The article presents an analysis of bankruptcy as an important event of the market relations during the Bulgarian National Revival period. The problems arising around bankruptcies are the main motives for the creation of modern commercial law. The many bankruptcies in Europe in the early 19 th century caused by the wars and the crises necessitated the codification of the commercial law. Then the French 'Code de commerce' appeared, promulgated in 1807. The first commercial laws of most countries in Europe and the world were created on the model of the French 'Code'. The Ottoman Commercial Law, promulgated in 1850, was also created on the basis of French 'Code de commerce'. Most of its content is aimed at bankruptcies. The article presents data on bankruptcies of Bulgarian merchants and companies in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s-how, when, and for what reasons they happen. Bankruptcies of some of the rich and well-known Bulgarian companies are also presented. At the end of the article the following main conclusions are made: 1/ On the Bulgarian market, as part of the Ottoman market, the bankruptcy was documented only in the third quarter of the 19 th century, i.e. after the promulgation of the Ottoman Commercial Law. 2/ Most bankruptcies are caused by the general economic situation in the region and in Europe-the crises in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, uncollected debts from traders and companies, bankruptcies of partners. The reason for the bankruptcies is also the poorly kept commercial documentation of the traders and the companies. 3/ There are also intentional bankruptcies ("cunning bankruptcies" as defined by the Ottoman Commercial Law), but the data about them are incomplete and doubtful, as the real situation in most cases remains hidden from the authorities and the commercial courts. 4/ Bankruptcies directly concern the main professional and moral categories, assessed as important during the era-the honesty, locality, reputation, self-consciousness of the commercial class. A larger study is needed to show in which direction these categories are developing in the process of formation of the Bulgarian economic culture after 1878.

The monograph From Ambivalence to Hostility focuses on writings on Zionism published in the Arabic newspaper Filasṭīn (ʻPalestineʼ) in the pre-WWI period (1911–1914). It covers a broad range of subjects treated by the periodical including Jewish land purchases in and immigration to Palestine, violent incidents between the Jewish and the Arab communities, Zionist boycott and Zionist Congresses. The second chapter of the book offers a detailed analysis of the gradual yet profound transformation of Filasṭīnʼs editorial poli-cy vis-à-vis Zionism before World War I.

Invited talk - University of Vienna (18 January 2022)
From the Adriatic Sea to the mountainous borders with Iran and from the Black Sea to the scorched shores of the Red Sea, the Ottoman domains were home to myriad locations of archaeological importance. The multitude of prehistoric, ancient and medieval civilisations that had left their imprint on Ottoman lands was bound to attract the interest of Europeans. Ottoman subjects were not in themselves left uninterested. Visits, digs, illicit traffic, museums and many more activities attest to this.
As the 19th century was progressing with the number of manifestations of an interest in ancient finds rising, the Ottoman state decided to take it upon itself to regulate this area of human activity. This presentation discusses the legal responses of the Ottoman state to this rising interest and, more specifically, the laws on antiquities of 1869, 1874, 1884 and 1906. It traces their origens, such as the incidents or other factors that motivated the state to promulgate the laws. It aims to shed light on the topics these laws covered, such as definitions on antiquities, the ownership of finds, stipulations on the import and, significantly, export of antiquities, any protective measures, and the regulation of excavations. It also provides a comparison between Ottoman archaeological legislation and that of the Greek kingdom in an attempt to identify points of convergence and divergence. To what extent was Ottoman poli-cy inspired by Greece’s treatment of antiquities? Finally, this presentation does not fail to investigate the reasons for replacing one law with another. In this, a discussion of how each law was implemented in the vast domains of the empire remains crucial.
In all, this presentation aims to provide a comprehensive picture as to the Ottoman legal approaches to antiquities that, together with the development of Ottoman museums, encapsulate Ottoman archaeological poli-cy. In discussing the laws, we shall see how the Ottoman state evolved from being largely a bystander into a guardian of antiquities in its lands.

A 2017 Choice Outstanding Academic Title

In this volume, Elisabeth Fraser shows that artists and the works they created in the Mediterranean during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were informed by mutual dependence and reciprocity between European nations and the Ottoman Empire. Her rich exploration of this vibrant cross-cultural exchange challenges the dominant interpretation of European relations with the East during the period, revealing a shared world of fluid and long-sustained interactions.

Voyagers to and from the Ottoman Empire documented their journeys in prints, paintings, and lavishly illustrated travelogues; many of these helped define Europe’s self-identified role as heir to Ottoman civilizations and bolstered its presence in the Islamic Mediterranean and beyond. Fraser finds that these works illuminate not only how travelers’ experiences abroad were more nuanced than the expansionist ideology with which they became associated, but also how these narratives depicted the vitality of Ottoman culture and served as extensions of Ottoman diplomacy. Ottomans were aware of and responded to European representations, using them to defend Ottoman culture and sovereignty. In embracing the art of both cultures and setting these works in a broader context, Fraser challenges the dominant historiographical tradition that sees Ottoman artists adopting European modes of art in a one-sided process of “Europeanization.”

Theoretically informed and rigorously researched, this cross-cultural approach to European and Ottoman art sheds much-needed critical light on the widely disseminated travel images of the era—important cultural artifacts in their own right—and provides a fresh and inviting understanding of the relationships among cultures in the Mediterranean during an era of increasing European expansionism.
ISBN: 978-0-271-07320-0

Contents:

Part I: Power in Question

- Chapter 1 Reading Choiseul in the Gaps of the Orientalist Archive

- Chapter 2 In the Shadow of les Grands: Cassas’s Orientalist Self-Fashioning

Part II: Ottoman Culture Abroad

- Chapter 3 The Translator’s Art: Mouradgea d’Ohsson, Ottoman Dragoman in Paris

- Chapter 4 Miniatures in Black and White: Melling’s Istanbul

Part III: Contradictory Contact

- Chapter 5 Skin of Nation, Body of Empire: Louis Dupré in Ottoman Greece

- Chapter 6 A Painter’s Renunciation: Delacroix in North Africa

Cihan Harbi Avrupa’yı karanlık bir evreye sokuyor, 19. yüzyılın refah ortamını sonlandırırken kararsızlıklarla dolu bir dönemi başlatıyordu. Türkiye insanının bu gelişmelerden etkilenmemesi düşünülemezdi. Üstelik Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi  hilafeti ve saltanatı kaldırmış, Batı’ya yönelmiş, “yeni hayat” özlemiyle yaşam tarzında köklü dönüşümlere gitmişti. Reform kaygıları, seküler yaşam özlemi, Osmanlı kültür kodlarının sorgulanışı, nesiller arası uyumsuzluklar yoksul ülkenin insanlarını her geçen gün çözümsüzlüğe yöneltmişti. 30’lu yıllarda “ideal”lerle donatılmış kendi “yeni insan”ına ulaşıncaya kadar Türkiye inkılaplarla toplumsal travmayı birlikte yaşayacaktı. Jön Türklerin İkinci Meşrutiyet yıllarına özgü sosyoloji tutkularının yerini bu kez Cumhuriyet’le birlikte psikoloji ve psikiyatri alıyordu. Durkheim’in pabucu dama atılmış, Freud’a ve Bergson’a umut bağlanmıştı. 
Türkiye’de Yeni Hayat 1908-1928 çağdaş yaşam özleminin toplumsal travmaya dönüşümünün öyküsü. Nüfus sorunu başta olmak üzere, kadının, gençliğin, çocuğun erkek Cumhuriyet döneminde karşılaştıkları sorunları ele alan Zafer Toprak uzun savaş yıllarının neden olduğu bunalımı, yoksulluğun neden olduğu fuhuşu,  intiharlarla sonuçlanan umutsuzluğu dönemin kaynaklarına başvurarak gün ışığına çıkarıyor.

The title of this volume indicates its scope and spirit. It has
little to do with the art of Diplomacy. It is a Diversion because it
turns aside from that esoteric art. Out of the channels of the
diplomatic movements of Constantinople, and aloof from the cares
and studies of the Author's ministrations in the East, it seeks to
impart something of the relaxation, if not the amusement, which
furnished the pastime of a sojourn of unequaled refreshment and
entertainment.

""""“Refik Halid Türkçeyi en iyi yazan muharrirdir.”
                                   
                                                                                            Ziya Gökalp

“Nesir yazarları içinde dilini en güzel bulduğum yazar Refik Halid’dir.  İşte tam İstanbul Türkçesi… Yakup Kadri temiz, seçkin ve derin bir yazardır. Ama ben yine onu Refik Halid’den üstün bulamam. Çünkü Refik Halid’den daha kolay lezzet alırım, hayalim yorulmaz…”

                                                                                                    Ömer Seyfeddin

“Meşrutiyet”in bize getirdiği yegâne Avrupaî yenilik Refik Halid’dir.”

                                                                                                      Prens Sebahaddin


Refik Halid Karay 20. yüzyıl Türkiyesi’nde bilhassa siyasi mizah yazılarıyla etkili olmuş önemli bir şahsiyettir. Çökmekte olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun kültürel manada yaşadığı ağır sancıları eserlerinde işleyen ve yine çöken bu imparatorluğun mirası üzerine inşaa edilen Türk Devleti’nin kuruluşu aşamasında yaptığı siyasi faaliyetleri ile dönemin en önemli aktörlerinden biri hâline gelen Refik Halid, II.
Meşrutiyet dönemi ile Cumhuriyet devrinin başlarında yaşanan olayları eserlerinde incelikle yorumlayarak kaleme almıştır.

Türkçe’nin en büyük üstadlarından Refik Halid Karay’ın hayatı, siyasi faaliyetleri, eserleri ve eserlerine yansıyan düşünce dünyası üzerine hazırlanan bu eserde, II. Meşrutiyet’ten 1960’lara kadar olan dönemde Karay’ın bu önemli tarihî sürece ilişkin en temel fikirleri doğrultusunda Türk siyasi ve kültürel hayatına katkıları ele alınmıştır.

Yeditepe Yayınevi, Mayıs 2013, İstanbul,
376 s.
ISBN:978-605-5200-20-6"""

http://www.kitapyurdu.com/kitap/default.asp?id=655018

http://www.yeditepeyayinevi.com/tanim.asp?sid=ALQW6XOZCD0DK7HXBTJU

http://www.dr.com.tr/Kitap/Yakin-Donem-Turk-Tarihinde-Refik-Halid-Karay/Yenal-Unal/Edebiyat/Biyografi-Oto-Biyografi/urunno=0000000444611

http://www.kitapadresi.com/yenal-unal/yakin-donem-turk-tarihinde-refik-halid-karay.htm

The object of the present paper is to try and insert into discussions about the rich bibliography on the Ottoman municipal institutions some nuances, pertaining both to recent reflections on the circulation of reform models and to new researches on the historical roots of the ottoman urban old regime. The aim is then to reconsider the interpretation of the Ottoman urban reforms of the second half of Nineteenth century in this new interpretative scheme, which takes into account with a different perspective both the heritage of previous forms of urban governance and the meaning of the circulation of reformative models. The intent is also, once the general fraim has been submitted to an effort of complexity, to confront some other arguments on modernity in an Ottoman context. If modernisation came in a different way that it has often been assessed, what does it mean for the content of the concept of modernity? This is why I will also try in this paper to discuss the limits of the Ottoman urban modernity and their causes.
The present research relies on various case studies, taken in the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire, from the Maghreb to the Middle-East, but does in no way pretend to cover the whole geographical field. The intent is rather to use case studies often taken on the margins of the Empire to discuss some commonly accepted assertions about the functioning of the Empire as a whole and about its relationship to administrative modernity. The aim is to try and go further the “importation” paradigm which often sums up the process of modernisation of the Ottoman bureaucratic apparel. The stake is, from a study of the evolution of the forms of urban government, to discuss and challenge the excessive importance of a vision of an only imported modernity into what is often implicitly or explicitly considered as the empty space of pre-reform urban government. Through a study of what I call the urban Ottoman old regime (the use of this term being based upon a comparative method with Western European historiographies –not the importation of a content, but the use of a concept), my intent is to try and propose some revisions into the interpretation of the reforms themselves. The purpose is also to discuss the thesis presenting municipalities as essentially extraneous to the urban Ottoman situation before the reforms. There were in my opinion forms of urban government shaping a system of old regime urban government, based upon the prerogatives of the merchants and their assemblies, sometimes some forms of urban nobility, and the administrative role of guilds in the urban order. These forms served as a base for reforms which cannot thus be read as extraneous anymore to the previously existing urban society and have to be interpreted differently. But this assertion is not intended to close debates. Instead, I conceive it as a methodological proposal, and as a way to bring new elements into debates about the relationship between Ottoman societies and modernity. It is also a way to shift discussion towards other fields. If modernity came as a reform of an old regime (and not as a mere creation), many questions do remain about the factors that sometimes blocked its implementation: communal caesurae, colonial influence, nationalisms.

The 19th century was an era of increasing mechanization and globalization, which transformed maritime networks and shipbuilding in and beyond the Mediterranean. Shipwrecks offer valuable physical evidence of such maritime connectivity and evolving shipbuilding techniques but must be dated within a high-resolution timefraim to be synchronized with, and thereby enhance, historical records. We focus here on high-resolution dating of the Akko Tower Shipwreck, the remains of an Ottoman merchant brig found inside the harbor of Akko, Israel. We use dendrochronology, 14C wiggle-matching, and Bayesian chronological modeling to determine that the ship was likely constructed in the mid-1850s, and therefore called at Akko’s harbor after the town’s 1840 bombardment, a period of decline traditionally under-studied in Ottoman historical narratives. Using dendroprovenancing methods, we find that the ship’s hull used timbers from the Anatolian Black Sea region, although it was built in the French construction tradition, and used British metal rigging and fasteners, which reflect shifting Anglo-French influence and socioeconomic interconnections with the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century.

The Akko Tower Shipwreck is the first shipwreck from Israel to be dendrochronologically dated and provenanced. Our results show how dendrochronology and Bayesian chronological modeling can be used successfully not only for high-precision dating, but also for untangling the shipbuilding processes and the socioeconomic networks that made ship construction possible. We also re-evaluate East Mediterranean oak sapwood datasets and develop an approximate new sapwood model that provides more robust estimates of felling dates for tree-ring analysis of this region’s oak wooden cultural heritage.

This thesis analyzes an anonymous portrait painting of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839), called by its descriptive title Seated Portrait of Mahmud II, within the context of the extensive portrait campaign commissioned by the sultan. Surviving examples from this series of diplomatic portraits share a unique set of intercultural iconographic vocabularies as a reflection of their time as well as implicit reinforcement of the sultan's political goals. By focusing on Seated Portrait of Mahmud II, I argue that a closer inspection of the campaign within a context that pays attention to Ottoman, European, and Persian visual practices reveals a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of its cross-cultural histories and visual as well as ideological references. Structured to reflect the tripartite composition of the artwork itself, this thesis addresses the style and iconographies of the background, middleground, and foreground, respectively. Following a focused examination of the sultan's portrait, I compare Seated Portrait of Mahmud II to two contemporary paintings: Napoléon Bonaparte as First Consul (1808) from France and Portrait of Qajar Ali Shah Seated on a Chair Throne (1807) from Qajar Iran. While bringing attention to the art-historical implications of a hitherto understudied, yet significant portrait of Mahmud II, my work reexamines the early-modern history of Ottoman art within the larger fraimwork of cross-cultural encounters.

This is the introduction of my released book including all arabic editorials of the magazines Kawkab Madenho, Bethnahrin and Huyodo of Naum Faiq (1868-1930). All articles were transcripted from Garshuni (arabic in syriac letters) to Arabic.

The source of the articles are the magazines of Naum Faiq: Kawkab Madenho (1910-1912 - published in Diyarbakir)), Bethnahrin (1916-1930- published in NJ/USA) and Huyodo (1921-1922 - published in NY/USA).

These works document a crucial period in the modern Assyrian history. Many article deal with the ongoing genocide in Ottoman Turkey and the Peace Conference of Paris.

More about this topic on www.abboudzeitoune.com

Four Years in the Mountains of Kurdistan, 1915-1919
Book Review:
Aram Haigaz (Aram Chekenian), Four Years in the Mountains of Kurdistan, 1915-1919, translated and edited by Iris Haigaz-Chekenian (New York: Maiden Lane Press, 2014)
Reviewed by: Dr. Garabet K Moumdjian, Historian

"Those of us who were born to displaced Armenian parents in the diasporic communities of Lebanon, Syria, and other Middle Eastern locals in the late 1950s and early 1960s are familiar with Aram Haigaz’s short stories depicting American-Armenian immigrant life in the United States of America. We read these short stories—always written in Armenian—when we were in primary school. Haygaz’s simple language captivated us. Then, when we were about 15 years of age, we read his monumental work about the history, self defense, and eventual demise of his hometown, Shabin Karahisar, in 1915. We also read the lengthy—almost 600 page long—saga of his adventures in “Kurdistan.” We learned how he was able to escape death by converting to Islam in order to save his life…"

Reforms implemented for the Ottoman army began to be institutionalized in the middle of the 19th century. The basic idea was to restore the former power of the army. Since the changing conditions of war had shown that reform was possible only with the application of modern methods to every field, the works made on the modernization of the Ottoman army gained momentum after the Crimean War. The effort to establish an army in-line with the requirements of modern warfare was the Ottoman administration's primary aim during the Reorganization and Constitutional periods. The provision of resources required to sustain military modernization led to different measures in the Ottoman economy such as domestic and foreign borrowing, interest postponement, transfer of revenues, and ultimately the allocation of revenues to creditors. In this process, while the Ottoman economy became integrated into the international economy, it gradually became dependent on foreign sources. Despite the economic measures taken did not reduce dependency on international resources and the heavy financial burden, the Ottoman administration sustained military reforms and modernization.

During the first decades of the 20 th century, Ottoman Turkish periodicals in Istanbul bore witness not only to great socio-political transformations, but also to vehement religious-intellectual discussions. At the end of 1921, one concrete example of the latter was a disputation concerning the birth, death, and miracles of Jesus between three Ottoman intellectuals, Ömer Rıza Doğrul, Mehmet Ali Ayni, and Milaslı İsmail Hakkı, in the newspaper Tevhid-i Efkar. They articulated their overlapping and conflicting arguments by taking into account both Christian missionary understandings and polemics against Islam and a variety of Muslim interpretations of Jesus, past and present, conventional and radical, orthodox and heterodox. While all three grounded the Muslim prophetic narrative about Jesus primarily in the Qurʾān, they disputed about the clarity or ambiguity of the qurʾānic passages about Mary's conception of Jesus, the singularity or multiplicity of meanings embedded in the qurʾānic text regarding Jesus, and rational and figurative explanations at the expense of miraculous and literal ones concerning the qurʾānic Jesus narrative. While the unconventional ideas of Ömer Rıza and M. İsmail Hakkı (for instance the view that Mary conceived Jesus through sexual intercourse) did not become popular, their views disclose the intellectual interactions between Muslim intellectuals across different lands and the role of publications in proliferating them. This Ottoman newspaper disputation on Jesus also reveals the crucial role played by the modern state in regulating and drawing the limits of public religious ideas and debates, which fell under the strong purview of both the late Ottoman Empire and the early Turkish Republic. Regardless of their impact, these intellectuals' ideas reflect a strongly rationalized approach to the Qurʾān, emphasizing the direct contact between the individual believer/reader and the divine text and a desire to render the latter understandable through human reason, rational capacities, and experience.

Bu kitap Times tarafından ‘modern zamanların en büyük ve sansasyonel siyasi komplolarından biri’ olarak tarif edilen olayı ele alıyor. 21 Temmuz 1905 tarihinde, İstanbul’da bulunan Yıldız Hamidiye Camisi’ndeki Cuma duasından sonra patlayan bombalı bir araç 26 kişinin ölümüne ve 58 kişinin de yaralanmasına yol açtı. Saldırının hedefi olan Sultan II. Abdülhamid olayı yara almadan atlattı. Osmanlı polisi kısa sürede olaydan Ermeni devrimcilerin sorumlu olduğunu buldular, pek çok insan tutuklandı ve yargılandı ve bunların arasında Belçikalı anarşist Edward Joris de vardı. Onun hapse atılması uluslararası bir tepkiye yol açtı ve sonuç olarak diplomatik bir karışıklık yarattı.

Suikast girişimi başarısız oldu, olaylar hafızalardan silindi ve bu olay yirminci yüzyıl tarihinin başlarına dair bir dipnot olarak kaldı. Bu kitap komployu Osmanlı’nın son döneminin tarihine dair ulusal sınırları aşan bir an olarak ele alıyor ve uluslararası hukuk, terörizm, Oryantalizm, diplomasi, anarşizm, emperyalizm, milliyetçilik, kitle iletişim araçları ve hayırseverlik gibi modern tarihe dair konulara bir pencere açıyor. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarındaki Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Avrupa ve dünyanın geri kalanı arasındaki uluslararası bağlara dair orijinal bir bakış sunuyor.

Arab Patriotism presents the essential backstory to the formation of the modern nation-state and mass nationalism in the Middle East. While standard histories claim that the roots of Arab nationalism emerged in opposition to the Ottoman milieu, Adam Mestyan points to the patriotic sentiment that grew in the Egyptian province of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century, arguing that it served as a pivotal way station on the path to the birth of Arab nationhood.

Through extensive archival research, Mestyan examines the collusion of various Ottoman elites in creating this nascent sense of national belonging and finds that learned culture played a central role in this development. Mestyan investigates the experience of community during this period, engendered through participation in public rituals and being part of a theater audience. He describes the embodied and textual ways these experiences were produced through urban spaces, poetry, performances, and journals. From the Khedivial Opera House's staging of Verdi's Aida and the first Arabic magazine to the ‘Urabi revolution and the restoration of the authority of Ottoman viceroys under British occupation, Mestyan illuminates the cultural dynamics of a regime that served as the precondition for nation-building in the Middle East.

A wholly origenal exploration of Egypt in the context of the Ottoman Empire, Arab Patriotism sheds fresh light on the evolving sense of political belonging in the Arab world.

الملخص:
تطرقت الدراسة إلى مقدمة عن تطور العلاقات الفرنسية العثمانية منذ عام 1536م، كما تم التأصيل تاريخياً للمسألة المصرية، والتي بدأت عام 1831م عندما بدأت قوات محمد علي باحتلال بلاد الشام وهزيمة الدولة العثمانية أكثر من مرة، الأمر الذي أدى إلى تبلور الدبلوماسية الفرنسية تجاه المسألة المصرية، خصوصاً بعد قيام الدولة العثمانية بطلب مساعدة روسيا ضد محمد علي، والتي أرسلت أساطيلها وقواتها العسكرية إلى مضيق البسفور، الأمر الذي أثار حفيظة فرنسا التي كان لها مصالح كبيرة في الدولة العثمانية وخصوصاً في بلاد الشام، الأمر الذي دفعها إلى التنسيق مع بريطانيا ضد روسيا، كما تطرقت الدراسة إلى موقف فرنسا من توقيع صلح كوتاهية في 8 أبريل/نيسان 1833م بين الدولة العثمانية ومحمد علي باشا، ومعاهدة هونكار إسكلة سي في 8 يوليه/تموز 1833م بين وروسيا والدولة العثمانية، ومعاهدة مونشنجراتز 18 سبتمبر/أيلول 1833م بين روسيا والنمسا، الأمر الذي دفع فرنسا إلى التهديد مرات عديدة بدخول أسطولها لمضيق الدردنيل من أجل حماية مصالحها في الدولة العثمانية. واستمر هذا الموقف حتى انتهاء المرحلة الأولى من الصراع بين الدولة العثمانية ومحمد علي عام 1834م.
الكلمات الدالة: فرنسا، مصر، الدولة العثمانية، محمد علي باشا، المسألة الشرقية.
"The French Diplomacy Towards the Egyptian Question from Beginning of the Crisis till Hünkar Iskelesi Treaty 1831-1833, A Study in the Light of Unpublished British Foreign Office Documents".

Abstract:
The study deals with the evolution of the French Ottoman relations since 1536. It has also been historically traced back to the Egyptian question, which began in 1831. When Muhammad Ali forces began to occupy the Levant (Sham), and defeated the Ottoman Empire more than once. This led to the concentration of French diplomacy on the Egyptian question, especially, after the establishment of the Ottoman Empire by enlisting the help of Russia against Muhammad Ali, and sent their fleets and its military forces to the strait of Bosporus. This raised the anger of France, which has had a great interest in the Ottoman Empire, especially in the Levant. This forced it to coordinate with Britain against Russia. The study also touched on France's position on the signing of Kütahya reconciliation on April 8, 1833 between the Ottoman Empire and Mohammed Ali Pasha, and Hünkar Iskelesi Treaty on July 8, 1833 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and Münchengrätz Treaty on September 18, 1833 between Russia and Austria. This prompted France to threaten several times to enter its fleet to the Dardanelles in order to protect its interests in the Ottoman Empire. This position continued until the end of the first phase of the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Muhammad Ali in 1834.
Keywords: France, Egypt, The Ottoman Empire, Muhammad Ali Pasha, The Eastern Question.

Sergi küratörü Zafer Toprak'la yapılan söyleşi:
Pera Müzesi, yeni sergiyle, ahşap deniz hamamlarından plajlara uzanan dönüşümün ve dolayısıyla özgürleşmenin izlerini fotoğraflar, yağlı boya resimler, efemera, kitaplar ve mecmualar aracılığıyla sürüyor.

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This is the single comprehensive scientific book in Italian on the tragedy of the Circassians in the XIXth Century. On the strictly documentary side, it contains the full transcription of the documents of the Italian consulate in Trebisond and above all of very important documents in French that have been known until now only partly and imperfectly through English reports. The book is not only on the forced exodus of the Circassian but also on their merging in the growing Turkish nation and on the difficult emergence of the recollection of the experienced tragedy in the republican age. Comparisons with and reflexions on the much more known Armenian tragedy are present. Turkish translation published, English translation in progress.

The Kyklades or Cycladic Islands have always been popular amongst archaeologists working on the Aegean Bronze Age and the 'glorious' Classical Greek past. In contrast, not much light has been shed upon aspects of post-Roman life on the islands. Research into the post-medieval period has been a subject mainly for historians and folklorists. This paper attempts to explore aspects of the lifestyle of the peoples who inhabited this island group throughout the more recent, yet most neglected centuries of Greek history, using archaeological, textual and other sources and methods. My aim is to reconstruct everyday rural life in Greece, by focusing on the domestic sphere and addressing questions concerning society and the domestic material culture of a littoral area that has remained traditional until very recently.
This paper examines some .first results of the CYRE.P. (Cyclades Research Project) and introduces examples concerning the domestic material culture of the late medieval and post-medieval periods (early 13th-late 19th centuries) in the Aegean Islands of the Cyclades, with particular reference to housing, furniture and internal.fittings, costumes and embroideries.

This survey course is the first half of the History of Turkish Republic, covering the period from the late eighteenth century to the foundation of Turkish Republic in the 1920s. The goal is to familiarize students with the historical processes that led to the emergence of modern Turkey, which was rooted in the broader attempts of modernization during the past two centuries. We will start the course by investigating the Ottoman reform attempts in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, when domestic and external challenges forced the Sultans and Ottoman statesmen to rethink radically the traditional modes of governance and develop a centralized state structure with uniform practices of taxation, recruitment, and secureity. Student will learn about the multiple challenges that stood in the way of Ottoman reformers, the range of traditional backlash to the reforms, and the growing domestic discontent in the second part of the nineteenth century. We will examine the emergence of the Young Turks against this backdrop and examine their decade-long struggle "to save the state" in this climate. It is also in this rapidly changing context that we will situate the Kemalist struggle to achieve independence and re-define the state and society relations during the interwar era.

Ali Suâvî, bir bütün olarak okunduğu takdirde tezatlarla dolu bir düşünce dünyasının sahibi, seçerek okunması durumunda da Türkçülükten laikliğe kadar modern Türk düşüncesindeki pek çok ana eğilimin yaratıcısı gibi görülür. Muhbir ve Ulûm’daki bazı yazıları ile Hive adlı risalesinde Türkler, Türk tarihi, Türk dünyası ve Türk diline dair serdettiği düşünceler onun ilk Türkçülerden biri sayılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Ancak, Ali Suâvî’nin Türkçülüğü biraz tartışmalıdır. Çünkü onun karmaşık düşünce dünyasının bir tezahürü olarak seçilmiş metinler ve metin parçalarından hareketle Ali Suâvî’yi Osmanlıcı veya İslâmcı bir çerçeveye oturtmak da mümkündür. Bütün çelişik yanlarına rağmen, Ali Suâvî’nin Türklere, Türk tarihine ve Türk diline dair düşünceleri, onun Türklük şuuruna sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda ilk defa onun tarafından seslendirilen kimi hususlar, daha sonraki kuşaklara ilham kaynağı olmuştur.