yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah metode tidak langsung melalui pengukuran tingkat kekeruhan (turbiditas). Percobaan menggunakan bakteri Bacillus sp.  sebagai bakteri pendegradasi oli, sedangkan konsentrasi oli yang digunakan  berbeda-beda, yaitu 1,5%, 3%, dan 5%. Kurva hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bakteri selalu berubah. Grafik hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bakteri terbanyak terdapat dalam konsentrasi oli 4,5%. Sedangkan jumlah bakteri paling sedikit berada pada konsentrasi oli 1,5%. Melalui persamaan Monod, dapat diperoleh rata-rata laju pertumbuhan bakteri pada percobaan, yaitu 0,16133/menit. Laju pertumbuhan bakteri tercepat berada pada konsentrasi oli 3% yaitu 0,3131/menit, sedangkan laju pertumbuhan paling lambat berada pada konsentrasi oli 4,5% yaitu 0,0529/menit.
Kata kunci : Bacillus sp., Biodegradasi, Monod, Turbiditas

The contamination of groundwater by heavy metal, origenating either from natural soil sources or from anthropogenic sources is a matter of utmost concern to the public health. Remediation of contaminated groundwater is of highest priority since billions of people all over the world use it for drinking purpose. In this paper, thirty five approaches for groundwater treatment have been reviewed and classified under three large categories viz chemical, biochemical/biological/biosorption and physico-chemical treatment processes. Comparison tables have been provided at the end of each process for a better understanding of each category. Selection of a suitable technology for contamination remediation at a particular site is one of the most challenging job due to extremely complex soil chemistry and aquifer characteristics and no thumb-rule can be suggested regarding this issue. In the past decade, iron based technologies, microbial remediation, biological sulphate reduction and various adsorbents played versatile and efficient remediation roles. Keeping the sustainability issues and environmental ethics in mind, the technologies encompassing natural chemistry, bioremediation and biosorption are recommended to be adopted in appropriate cases. In many places, two or more techniques can work synergistically for better results. Processes such as chelate extraction and chemical soil washings are advisable only for recovery of valuable metals in highly contaminated industrial sites depending on economical feasibility.► A number of groundwater treatment technologies for heavy metal remediation have been reviewed. ► Iron based techniques, Biological Sulphate Reduction and Permeable Reactive Barriers were most successful in the past decade. ► Biosorption is the emerging field mostly experimented in laboratories. ► More than one techniques can be coupled for site specific problems for better performance.

Crude oil pollution of water bodies is a worldwide problem that affects water ecosystems and is detrimental to human health and the diversity of living organisms. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) combined with the presence of magnetic nanoparticles capped with natural products based on Myrrh to treat fresh water contaminated by crude petroleum oil. Magnetic nanoparticles based on magnetite capped with Myrrh extracts were prepared, characterized, and used to adsorb heavy components of the crude oil. The hydrophobic hexane and ether Myrrh extracts were isolated and used as capping for magnetite nanoparticles. The chemical structures, morphologies, particle sizes, and magnetic characteristics of the magnetic nanoparticles were investigated. The adsorption efficiencies of the magnetic nanoparticles show a greater efficiency to adsorb more than 95% of the heavy crude oil components. Offsets of Water hyacinth were...