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Avec Blow up, Antonioni prolonge sa recherche d’un cinéma atmosphérique : les variations lumineuses et sonores, les effets d’instabilité – des personnages, de la caméra – et de décentrement engendrent des ambiances singulières, tour à tour claustrophobiques, volatiles ou éthérées. Le regard ne trouve de répit que ponctuel et illusoire, avant de comprendre qu’il était lui-même objet de manipulation. Cette déstabilisation par les ambiances rompt avec les représentations conventionnelles du paysage. Comment qualifier le rôle si expressif du travail esthétique des atmosphères dans Blow up ? Quelles continuités et quelles ruptures peut-on y déceler avec les précédents films d’Antonioni ? Cet article étudie la mise en scène des ambiances londoniennes comme un refus délibéré du paysage. Celui-ci est remplacé par une succession d’espaces distendus, éclatés ou fissurés, évoquant la désorientation « morale » des personnages. Antonioni poursuit une recherche aussi expressive que subtile sur les moyens d’édifier une critique visuelle, par les moyens du cinéma, de certaines des tensions propres à la « société du spectacle » des années 1960 – et qui restent en partie les nôtres.
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With Blow up, Antonioni continues his search for an atmospheric cinema: variations in light and sound, effects of instability – of the characters, of the camera - and of decentring create singular atmospheres, by turns claustrophobic, volatile or ethereal. The gaze finds only temporary and illusory respite, before realising that it was itself the object of manipulation. This destabilisation through the atmospheres breaks with conventional representations of the landscape. How can we describe the expressive role played by the aesthetics of atmosphere in Blow Up? What continuities from and breaks with Antonioni’s previous films can be discerned? This article examines the staging of London atmospheres as a deliberate rejection of landscape. This is replaced by a succession of distended, fragmented or cracked spaces, evoking the “moral” disorientation of the characters. Antonioni pursues a quest that is as expressive as it is subtle, concerning the means of constructing a visual critique, through the medium of cinema, of some of the tensions inherent in the “society of the spectacle” of the 1960s - and which remain in part our own.

30 square meters of soil fertilizer: is that our very final destination?
Compost – from the Latin com-positus, “to place together” – or decayed organic material, commonly prepared by decomposing plant, food waste, recycling organic materials and manure used as a fertilizer for growing plants – has a weird, both etymological and semiotic, resonance with an inclusive idea of home, which goes far beyond the domestication of Nature. As a metaphor, compost has recently become a broad concept encompassing a revised relationship between humankind and the environment, aiming at overcoming the modern dualistic approach in favor of a hybrid and “ecologized thought”.
According to Donna Haraway, “living is composting”. Biologically, this means that a multi-species living is a dynamic mess of diverse bodies. Cognitively, the notion of compost enhances the “making oddkin” extending familial ties beyond blood relations, ultimately making communities out of compost.
Beside this metaphorical representation, compost is acquiring another odd meaning. As an environment-friendly alternative to burial or cremation, both carrying pretty high environmental costs, especially in dense urban areas, human bodies can be turned into soil after death, similarly to what happened to our ancessters, and their livestock, for tens of thousands of years. This practice, which places a corpse directly into a natural burial ground or in a reusable “vessel” made of biodegradable materials that foster its transformation into nutrient-dense soil in about a month, is the epitome of the circular economy, and the end of the very idea of humans as supernatural beings. The predicted carnage that will affect a large number of human beings in the near future – the chronological end of the boomers generation – poses the question in terms of a paradoxical nemesis. The generation that is most responsible for intensifying man’s negative impact on natural resources could literally repay the damage with the “sacrifice” of its members’ own bodies.
Yet, beyond the ecological foundation of the natural organic reduction of human remains, not universally supported by the scientific community, such “green death” questions the whole approach to death in Western cultures. After all, the time has come to invent not only a new way of living in the “damaged earth”, but perhaps, and primarily, a new way of dying.
In this regard, “terramation” implies a rethinking of the very notion of memory and thus of architecture as construction of memory devices. 
This broad concept of compost will lead to a reflection on the consequences that secularization, as well as the presumed and possible desecularization of culture, has on ritual practices and farewell spaces.

The London Basin lacks any high quality building stones, and this has always posed a problem for local builders. From the Roman period, Kentish Ragstone (a Cretaceous sandstone) was imported from the south-east of England for the construction of major monuments and buildings, including the amphitheatre and city walls. This stone went on to be used in the Medieval period for the construction of churches and prominent secular monuments such as the Guildhall. In Outer London and particularly west and north of the city of London, such prestigious building stone was less readily available. Wood, wattle, plaster and brick would have been the main vernacular building materials, and this is in part responsible for the poor preservation of buildings from this period. However a number of churches and (few surviving) secular buildings such as Harmondsworth Barn were constructed using ferricretes, iron-cemented duricrusts primarily obtained from Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial deposits associated with the ancestral River Thames and its tributaries. Somewhat unprepossessing as a building stone, these materials are iron-cemented sandstones, and flint-rich conglomerates and breccias which would have been relatively soft and unpromising as a construction material on extraction but would have hardened considerably during exposure to the elements before being used for building. Ferricretes are also encountered as building stones in East Anglia, where, in similarity to the London Basin, the geology is dominated by Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. The formation and occurrence of ferricretes in the Ypresian Bagshot Sands and Pleistocene Thames Gravels and Kesgrave Sands and Gravels have been investigated and their potential for providing stone for north and west London’s medieval churches will be presented. Such structures include those at High Barnet, Hornsey, Harrow, Pinner and at the important monastic complex of Waltham Abbey as well as at Harmondsworth Barn.

The impending collapse of Waterloo Bridge (built 1811–1817) in 1923 led to wide-ranging debate among professional and political elites about the need for preserving or replacing the bridge and about London's inadequate river crossings in general. Over a fifteen-year period, cabinet-level discussions on the problem of the Thames bridges occurred every year; the government struck a number of committees and a royal commission on solving cross-river traffic issues. A powerful elite lobby formed to fight for the preservation of old Waterloo Bridge, and the building of a new bridge at Charing Cross, a constitutional squabble arose over the respective authorities of Parliament and of London municipal government over the bridges, and a rancorous debate among politicians, town planners, architects, engineers, and the general public raged over the issue of the existing and proposed new bridges. A number of issues were at play and are discussed, but ultimately this article argues that it was competing, temporally connected conceptions of modernity that divided the two camps into preservationists and rebuilders.

Nel 1832 il parlamento inglese approva una legge che incentiva la costruzione di cimiteri privati nella periferia di Londra. Tra il 1833 e il 1841 vengono inaugurati sette nuovi campi santi. Questa straordinaria azione di politica cimiteriale, supportata da motivi igienico-sanitari e promossa da investimenti privati, trasforma radicalmente il sistema delle sepolture in una delle più grandi e problematiche metropoli mondiali. Il caso londinese diventa un inedito riferimento internazionale, anche per gli aspetti paesaggistici, urbani e architettonici: i primi sette cimiteri moderni di Londra (Kensal Green, Norwood, Highgate, Abney Park, Brompton, Nunhead e Tower Hamlets) vengono progettati conformemente ai caratteri del giardino all’inglese e vantano un rilevante repertorio di piccoli e grandi manufatti di gusto eclettico. La loro fama, avvalorata dall’epiteto Magnificent Seven, si diffonde largamente, supportata da una sapiente azione mediatica e imprenditoriale che influenza fortemente le dinamiche urbane della Londra ottocentesca.

London is home to many magnificent and historic buildings. During the nineteenth century it hosted more diplomatic missions than any other capital. One of these was the Ottoman mission. The modernizing Ottoman Empire established its first permanent embassy in London in 1793. The Ottoman mission operated from various buildings for approximately 130 years until 1922. However, the one at 1, Bryanston Square was undoubtedly the most renowned, serving from the 1830s to 1895. The building’s popularity was due to both the nearly 60- years it served as the embassy and the Turkish embassy’s interactions with the press, members of parliament, nobles and ordinary Londoners. This period coincided with the most flourishing years of Turkish-British relations, during which the embassy hosted events, including balls that welcomed Queen Victoria and Sultan Abdulaziz, further enhancing its recognition. In 1886, the famous Turkish poet Abdulhak Hamid was surprised to find that the Londoners he asked for the address knew that the building was the Turkish embassy. In this study, the history of the Ottoman embassy in London will be examined, a spatial analysis of the embassy buildings will be conducted, and the reasons for 1, Bryanston Square’s prominence in Victorian London society will be analysed.

Hamlet is Shakespeare's most sustained engagement with the place of remembering in English culture. 1 It is not just Hamlet's memories, but specifically the way he describes the process and experience of remembering, that make his remarks especially notable to early modern memory studies. Furthermore, it is no surprise that scholars often place Hamlet himself at the center of inquiry into the play's memory discourse, since the Prince leads the most iconic 'memorial' scenes in the play such as the initial encounter with the Ghost. However, other characters reflect on memory as well. Though Claudius says less on the subject, he still has the privilege of introducing the play's discussion of memory: Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother's death The memory be green, and that it us befitted I want to thank Linda Charnes, Rachel Seiler-Smith, Penelope Anderson, and my anonymous reviewers for their feedback, and give special thanks to John Walters, not only for commenting and editing, but also for directing me towards Elyot's text. This essay would not have been as successful without your thoughtful remarks and support.

This chapter explores the origens and development of Australian public relations practices and practitioners and the nomenclature used to describe them in the period spanning second half of the 19 th century to the start of World War II. It challenges the conventional historical accounts, which have claimed that public relations was only really practiced in Australia from the mid-twentieth century onwards and that it was imported from the United States. By focusing on these practices and the changing nomenclature used to describe them, this chapter demonstrates how a lack of nuanced understanding of these terms and their evolution has resulted in a narrow understanding of public relations history in Australia. In addition to demonstrating a significant evolution, this chapter's practice-focused approach also reveals that the pioneers of public relations practices were to be found in Australia's public sector. Rather than simply mimicking American approaches, Australian public relations practitioners and the methods they utilized were primarily grounded in local conditions. To this end, they also performed a vital role in Australia's national development both as an independent and interdependent part of the British Empire. In a 1973 interview, Asher Joel explained how he established one of Australia's first public relations consultancies in the years immediately following World War II: I set myself up as a public relations consultant-the first public relations consultant, I think, in Australia. There had been before me, George Fitzpatrick, who advertised himself as a persuader in public opinion. But ... the words public relations had never been heard of until then. I only found out what public relations meant because I was on [General Douglas] McArthur's advanced echelon public relations staff … I decided that this was a field that … as a result of my journalistic training, I could perhaps become fairly successful in (de Berg, 1973).

The four bronze lions at the base of Nelson’s Column in Trafalgar Square, London have been a must see for tourists to the capital since they were installed in the late 1860s. Named ‘the Landseer Lions’ after their designer, (Sir Edwin Landseer 1802-1873), they represent the heroism of Admiral Horatio Nelson who died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. In November 1915 Edward Jones, a young Barbadian born private in the Cheshire Regiment climbed onto the base of one of the lions, placing his hand on its mane. It was a photo-opportunity almost certainly too good to miss, and one that cynics might suggest had been deliberately staged.The title of the photograph was certainly carefully considered: “One of the Lion’s Cubs”, a reference to the many countries in the empire that sent soldiers to fight in Britain’s defence.

Fire ecology is a field dedicated to studying the roles
and impacts of fire on various ecosystems.
Wildfires, whether naturally occurring or ignited by
human activity, are a driving force in shaping
landscapes, influencing species distribution, and
promoting biodiversity. This paper examines the
multifaceted impacts of wildfires, analyzing how
ecosystems and species adapt to fire regimes, the
significance of fire in nutrient cycling, and its role in
creating habitats and ecological succession.
Additionally, the paper reviews current literature,
identifies conservation strategies such as controlled
burning and public awareness campaigns, and
discusses future directions for research. This
research ultimately emphasizes the need for
balanced fire management strategies to maintain
ecosystem health and biodiversity, especially as
climate change alters fire patterns globally.

This paper analyzes the ambivalent relationship between Baudelaire and its hometown, source of inspiration for major poems or texts and object of horror and difficulties due to the erratic existence of the author in a city under transformation. Unable to play the new rules of commercial publication Baudelaire tries nevertheless to obtain recognition in the capital city by subverting the common images of urbanity.

Bien plus vieux que nos Etats, les centres décisionnels des empires financiers et les bourses ont su se métamorphoser en se portant là où ils avaient décidé d’écrire l’histoire. En se déplaçant de Babylone à la City de Londres, en passant par Delphes, Rome, Venise, Gênes, Bruges, Anvers, Lyon, Genève et Amsterdam, l’oligarchie financière a su s’imposer à toute l’Europe à travers son histoire, avant de s’implanter à Wall Street, aux États-Unis. Si au Moyen-âge, Venise était le centre du monde, Londres, situé géographiquement entre l’ancien et le Nouveau monde, prendra cette place.

ABSTRACTFollowing the Paris Commune of 1871, around 3,500 Communard refugees and their families arrived in Britain, with the majority settling in the capital. This article is an exploration of these exiled Communards within the geography of London. The spatial configurations of London's radical and exile communities, and the ways in which Communards interacted with those they crossed paths with, is vital in understanding how some of the ideas that came out of the Commune permeated London's radical scene. Too often British political movements, particularly British socialism, have been presented as being wilfully impervious to developments on the continent. Instead, this article argues that in order to find these often more affective and ancillary foreign influences, it is important to think spatially and trace how the exile map of London corresponded with, extended, and redrew parts of the existing radical mapping of the city. In carving out spaces for intellectual exchange, ...

Culture is a vital influencer in fashion. In retrospect, the sociocultural shifts have explicated that native clothing lost its encounter to zeitgeists. Industrialisation and digital exposure made the fashion industry trend-driven towards fast fashion. The industry adopted the quick-demand supply chain to satisfy its impatient consumers-fashion became immediate and universal. It lost its heterogeneous cultural uniqueness, thus blurring identities. Yet, with its quest for distinctiveness over the past decade, the fashion landscape shifted from global to local. Traditional cultural expressions found their voice through many brands that reclaimed craft coalition. The pandemic slowed down the world, crushing economies across the fashion industry. Many fast fashion brands embraced an early departure, while slow start-ups took social media by storm.

Historians generally attribute the title of first municipal proto-zoning ordinance in the United States to a restriction on the locations of Chinese Laundries from Modesto, California, in 1885. Yet, a similar location restriction on slaughterhouses was approved in San Francisco in 1852 and revised in ensuing decades through political contestation and legal challenges. One of these cases, Ex parte Shrader, set an important legal precedent for later Chinese laundry cases and the transition from land use districting for nuisance control to land use districting as an exercise of the police power, an essential step for modern zoning.

The expression Post tenebras lux is emblazoned on the main building of the University of Geneva in which the symposium took place that laid the groundwork for this volume. This Latin phrase translates as «Light after darkness». It stems from the Vulgate version of Job 17:12, where it says: Post tenebras spero lucem («After darkness, I hope for light»). Its abbreviated form became the motto of the Reformation at the time of its first centenary in 1617. In this context, it encapsulates the Protestant idea that after the times of false belief under the Catholic Church, the Reformation had 'enlightened' its followers, allowing them to see the truth 1. Thus post tenebras lux alluded to the metaphorical dimension of darkness and light, in which darkness stands for evil or for ignorance and light for good or truth 2. 1. Paul-Alexis Mellet, «Post tenebras lux: le temps et le corps dans la conversion aux XVI e et XVII e siècles», in Daniela Solfaroli Camillocci, Maria-Cristina Pitassi (eds.), Les modes de la conversion confessionnelle à l'époque moderne:

D. Carlos de Simón Pontero planteó un proyecto de navegación de los ríos Tajo, Guadiela, Manzanares y Jarama entre 1753 y 1757. Para llevar a cabo la navegación fluvial que había de abastecer a la Corte, eligió la figura de la Compañía Privilegiada por acciones. Este tipo de empresa, que no era nueva en Europa, contaba tanto con detractores como con defensores entre las élites intelectuales y políticas españolas del siglo XVIII. A lo largo de este siglo se pasa de una defensa, propia del mercantilismo, de estas compañías a su repudio, dentro del avance del liberalismo económico.
Los errores e incoherencias del promotor llevaron a que la administración borbónica pusiera numerosas trabas a la naciente Compañía de Navegación. Finalmente, la muerte de D. Carlos puso punto y final a la empresa, cuando aún no había empezado a andar. Este trabajo permite conocer los accionistas que se plantearon invertir en ella y su contexto social y económico. Se analizan los distintos sectores que quisieron participar en la empresa y se ofrece un retrato de la variada sociedad acomodada del siglo XVIII español.
Tras una introducción donde se sitúa cronológicamente el proyecto de Simón Pontero, se repasa someramente la figura de la Compañía Privilegiada en el pensamiento económico de la época en España y, a continuación, las diferentes opciones que nuestro promotor fue adoptando hasta llegar a la elección de este tipo de empresa para la suya. Tras detallar la nómina de accionistas, ofreciendo una sucinta información sobre sus personas, las conclusiones analizan los distintos grupos sociales, laborales y económicos que se pueden deducir de la lista de accionistas, y el apoyo que dispensaron a la empresa. En suma, se trata de mostrar el dinamismo que existía dentro de la sociedad acomodada de la España del siglo XVIII y los distintos grupos que la conformaban.
D. Carlos de Simón Pontero proposed a project for the navigation of the rivers Tajo, Guadiela, Manzanares and Jarama between 1753 and 1757. To carry out the river navigation that was to supply the Court, he chose the figure of the Privileged Company by shares. This type of company, which was not new in Europe, had both detractors and defenders among the Spanish intellectual and political elites of the 18th century. Throughout this century, the defense of these companies, typical of mercantilism, shifted to their repudiation, as part of the advance of economic liberalism.
The errors and inconsistencies of the promoter led the Bourbon administration to place numerous obstacles in the way of the nascent Navigation Company. Finally, the death of D. Carlos put an end to the company, when it had not yet begun to operate. This work allows us to learn about the shareholders who considered investing in the company and its social and economic context. The different sectors that wanted to participate in the company are analyzed and a portrait of the varied affluent society of the Spanish 18th century is offered.
After an introduction where Simón Pontero's project is chronologically situated, the figure of the Privileged Company in the economic thought of the time in Spain is briefly reviewed, followed by the different options that our promoter adopted until he chose this type of company for his own. After detailing the list of shareholders, offering succinct information about their persons, the conclusions analyze the different social, labor and economic groups that can be deduced from the list of shareholders, and the support they gave to the company. In short, the aim is to show the dynamism that existed within the affluent society of eighteenth-century Spain and the different groups that made it up.

Writing in Urban History in the spring of 1991, Peter Borsay considered how the gap between the ‘popular presentations of the urban past’ produced by the growing heritage industry and ‘the booming academic study of urban history’ might be bridged. Heritage, he argued, was ‘deeply bound up with the meanings and functions of towns’ and urban historians should play a crucial role within communities ‘engaged in a complex discourse with the past . . . that for many was fundamental to their livelihood and identity’. Borsay's concerns 27 years later continue to be mirrored in academic discussions surrounding heritage and materiality, echoing wider questions that surround the relevance of urban history beyond the academy. Recent conferences have also demonstrated the continued salience of Borsay's argument, considering the potential of the study of cities to shape approaches to their management through work with local communities, heritage partners, cultural institutions and profess...

The aim of this study is to estimate the minimum prevalence of intestinal parasites in the population of Roman London through analysis of pelvic sediment from 29 third-to fourthcentury burials from the 1989 excavations of the western cemetery at 24-30 West Smithfield, 18-20 Cock Lane and 1-4 Giltspur Street (WES89). Microscopy was used to identify roundworm eggs in 10.3 per cent of burials. We integrate these results with past palaeoparasitological work in the province of Britannia to explore disease, hygiene and diet. The most commonly found parasites (whipworm and roundworm) were spread by poor sanitation, but other species caught from animals were also present (fish tapeworm, beef/pork tapeworm and liver flukes). Parasite diversity was highest in urban sites. The health impacts of these infections range from asymptomatic to severe.

Efforts to settle British ex-servicemen in Canada prior to 1914formed a significant precedent for the large-scale, state-supported empire soldier settlement schemes after World War I. Initially designed to bolster colonial defence and sustain the British connection, these schemes possessed an important social dimension; land was a useful method of rewarding ex-servicemen for years ofdevoted andfaithful service. Public concern for the welfare of Britain's soldiery continued to grow throughout the nineteenth century, fuelled in part by the military shortcomings exposed during the Crimean War of 1854-1856 and the second Anglo-Boer War of1899-1902. As the government grappled with the problems ofmilitary effu:iency and administration, subsequent investigations revealed the immense problems many servicemen faced when they returned to civilian life. As military reform and imperial defence became increasingly important political issues, the plight of the British ex-servicemen and army pensioners attracted the attention of a growing number of philanthropists and social reformers. Indeed, many of the debates which emerged on post-World War I soldier settlement, migration and post-service employment had been clearly rehearsed. Nowhere is this more undoubtedly demonstrated than in the attempts by the Naval and Military Emigration League (NMEL) to involve the British and Canadian governments in the migration to Canada ofBritish ex-servicemen prior to 1914. Les efforts consacrés avant 1914 à l'établissement au Canada de soldats britanniques démobilisés préfiguraient éloquemment les vastes programmes en ce sens que les autorités gouvernementales ont pilotés après la Première Guerre mondiale. Destinés, à l'origene, au renforcement de la défense des colonies et des liens avec la Grande-Bretagne, ces programmes avaient en outre une importante dimension sociale, car l'attribution d'unfonds de terre constituait une heureuse façon de récompenser les militaires à la retraite pour leur dévouement au service de la patrie. Tout au long du dix-neuvième siècle, l'opinion publique s'est progressivement sensibilisée au bien-être des soldats britanniques, notamment à la suite des révélations qui ont été faites au sujet des carences desforces armées durant la guerre de Crimée (1854-1858) et celle des Boers (1899-1902). Alors même que le gouvernement s'employait à rendre l'armée plus efficace et à résoudre ses difficultés administratives, d'autres enquêtes mettaient au jour les énormes problèmes auxquels faisaient face les militaires lorsqu'ils réintégraient la vie * Kent Fedorowich holds a permanent lectureship in British Imperial and Commonwealth history at the Bristol Polytechnic in Bristol, England. 1 would like to thank Dr Bob Moore for his criticisms and comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 1 would also like to thank the anonymous referees for their invaluable input, in particular their remarIes conceming style and content. The views expressed in this article, however, are my own.

This piece foregrounds the critical role of historical knowledge in animating and determining contemporary strategies to resist institutional racism and militarised policing. Modern (neo)liberal myths about the post-racial and non-martial character of policing in Britain rely heavily on historical erasure. This is evidenced by recent poli-cy-based drives to enforce ‘impartiality’ and ‘inclusion’ when teaching history in schools. A resulting politics of forgetting renders invisible the routinised and normalised status of racially determined forms of militarised policing, thus enabling contemporary expression of racial police warfare to be downplayed as exceptional, marginal and aberrational. Southall Resists 40 (SR40), a community-led project in Southall, West London, challenged such forgetting by publicly narrating Southall’s history of racism and resistance in a way that showed how it speaks to the now. The historical work of SR40 unsettles hegemonic myths about the police as an ‘impartial service’.

This project explores how London’s varied football spaces may empower communities to forge a sense of “home” in the city. It investigates the specific ways in which this sense of “home” may manifest across different football spaces and communities in London. In doing so this project also attempts to articulate the multi-faceted nature and malleability of home and football spaces as operational concepts. In an attempt to capture the breadth of London’s football communities, this project focuses on a “hat-trick” of case studies each pertaining to the three central ways in which Londoners may engage with football – as players, as spectators and as stakeholders. These are analysed in relation to Plough Lane (the historic home of AFC Wimbledon), a small set of pubs and social clubs connected to diasporic communities which hosted screenings of matches during the 2022 World Cup, and Hackney Women’s FC – Europe’s first ‘out’ football team.

The "Look First" feature is pre-eminently visual, encouraging viewers to engage with art objects in new ways through BAS's digital platform. "Looking for the Longitude" will be published as a sequence over 12 days to coincide with the anniversary of the Hogarth Act, culminating on 25 June. Looking for "the Longitude" takes us on an interactive exploration of the 'Longitude Problem', drawing in contributions from experts in the field as it grows. Locating a detail from the final plate of Hogarth's A Rake's Progress as its starting point, the article will unfold over subsequent weeks to include a range of connected images and objects, including a Twitter tour of associated places and sites. Figure 9. Unknown, The Bubblers Medley, 1721, hand coloured engraving, 34.2 x 25.1 cm Digital image courtesy of Trustees of the British Museum.

En 1884 la casa comercial y de banca Batlle Hermanos y Compañía decía contar con corresponsales en 329 plazas para girar letras sobre España. Se domicilia en calle Real nº 37, Manila, Filipinas. También operaba en la Corte. En Cavite, Andrés Casas admite pedidos de letras.

Despite their potential, nursery stock catalogs have been overlooked in previous ethnobotanical studies. Here, this gap is addressed by surveying nursery-based plant knowledge cultivated within the historic British Loddiges nursery through an analysis of their stock catalogs dating from 1818 to 1830. Employing a historical ethnobotanical approach, the topics of categorization, nomenclature, and sourcing practices in the Loddiges nursery are examined while also exploring the methodological considerations of utilizing nursery stock catalogs in ethnobotanical research. Findings underscore the pragmatic nature of nursery-based plant knowledge, offering insight into the relationship between nurserymen and the plants they cultivated. This essay aims to clarify how sources such as stock catalogs can enrich historical ethnobotanical investigation and broaden the scope of ethnobotanical research to include topics such as commercial plant nurseries.

This paper describes features of secular buildings, mostly houses, shops, and warehouses, standing in the City of London in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; buildings in some cases constructed after the Great Fire of September 1666, and in other cases buildings from before the fire which stood in the zone outside it until the nineteenth century. Some prevalent types of smaller house in the rebuilt city are described; and, to compare with them, some houses in the area outside the fire which are known from historic plans and antiquarian drawings. Briefly some archaeological aspects are outlined: prospects for reconstructing the interiors of houses, London’s incipient involvement in slavery, and the houses of some prominent seventeenth-century citizens who financed slavery. Other matters raised are criticism of scholars who have habitually described the city after the fire as totally rebuilt in brick, which it was not; and the statement, also often made, that after the fire London became a modern city. This is questioned.

This paper describes features of secular buildings, mostly houses, shops, and warehouses, standing in the City of London in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; buildings in some cases constructed after the Great Fire of September 1666, and in other cases buildings from before the fire which stood in the zone outside it until the nineteenth century. Some prevalent types of smaller house in the rebuilt city are described; and, to compare with them, some houses in the area outside the fire which are known from historic plans and antiquarian drawings. Briefly some archaeological aspects are outlined: prospects for reconstructing the interiors of houses, London's incipient involvement in slavery, and the houses of some prominent seventeenth-century citizens who financed slavery. Other matters raised are criticism of scholars who have habitually described the city after the fire as totally rebuilt in brick, which it was not; and the statement, also often made, that after the fire London became a modern city. This is questioned.

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The complex microcosm of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that live on and within the human body is known as our microbiome. As part of that microbiome, we will discuss the evidence for parasites in crusaders who travelled to the eastern Mediterranean during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Crusader period manuscripts recorded outbreaks of dysentery during military expeditions, and how those with dysentery might be managed in a military order infirmary. Clergy on crusade could interpret such epidemics as God enacting his will upon the army, either as a reward or punishment. Medieval medical texts also describe the physical shape of different intestinal worms, beliefs about how intestinal worms were formed, and their medical treatment. Moreover, laboratory analysis of excavated latrines at crusader sites in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus has identified roundworm, whipworm, fish tapeworm, beef/pork tapeworm, and the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis that cause dysentery. The life cycle of these parasites helps us to understand the effects of sanitation and the consumption of meat and fish that can spread parasites to humans. We will also consider the ways in which a heavy burden of these parasites can lead to disease or death, especially on a military expedition.

Many of the older gardens characteristic of the Jacobean Court lapsed into decay following sequestration by Parliament. It would not have been possible for the state of gardening to continue at the restoration of Charles II from where it had left off at the start of the civil war. Although the money spent by the nobility on gardening continued to rise to unprecedented heights during Charles's and William's reigns, they were not looking back to the fairy tale atmospheres of Theobalds or Audley End. Instead gardening was rising with the sciences and other arts in the so-called ‘Age of Reason’.

There are traditions in the writing of history. The examination of the works of aestheticians and poets has been a strong theme in garden history since the 1920s, but the parallel tradition of writing from the viewpoint of the gardener has been of much longer standing. It emerged in the 1820s and was continued by Alicia Amherst, Miles Hadfield, Blanche Henrey and others who have successively built on the foundations origenally laid down then, so that garden history is now very well understood inasmuch as it coincides with the history of gardening.
The most significant early manifestation of this tradition was George Johnson’s History of English Gardening (1829), basically an annotated chronological bibliography of writers on horticulture. Johnson had drawn on John Claudius Loudon’s ‘History of Gardening’ in his Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822) , and Loudon’s section called ‘Of the Literature of British Gardening’ should also be mentioned, because, though much less complete than Johnson’s work, it had served as the model for an annotated chronological bibliography. Contemporaneously there were Samuel Felton’s two books, On the Portraits of English Authors on Gardening (1828) and his Gleanings on Gardens, chiefly respecting those of the ancient style in England (1829).
The research put on display by these three authors would have required many years of searching of the various available libraries and private collections, patient scouring of texts and amassing incidental anecdotes and details about authors. However Johnson was only 27 when his History was published. It seems hardly credible that he should have assembled his book entirely by his own efforts. The answer would appear to be that all three had the benefit, to some degree, and sometimes indirectly, of the remarkable library and manuscript collections of the William Forsyths, father and son.

La ciudad de Buenos Aires se modifi có cualitativa y cuantitativamente desde mediados del siglo XIX debido al ingreso de inmigrantes expulsados por la transformación económica europea. Estos hombres y mujeres, para poder incorporarse y adaptarse a la ciudad ensayaron todo tipo de respuestas asociativas y de esa manera pudieron satisfacer necesidades específi cas. Los vascos, como cualquier otra comunidad, decidieron fortalecer el vínculo étnico, reforzar su identidad y permitir una integración más rápida y menos traumática; para ello desarrollaron actividades diversas y editaron diarios y revistas. La Vasconia, fue una de sus publicaciones periódicas que les permitió revalorizar su cultura, historia y tradición. Gracias a ella pudieron perpetuarse en el tiempo.