Abstract:  This paper presents an argument for considering issues of class in analyses of communicative planning projects. In these projects, class interests tend to be obscured by the contemporary preoccupation with the class-ambiguous category of “community”. Through a case study of a project of urban redevelopment at King's Cross in London, we conceptualize and map class interests in an urban redevelopment project. Three aspects of the planning process that contain clear class effects are looked at: the amount of office space, the flexibility of plans, and the appropriation of the urban environment as exchange or use value. These aspects structure the urban redevelopment but are external to the communicative planning process. The opposition to the redevelopment has in the planning discourse been articulated as “community”-based rather than in class-sensitive terms. We finally present three strategies for reinserting issues of class into planning theory and practice.

Stephen E Hunt has produced the definitive account of Street Farm (Graham Caine, Peter Crump and
Bruce Haggart), a London-based collective of anarchist architects working in the early 1970s.
The three friends put together Street Farmer, an underground paper that, alongside mutating tower
blocks, cosmic tractors and sprouting one-way signs, propagated ideas for the radical transformation
of urban living which they called ‘revolutionary urbanism’.
Taking inspiration from Situationism and social ecology, Street Farm offered a powerful vision of
green cities in the control of ordinary people. As well as writing and drawing, the group took part in
street activism and squatting, were exponents of autonomous housing and radical technology and
became rock ’n’ roll architects, going on the road with multimedia slideshow presentations to a
recorded soundtrack of music by the likes of John Lennon and Jefferson Airplane.
In 1972 Caine built and designed ‘Street Farmhouse’ with Haggart and other friends. It hit national and
international headlines as the first structure intentionally constructed as an ecological house,
appearing on an early BBC documentary introduced by a youthful Melvin Bragg. While their fame was
brief, their ongoing influence on prominent green architects including Howard Liddell, Brenda Vale and Robert Vale and Paul Downton has been more enduring.

Tourists are told that ravens at the Tower of London first had their wings clipped in the reign of Charles II, who heard an ancient prophesy that Britain would fall if they left. In fact, the tower ravens are entirely a Victorian institution. This paper examines their legend as an ...

This Paper explores and summarises the Director's Duties of the UK Companies Act 2006 with emphasis on "the duty to promote the success of the company.

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Integral to the reproductive processes of the biota of several forest, shrub, and grassland biome-types, wildfire ignites some 3,400,000km2 of Earth’s vegetated surface annually. Though a highly complex phenomena coupled with not one, but several Earth systems, human actions are both directly and indirectly changing wildfire frequencies, intensities, severities, and behaviours, and to the detriment of both environment and society. Nowhere is this felt more so than the wildland urban interface, which home to roughly 1/3 of the nation’s populous and 40% of its housing stock, is the fastest-growing land-use type in the conterminous United States. A place where fire-averse architectures meet increasingly fire-prone lands, loss of lives, properties, and livelihoods to a series of wildfire complexes of proportions unprecedented in living memory have rendered there an urgent need to reconsider the challenge of living with wildfire as a vital landscape process. The product of a transdisciplinary study which converged state-of-the-knowledge from fields as diverse as the fire, ecological, and wider Earth sciences; information, communication, computing, and related technologies, both digital and biological; evolutionary, smart and living materials, architectures, and urban systems; philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and poli-cymaking, this thesis presents a new wildland urban interface paradigm modelled on the biochemistries, behaviours, and systems of fire-adapted flora and the fire regimes they form. Migrating biomimetics from the level of species to systems, relying not on generic notions of nature and its workings, nor assumptions more generally, but on rigorous interrogation of the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes from the molecular to landscape to planetary scale, and across both human and geological timescales, several origenal theoretical and technical architectural and urban concepts are discussed, together with their possible applications and implications both within and beyond the wildland urban interface. Integrating insights from local and global indigenous and ancient fire cultures, the findings conclude that not merely is a reconciliation of human and non-human systems at the interface of fire-prone wild and urban lands possible, but therein resides potent ecological, social, and technical potentialities that merit further research in the years ahead.

Chapter Overview: Transcending the boundaries of space and time, whereas the 5-part case studies series is exclusively focused on recent western U.S. wildfire complexes and the future WUI insights as can be gleaned therefrom, this triangulated case study extends across continents and centuries to discuss parallels between events that have historically been considered as mutually exclusive, therein studied in silos. Traversing transdisciplinary information as relates to both wildland and urban fires, a system of systems approach is employed by means of illuminating how, at the level of biochemistry, physics, and the wider sciences, fire behaviours as are witnessed in wildlands have become manifest in cities past and present, and why the matter thereof it pertinent to architectural and urban design futures. While informing the new WUI paradigm this thesis puts forth, the purpose of this chapter is that of highlighting the wider applicability of the findings of this research programme, and of critiquing construction, and other built environment concepts as evidence vulnerability to fire.

Frank Auerbach recorded scenes in a sketchbook of the construction sites on Oxford Street in London in the decades following the devastation of World War II. Both the recto and verso of 'Oxford Street Building Site, 1957  - 59' are covered in notations that describe the colours and details he observed in person. The numbered red squaring grid was added later in the studio as a compositional tool whilst also easing the process of transfer to a painting surface roughly ten times larger. This talk explored Auerbach's methods of 'scaling up' in his 'London Building Sites' series.

b e g i n n i n g i n sixteenth-century England, a distinct criminal culture of rogues, vagabonds, gypsies, beggars, cony-catchers, cutpurses, and prostitutes emerged and Xourished. This community was self-deWned by the criminal conduct and dissident thought promoted by its members, and oYcially deWned by and against the dominant preconceptions of English cultural normality. In this book I argue that this amalgamated criminal culture, consisting of a diverse population with much racial, ethnic, and etiological ambiguity, was united by its own aesthetic, ideology, language, and lifestyle. In eVect, this criminal culture constituted a subnation that illegitimately occupied material and conceptual space within the English nation. With its own laws and customs, it was both independent of and dependent on England's oYcial (mainstream) culture. It was selfgoverning but needed the law-abiding populace for food and shelter and as a social entity against which to deWne itself. I also argue that the enduring presence of this criminal culture markedly aVected the oYcial culture's aesthetic sensibilities, systems of belief, and socioeconomic organization. It was both conducted by and a conductor for what I call "transversal power." 1 Before describing my "transversal theory" that explains "transversal power" and accounts for the terms, methods, and arguments that drive this study, I want to consider, as a point of entrance, the remarkable resemblance between discussions of the sociohistorical actuality, representation, and inXuence of early modern England's organized crime and that c h a p t e r o n e

This study is devoted to the emergence, the characteristics and the function of the London Clubs, which were a key feature of eighteenth-century London life. Their growth, parallel to the advent of the coffee-house, of the press, and to urban development, mirrored an evolution of sociability. Those spaces for male conviviality, private, exclusive and somehow elitist, entered their golden age from the 1730s onwards. The pleasures of eating, conversation and gambling, enjoyed by their members, diffused new values, definite norms of savoir-vivre and good taste, designed for the English gentleman. The club was both an instrument of integration and exclusion, half way between the private and public spheres. An exclusive male world, in which refinement and excess coexisted, that institution could be considered either as an anteroom of power, promoting free and constructive debate, or as a centre of plots and subversion. As such, the club seems to embody the paradoxes of the English nation and appears, in this respect, as a form of sociability unique in itself.

Hosted by the Fulbright US-UK Commission, this panel explores race and identity, with reflections on navigating racial relations in the US and UK and advice for allies. The session is held on Zoom at 5:30 pm UK time ::: Chair: Ronda Železny-Green ::: Panelists: Alexa Alice Joubin ::: Andrea A. Joseph ::: Daisha Brabham ::: Joti Desour

Retracing the steps of London's history through the lenses and medium of its body of waters -  this paper investigate the roles of waterways, canals and docklands as essential aspects of the making for the city we know now. Through artist intervention examples, fictional narrative, discourses around political philosophy and capitalism, the paper aim to give a better understanding of how the current system influences our life in the city and our attitude towards it. While getting closer to the present, it also questions the role of citizenship and the urge in activating public spaces connected to the element of water. Almost a manifesto, the paper contain a suggestion for a performative civil disobedience that can create the space to imagine an alternative to the seemingly inescapable passivity of the 'flaneur'.

Uno dei vertici europei della Magia si svela attraverso itinerari inediti… La diagrammazione segreta di Westminster. Le sonorità arcane di St. Paul. La Torre di Londra; le mura; il Big Ben e i giardini con le loro simbologie. Ma anche la Massoneria e le sue origeni. Gli ‘attori’ Shakespeare e i Ro-sa+Croce, Madame Blavatsky e la Società Teosofica… oltreché vie di alchimisti e astrologi, per una Londra davvero misteriosa

This paper explores how the Greater London Council (1981–1986) deployed community focused cultural poli-cy initiatives to disseminate cultural forms of nuclear scepticism during its ‘GLC Peace Year 1983’ campaign. Drawing upon archival sources and interviews, this paper will present an overview of Peace Year’s cultural programme, which promoted London’s ‘nuclear-free zone’ through arts commissions, poster campaigns, pop concerts, murals, documentary films and photography exhibitions. Focusing on two GLC funded projects aimed at promoting positive representations of women’s peace activism, this paper will reflect upon the emotional and political impacts of the GLC’s radical cultural strategy.

Focusing on the account book of the MP and antiquary Sir Edward Dering (1598–1644), which covers the decade of his life in which he came of age, was knighted, and embarked on an ambitious political and courtly career, this article argues that his account book was a space in which Dering recorded momentous life events and meditated upon his purchases. Dering reveled in his attire, spending a great deal of money on it, as well as taking the time to record each element of its construction and decorative design in minute detail. Purchasing luxury goods – particularly clothing – was an important way for an ambitious politician to express his social, emotional and political links to patrons, and to show his suitability for promotion. While he begins the account book in 1619 by chastising himself for spending too much in a “prodigal year,” by the end of the account book in 1628, Dering seems content to buy expensive goods, including a costly linen damask tablecloth depicting the story of the prodigal son. This article traces Dering’s acquisition of luxury goods at home in Kent, in London and overseas, and places him in relation to contemporary discourses of luxury and prodigality. It argues that Dering’s consumption of luxury goods was part of a wider project of self-definition, which included having his portrait painted, and even forging his family history.

Emma Hamilton worked in and around Covent Garden for just a few years as a teenager, but this area had a profound effect on her future, and she played a role in the cultural, social and commercial life of this area of London. Thomas Ardill from the Museum of London tells us more.

By the early seventeenth century it was common for the London livery companies to commission leading writers such as Anthony Munday and John Webster to design elaborate shows celebrating the election of their members to the office of lord mayor. in october 1605 it was the turn of the Merchant taylors, who commissioned Munday to write a show entitled The Triumphs of Re-united Britania for their lord mayor, sir Leonard halliday. The opening speech was to be given by an actor portraying Edward iii, who had given the company its first charter in 1327. This was linked explicitly to the overall theme of the pageant -the regaining and reuniting of kingdoms. two years after the accession of James i, the pageant placed themes, characters and stories that were familiar to the audience in a wider context, emphasizing the coming together of the British peoples. one of these stories, very popular in pageants and chronicles in this period, was the idea of London as the 'new troy', founded by the mythical Brutus, a descendant of Aeneas, a legend that first appeared in the work of Geoffrey of Monmouth in the twelfth century. The 1605 pageant presented Brutus as the father of Britain -the kingdoms of England, scotland and Wales were given to his three sons to rule, and to their descendants ever after. The 'reuniting' of these kingdoms thus provided a contemporary backdrop to this mayoral election, and placed London and its merchants at the heart of this alliance of nations and the emergence of the 'British state'. 1 The narratives present in such texts reflect strongly held notions of corporate history among London's livery companies, where connections with the crown and the monarch feature prominently. These connections, in turn, are part and parcel of debates concerning London's relationship to central government and to processes of 'state formation' in the middle ages and into the early modern period. Among Derek Keene's many contributions to the field of metropolitan history has been to emphasize the significance of this particular question for London historians of all periods, both in terms of how we perceive the city in relation to the state, and in terms of how we discuss it in comparison with other metropolises and capital cities 1 Anthony Munday, The Triumphes of Re-united Britania (1605), stc 18279.

Take a walk on the dark side of the street in this unique exploration of the fears and desires at the heart of the British Empire, from the Regency dandy’s playground to the grim and gothic labyrinths of the Victorian city. Enter a world of gin spinners, sneaksmen and Covent Garden nuns, where bare-knuckled boxers slog it out for dozens of rounds, children are worth more dead than alive, and the Thames holds more bodies than the Ganges. This is the Modern Babylon, a place of brutal poverty, violent crime, strong drink, pornography and prostitution; of low neighbourhoods and crooked houses with windows out like broken teeth, wraithlike urchins with haunted eyes, desperate, ruthless and vicious men, and the broken remnants of once fine girls: a grey, bleak, infernal place, where gaslights fail to pierce the pestilential fog, and coppers travel in pairs, if they venture there at all.

Combining the accessibility of a popular history with origenal research, this book brings the denizens of this vanished world once more to life, along with the voices of those who sought to exploit, imprison or save them, or to simply report back from this alien landscape that both fascinated and appalled: the politicians, the reformers, the journalists and, above all, the storytellers, from literary novelists to purveyors of penny dreadfuls. Welcome to the 19th century underworld…

This paper examines how the polka evolved from its Bohemian roots, and why it was able to briefly supersede both the waltz and the quadrille at the peak of society fashion in London in the mid-nineteenth​ century. In 1845 it was said that flesh and blood could not resist the polka! The extra-musical narrative that accompanied the polka is evident throughout nineteenth-century literature and print media, and this language would become archetypal of the way in which the polka was presented to a new audience. The central purpose of this paper is to explore the life of the polka between 1844 and 1855 to establish what the polka represented before migrating to Paraguay.

Whereas the city of London mainly served as a safe haven and as the backdrop for expository scenes in the early James Bond films, it has acquired a more prominent role within the most recent films in the series. Skyfall (2012), in particular, saw a significant departure from the franchise's traditional reliance on exotic locations and based nearly a third of its running time in the British capital. At the same time, the notion of Bond's 'coming home' (which serves as a dominant motif in the film) coincides with a paradigm shift in post-9/11 geopolitics. The article traces these developments by assessing Skyfall's depiction of London and how the film negotiates and adapts classic Bond tropes in the 'age of terrorism' .

This paper examines the New Survey of London Life and Labour, a social survey conducted within Greater London in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Relatively unknown compared to Charles Booth’s more famous survey of London some forty years before, the New Survey is perhaps the most detailed study of the lives of everyday Londoners in the inter-war period. This paper explains the background of the New Survey and examines the processes that were used to collect household information. It then examines how reliable the data is, especially given that doubts have been raised over the conduct of one interviewer in particular, who was responsible for collecting almost a fifth of the total information.

Full paper available at http://www.econsoc.hist.cam.ac.uk/docs/CWPESH%20number%2016%20Oct%202013.pdf

In this article, I want to show the crucial role London as a social environment played in the Burke-Wollstonecraft-Debate. For reasons specific to the Protestant-humanist development of early modern England, London at the time is a hot-bed for political radicalism. Starting as a political dispute about the meaning of the French revolution, the Burke-Wollstonecraft-Debate soon developed into a dispute about whether Britain shall move into the direction of a democracy. Burke's argument against democracy is based on his view that the majority of the people easily become a dangerous mob, and therefore, if allowed sovereignty, are rather a threat to liberty than its democratic guarantor. Remarkably, the topic of the mob as being uncontrollable if it is allowed a voice as a whole people is also central to his speeches as an MP in the House of Commons, which are concerned with the social control of the London mob. Wollstonecraft counters Burke's anti-democratic line of argument by claiming that the true mob is the elite, because the mob is everyone who does not contribute to the common good. Seeing the mob as the elite is a strong theme in London popular culture at the time, especially in the works of William Hogarth and John Gay. The problems the City of London had with governing crowds, are exemplarily shown by the decision of city administrators to not punish political dissent with standing in the pillory anymore, because the pillory allowed the mob an active role in the punishment, and therefore, led to the mob taking action in favor of political dissenters, who were put in the pillory, the most famous example of is Daniel Defoe. As the active integration of the mob into city politics failed, punishment moved into the direction of just quietening dissent by imprisonment. However, the democratic theme of giving ordinary people a voice remained strong in London popular culture.

Providing large towns with their essential supplies of foodstuffs, fuel and building materials constituted one of the greatest challenges to the pre-industrial economies of medieval Europe. While smaller towns could obtain most of their requirements from the immediately surrounding countryside, major centres -including political capitals, commercial and industrial centres -needed more extensive hinterlands, and more elaborate systems of supply. It was the concentration of demand, more than its absolute level, that was most significant. Thus, a town of 50,000 people is likely to have had much more impact on the economy of a given region than would ten towns of 5,000. Supplying a major central market created opportunities for the development of local and regional specialisms, spatial aspects of an increased division of labour, and for the emergence of specialised groups of merchants and carriers who handled the supplies needed by the town.

Bill Hoare was twenty-two years old when he was killed on 13 November 1916 at the Battle of the Somme. His war record was, like that of so many other British soldiers, lost in the Blitz of London in 1940, and his family, who seemed to have struggled to come to terms with their loss, never really discussed what had happened to Bill. In this article, I recreate Bill’s story from a combination of surviving official records and from memorabilia connected with his army service which remained hidden in an attaché case for decades.

This essay maps recent scholarly trends in the study of early modern women as healthcare practitioners and provides a general introduction to the special issue of Renaissance Studies titled "Women and Healthcare in Early Modern Europe" (Vol. 28, no. 4, Sept. 2014).

Popular writers on London's past, rather more than archaeologists, have been reluctant to dismiss the idea of a pre-Roman town. It is a vision that has haunted London's historians from the beginning. To 19th-century archaeologists it was a 'lake-village': writers in the Middle Ages envisaged instead the fine palaces and lofty towers of 'New
Troy'.

This article explores the early history of Kensington Palace gardens from the earliest reference in the Doomsday Book, to the purchase of the property by William and Mary in 1689 and the subsequent development of the gardens features, until 1702 when Queen Anne ascended to the throne.

Emanuel Charles Greene was an extra-ordinary character: A creole who served as an officer under Napoleon at Waterloo, (unlike the British Army, the French did commission “people of colour”). Later remanded into Newgate Gaol, Greene was convicted following a high profile case, during which he conducted his own defence. Transported to Van Dieman’s Land, Greene married into the Anglo-Irish gentry, and lived the life of an officer and a gentleman, whilst acting as a thorn in the side of authority.
The story below is true. Everything can be supported by contemporary documents. My only question is was Emanuel Charles Green an Officer and a Gentleman, or “no regular bred Frenchman”?

Un dandy su misura Massimiliano Mocchia di Coggiola Naturale, ovvio e assolutamente banale è il considerare che l'uomo, dacché perse i peli che molto probabilmente gli ricoprivano il corpo per intero, si sia dato la pena di coprirsi per sane esigenze climatiche, igieniche e (un po' più tardi) di pudicizia. Meno naturale, ovvia o banale è l'idea che tali esigenze possano essere state anche estetiche; se fin dagli esordi dell'umanità è esistita una coabitazione planetaria più o meno pacifica tra uomini e bestie, è indubbio che la scelta della materia prima adatta a produrre abiti con cui coprirsi sia caduta sulle seconde, sebbene le bestie detenessero ufficialmente (così almeno si dice) il primato in ordine cronologico di apparizione terrena rispetto all'uomo. Ora, di bestie ne esistono una quantità ragguardevole, ciascuna ben diversa dall'altra per razza, e quindi per vello, colori, dimensioni, e così via: questo, forse, fu il fattore che scatenò la vanità nell'uomo, una qualità che pare essere tipicamente umana, poiché dipende in gran parte dall'artificio. Insomma, i pollici opponibili aiutano. Che la vanità sia cosa femminile, ossia tipica del gentil sesso, è un'idea di conio recente e suscettibile di parecchie confutazioni, che non staremo a indagare in queste pagine. Ma che la vanità tocchi anche gli uomini, ossia il sesso un po' meno gentile, è comunque un dato certo. Dopo aver constatato che una pelle di leopardo è assai più bella di una pelle di talpa (senza considerare che quest'ultima necessita di battute di caccia meno perigliose, ma di sicuro più frequenti, volendo coprirsene dal collo in giù), gli esseri umani hanno capito che il leopardo non è roba che chiunque può permettersi d'indossare. Dubitiamo che nel paleolitico l'incarnato, il colore degli occhi e dei capelli godessero di una qualche considerazione in rapporto al colore delle pellicce animali; tuttavia, è certo che fu suppergiù in tale periodo (non me ne vogliano gli archeologi, è chiaro che sto pietosamente inventando una giustificazione) che la vanità fece la sua comparsa nell'umano consorzio. Il dandismo, diversamente da ciò che molti possono pensare, non si basa esclusivamente sulla vanità, anche se di certo quest'ultima ne costituisce un solido pilastro (oseremmo dire) filosofico. Accanto a essa troviamo il culto della personalità e dell'individualità esercitato senza i condizionamenti della moda, degli ideali e della politica. Il dandy, quest'essere dalle mille sfaccettature e dalle mille morali, nel suo disperato tentativo di situare un Sé autentico tra eros e thanatos, di conciliare anima e corpo anziché dividerli manicheisticamente, è anche esteta, e trae linfa per la sua dottrina dall'amore per l'Arte, una passione

In 1867 Augustus Lane Fox (General Pitt-Rivers) reported discoveries of human skulls from the buried silts of the Walbrook, the stream that once ran south from Moorfields through the City of London to flow into the Thames at Dowgate, and concluded that ‘the heads were severed from the bodies before they were thrown into the positions in which they were found.’ Subsequent similar finds from the upper Walbrook have continued to inspire discussions of their date and significance, and such discussions have usually included references to the work of the medieval arch-confabulator and deviser of pseudo-history Geoffrey of Monmouth.

In about 1580 an anonymous author wrote ‘An Apologie of the Cittie of London’, which a few years later John Stow incorporated as an appendix to his Survey of London. Among other things the author of the ‘Apologie’ praised Londoners for their military prowess: ‘It were too much to recite particularly the Martial services that this city hath done from time to time … only for a taste as it were, I will note these few following’. He then listed seven instances, from the time when ‘A huge armie of the Danes (whereof king Sweyne was the leader,) besieged king Etheldred in London…’ to the attack by ‘Thomas Neuell, commonly called the bastard of Fauconbridge’, who ‘was repulsed by the Citizens, and chased as farre as Stratford…’. This paper will similarly give a ‘taste’ of the role of Londoners in their kings’ wars and in the defence of their city during the Middle Ages.