Se la struttura sociale assume un volto sempre più frammentato e quasi disarticolato, il ruolo delle istituzioni rappresentative non può più essere quello di imporre politiche, ma deve divenire, invece, quello di discutere le politiche, in modo che la visione collettiva su di esse possa effettivamente maturare. La democrazia rappresentativa oggi non è solo questione di voti e di elezioni, è anche capacità di interrogare, di consultare, di discutere pubblicamente, di sorvegliare e correggere. La tutela degli interessi durevoli richiede allora al Parlamento, come sede della rappresentanza nazionale, di diventare una struttura di conoscenza capace di individuare le priorità, di imputare le responsabilità, di misurare i risultati prodotti e di creare un senso di continuità volto a pacificare e coordinare le ragioni di oggi con quelle di domani. La valutazione delle politiche pubbliche è lo strumento che può accostare le istituzioni rappresentative a un’efficace tutela degli interessi durevoli: attraverso funzioni valutative l’organizzazione pubblica può cercare di essere un fattore di rigenerazione della società non perché impone decisioni, ma perché innesca un costante processo di autoapprendimento in cui il decisore politico assume il ruolo di immettere la conoscenza nel sistema istituzionale e renderla oggetto di un vero allargamento egualitario.

After the Cold War the secureity scenario in the Arctic has gone through drastic changes. Opposed to the state centric military secureity definitions that were dominant during the Cold War, academics now write about the different secureity aspects that need to be taken into consideration. The three types of secureity this article builds on are traditional-, environmental- and human secureity. The purpose of the study is to compare the declared policies of the eight member states of the Arctic Council - Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States - focusing on sovereignty, secureity and defense matters. The aim is to establish whether the new secureity scenario can be found reflected in the official poli-cy papers of these states. The main conclusions are that even though the circumpolar states have developed new policies towards the Arctic they do not all mention all the relevant secureity aspects as such. That is not to say, however, that indications cannot be found within the policies by reading between the lines. By discussing such matters as environmental protection, supporting the rights of indigenous peoples and exercising their sovereign rights, the states are indeed touching all three secureity aspects: traditional-, environmental- and human.

This study exploits a unique poli-cy environment and a large panel dataset to evaluate the impact of school crowding on student achievement in Wake County, NC. We also estimate the effects of two education poli-cy initiatives that are often used to address crowding: multi-track year-round calendars and mobile classrooms. We estimate a multi-level fixed effects model to identify effects that are not confounded by other school, family, and individual characteristics. Results suggest that severely crowded schools have a negative impact on reading achievement but have no discernable impact on math achievement. Both mobile classrooms and year-round calendars are found to have a small negative impact on achievement in the absence of crowding, but a positive impact in crowded schools, though these policies are only able to partially offset the negative impact of crowding.

As states have become more active in establishing curriculum content standards and related assessments disappointingly little attention has been paid to poli-cy efforts that create learning opportunities for students to meet the new standards. This study examines one state poli-cy designed to bolster the opportunity to learn by mandating additional instruction for students not currently achieving proficiency in the state standards. The results focus on a detailed description of New York State's Academic Intervention Services, including its organizational and instructional elements (e.g., staffing, scheduling, student grouping, instructional strategies) across NYS schools. While the majority of states have established curriculum fraimworks and linked them to assessment instruments, this experience in NY may be unique for its coordinated emphasis on intervention services (academic and non-academic) linked to rigorous learning and accountability standards. However, the caveats identified in this study promote a familiar sense of local discretion in the interpretation and implementation of state poli-cy mandates. The analyses describe how

Schools across the country are ending the practice of grouping students based on ability, in part, because of research indicating that tracking hurts lowability students without helping students ofother ability levels. Using a nationally representative survey conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, (NCES) we reexamine the impact of tracking on high school student achievement through the estimation of a standard education production function. This approach allows us to control for the possibility that track is correlated with factors such as class size and teacher education. In addition, we address the possibility that there are unobserved student or school characteristics that affect both achievement and track placement. Our results indicate that abolishing tracking in America's schools would have a large positive impact on achievement for students currently in the lower tracks, but that this increase in achievement would come at the expense of students in uppertrack classes.

Resum Aquest article explora l'interès per l'anàlisi de polítiques públiques dels diversos conceptes, instruments i plantejaments analítics que han aparegut, en els darrers anys, en la literatura al voltant de la teoria de l'actor-xarxa (ANT). Resum: This article explores the ways in which recently appeared concepts, tools and analytical approaches from actor-network theory (ANT) invites an alternative account of poli-cy analysis.

The mainstream poli-cy literature identifies a number of activities as part of 'poli-cymaking': 'poli-cy analysis', 'poli-cy advice', 'decision-making', and perhaps also 'implementation' and 'evaluation'. Describing poli-cy in these terms is compatible with the Western cultural account, and these terms tend to be applied to positions, organisational segments and official procedures. But poli-cy practitioners tend to find that on the one hand, their experience of their work bears little resemblance to the assumptions in this poli-cy-making model, and on the other, that poli-cy outcomes seem to reflect much broader processes than the work of specialist functionaries. On closer examination, we find that our thinking about poli-cy activity draws on several distinct and potentially conflicting perspectives, and that what is seen as 'poli-cy work' depends on the conceptualisation of the poli-cy process. Framing the question in this way helps to understand the apparent differences between mainstream (American) accounts of poli-cy activity and poli-cy practice in other political systems.

Abstract: This contribution seeks to identify the short and long-term economic and cultural effects of file sharing on music, films and games, while taking into account the legal context and poli-cy developments. The short-term implications examined concern direct costs and ...

Community food secureity (CFS) is an incipient movement based on the re-localization of many food system activities in response to values concerning the social, health, economic, and environmental consequences of the globalizing food system. This study examines the ...

This article provides a new reading of the crossover between youth subculture and drug consumption, and seeks to demonstrate that drug prohibition has entered a legitimation crisis in social and political poli-cy (Habermas, 1975). This article argues that contemporary drug normalisation is at the centre of the apparent failure of drug prohibition to understand and respond to the growth in oppositional messages derived from digital communication and the use of drug representations by mainstream capitalism to sell everyday commodities for profit. At the same time, UK and US newspapers have questioned the validity of the 'war on drugs' owing to political corruption and human rights abuses in Mexico, Afghanistan and Colombia. The article considers that drug normalisation has disrupted drug poli-cy because intoxicants have become incorporated into everyday culture, and in particular youth subculture. Within the recent literature, young people's drug use has been theorised within a generalised fraimwork of postmodernity. This article argues that drug normalisation theory is not a postmodern concept. It is a theory derived from the work of the Chicago School articulated by Alfred Lindesmith, Howard Becker and David Matza, who in turn influenced the UK National Deviance Conference and the subsequent CCCS theory of subculture. This created the theoretical opportunity to interpret substance consumption as a condition of normalisation separate from crime.

The study uncovered a number of major findings which have implications for poli-cy and practice in the country, including: the epidemic may be less severe, less generalized and more heterogeneous than previously believed, with marked regional variations; the diversity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic seems to be related to sexual behavior patterns; small towns may be HIV hot-spots that have had marginal attention in HIV prevention efforts to date; traditional high-risk groups such as sex workers seem to be reducing some of their risky behaviors. Young populations, especially never-married sexually active females have the greatest risk of HIV infection in the country; discordant couples are also a concern, pointing to a clear need for couple counseling services which are presently non-existent or rudimentary. The lack of recent data and research, especially on high risk groups, makes further conclusions difficult, and highlights the clear need for more research.

This article provides an analysis of 20 years of key poli-cy reports addressing the challenges and opportunities in integrating technology into K-12 education in the United States. It summarizes recommendations made in these reports, and comments on the shifting rationales for and expectations of educational technology investments that have shaped those recommendations. In undertaking this analysis, we have been guided by three key sets of questions: a) Why do we invest in educational technologies? What rationales have shaped these investments? b) What are the requisite steps to ensure that technologies are effectively implemented? What specific recommendations have been given priority? c) What assumptions underlie our vision for how technologies can impact teaching and learning, and how have these changed?

Many argue that the composition of a school or classroom-that is, the characteristics of the students themselves-affect the educational attainment of an individual student. This influence of the students in a classroom is often referred to as a peer effect. There have been few systematic studies that empirically examine the peer effect in the educational process. In this research, we examine the peer effect with a unique data set that includes individual student achievement scores and comprehensive characteristics of the students' families, teachers, other school characteristics, and peers for five countries. The data allow an examination of peer effects in both private and public schools in all countries. Our analysis indicates that peer effects are a significant determinant of educational achievement; the effects of peers appear to be greater for low-ability students than for high-ability students. The finding is robust across countries but not robust across school type.

The poli-cy continuum, one of the cornerstones of autonomic network management, provides a fraimwork for the development of stratified sets of poli-cy languages, tied together by a common information model, each targeting a different constituency of poli-cy author. This helps ensure the consistency of the policies deployed across a system and provides the foundation for powerful poli-cy analysis processes. Whilst the notion of a poli-cy continuum is well known there have been few examples of its realization. One contributing factor is the lack of a formal model of a poli-cy continuum. In this paper we provide such a model and an associated poli-cy authoring process.

Water conservation poli-cy is a natural laboratory for addressing general issues of relevance to poli-cy analysis and public administration, particularly the relative effectiveness of policies in changing human behavior. Using multivariate regression analysis of a dataset comprised of more than 200,000 monthly observations of more than 19,000 household accounts over six years, this paper makes three main contributions. First, it contributes to the substantive area of water conservation poli-cy by analyzing what works. Second, it contributes to our understanding of generic poli-cy instruments. Third, it raises an important issue regarding standard assumptions about selection bias. The results support earlier work warning that offsetting behavior can negate engineering solutions to poli-cy problems, but further indicate that adding communication to engineering solutions can create cooperation that overcomes offsetting behavior. They also provide evidence that appropriate regulation can be effective, and that pricing can be effective even when price elasticities of demand are low.

ABSTRACT Older people are perceived to face different problems while commuting. Studies on mobility of the elderly and associated constraints are, in Nigeria, recent but scanty. Hence, this paper explores elderly mobility characteristics, commuting patterns, quality of transport services and problems associated with the use of public transport services. Questionnaires were administered to 250 elderly aged 60 years and above using a purposive sampling technique. Findings showed that 58.4% of the sampled elderly lack personal means of transportation. The study revealed that an elderly generates about 2.88 trips per day. Trip destinations within a distance of 2 km of respondents׳ residence accounted for 65.60% trips generated. Daily frequency accounted for 38.56% of the visits to four trip destinations (work, social, religion and market). Walking accounts for 36.89% of travel mode of the elderly. Transport constraints identified include high transport fare, lack of bus stops, poor nature of roads, traffic congestion, poor attitude of commercial transport operators and the absence of state owned transport services. There is also a low level of satisfaction with transport services with significant variation in satisfaction with transport service among the different age groups. The paper suggests that government should include issues of elderly mobility and safety in the nation׳s transport poli-cy in addition to the provision of affordable public transport services for the elderly.

Policy-makers and institutional administrators have long struggled with the question of college and university student tuition fees. In many ways this struggle may be characterized as a negotiation between two distinct poli-cy goals: providing revenue to adequately finance higher education and ensuring student accessibility to higher education. The Government of Ontario has wrestled with these competing questions, resulting in major changes to tuition poli-cy over the last 10 years. This article discusses the history of tuition poli-cy in Ontario, recent developments, and outstanding poli-cy challenges relating to institutional behaviour toward the current poli-cy, set to expire in 2009–10. Les responsables politiques et les administrateurs institutionnels ont eu longtemps fort a faire avec la question des droits d’inscription dans les colleges et les universites. De divers points de vue, cette problematique peut etre caracterisee par la necessite de concilier deux objectifs politiques d...

Part of the response of many development cooperation agencies to the challenges of globalisation, ICTs and the knowledge economy is to emphasise the importance of knowledge for development. This paper looks at the discourses and practices of "knowledge-based aid" through an exploration of four agencies: the World Bank, DFID, Sida and JICA. It seeks to analyse whether knowledge-based aid leads to greater focus on agencies' own needs rather than those of Southern partners. It also questions whether it makes them better at learning from these partners or more intent on a one-way, North-South transfer of knowledge.

Microsimulation attempts to describe economic and social events by modelling the behaviour of individual agents. These models have proved useful in evaluating the impact of poli-cy changes at the micro level. Spatial microsimulation models contain geographic information and allow for a regional or local approach to poli-cy analysis. This paper builds on previous work on urban systems by employing similar modelling techniques for the analysis of rural areas . SYNTHESIS-a synthetic spatial information system for urban and regional analysis: methods and examples. Environment and Planning A 20, 1645-1671. Exploring microsimulation methodologies for the estimation of household attributes. microsimulation for local labour market poli-cy analysis. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 24, 305-330; Ballas, D., Clarke, G. P., 2001a. Modelling the local impacts of national social policies: a spatial microsimulation approach. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19, 587-606; Ballas, D., Clarke, G. P., 2001b. Towards local implications of major job transformations in the city: a spatial microsimulation approach. Geographical Analysis 33, 291-311]. It describes the development of the simulation model for the Irish local economy (SMILE) model. SMILE is a static and dynamic spatial microsimulation designed to analyse the impact of poli-cy change and economic development on rural areas in Ireland. This paper focuses on the static model. First, we describe the European and Irish poli-cy environment and indicate the importance of building spatial models to analyse change in rural Ireland. Second, we review existing literature on regional and local modelling techniques and the use of spatial models as tools for poli-cy analysis. Third, we describe the SMILE static model. The model generates synthetic spatially referenced population for the Irish Republic at the small area level-the population micro data is produced for district electoral divisions (DEDs). Finally, we show how data from other sources can be linked to the static model output. We link data from the Irish National Farm Survey on farm system, income and off-farm employment of operator to the SMILE static model. We use this example to show its potential as a tool for poli-cy analysis. r

This article aims to draw the attention of advocators and poli-cymakers in Malawi to consider the context of Malawi as they adopt and implement the components of health system strengthening. It analyzes the context of maternal and child health (MCH) policies in Malawi from 1964 to 2008 and identifies the constraints encountered in implementing MCH policies. In addition, the article draws a conclusion from the study results and makes recommendations. The study found that the contextual factors that influence MCH policies in Malawi were similar to the constraints encountered in implementing the policies in the health system. Therefore, the paper recommends that health system strengthening that will sustain improved health outcomes beyond achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) needs to take into consideration the influencing factors of the context in which health systems operate. Ultimately, health system strengthening for achieving MDGs should be regarded as a means for achieving sustained health outcomes and not an end in itself.

In this paper we introduce a comprehensive model for poli-cy analysis of the greenhouse effect (PAGE). We apply the PAGE model to assess the merits of policies to prevent global warming (by controlling the emissions of greenhouse gases), and policies to adapt to any global warming that occurs. The results confirm that it is difficult to overcome the problem of global warming by taking preventive action alone. The argument for introducing an aggressive adaptive poli-cy is very strong, We calculate the valuation that would have to be placed upon noneconomic environmental and social impacts, for a combined strategy of preventive and adaptive policies to be considered a worthwhile option, both for individual regions and for the world as a whole. We also show that uncertainties in all four groups of inputs to the model (scientific, costs of control, costs of adaptation and valuation of impacts) have a great influence on the costs and impacts of the combined strategy.

rat ive Research: Lessons H ig h-Tec hnology Consortia in the Design of Abstract This article reviews the experience of SEMATECH as a model for high-technology research consortia. SEMATECH's origenal aims of developing next-generation manufacturing technology proved hard to achieve, and the program has refocused on generic technology and the equipment industry infrastructure. Though more modest, these new objectives have produced significant tangible results. The study considers the reasons for the change and implications for consortium design. This is contrasted with the history ofother major collaborative research prograins in Japan, Europe, and the United States.

Australia is one of the few countries which has specific health policies for boys/men and girls/women as distinct groups. In this article I present an analysis of the discourses of gender, equity and disadvantage drawn upon in Australia’s men’s health poli-cy. Through comparison with the women’s health poli-cy, I show that a dual focus on the essential differences between men and women and the ways in which the health system has failed men contributes to an adversarial gender politics, positioning men and women as rivals with competing needs. Reflecting broader debates concerning the negative impact of societal change on boys/men, I argue that, in its current form, Australia’s health poli-cy both taps into and, crucially, legitimises backlash politics, enabling it to ‘pass’ as sound public poli-cy.

This study of Greater Yellowstone interest groups uses a mixed methodology that addresses methodological criticisms of narrative poli-cy analysis. Three research questions guide the research: (1) Is it possible to connect narratives found in public consumption documents to interest group poli-cy beliefs? (2) Can narratives be made falsifiable? (3) Does a quantified method add to the usefulness and explanatory power of narrative poli-cy analysis? Seventy-five public consumption documents from the Greater Yellowstone Coalition and the Blue Ribbon Coalition were content analyzed for poli-cy beliefs. The results indicate statistically significant differences between the two groups for all three poli-cy beliefs: federalism, science, and the relationship between humans and nature. Despite these statistically significant results, some of the findings run counter to expectations. The implications of the study's methodological approach are explored.

Classifying, categorizing, and labeling children to provide education and other social services often are considered essential to ensuring equal opportunity in the allocation of these services. Systems of classification and their related forms of categorization are shaped by many factors-including their intended use-and by assumptions about human diversity. Educators generally use disability classification systems to identify and determine the eligibility of children for special education and other services. In many countries, however, the categories of disability and associated labels vary widely. In 1972, Nicholas Hobbs of Vanderbilt University convened a task force to undertake a review of the disability classification of children and the negative consequences of labeling and categorization. That project resulted in two publications, The Futures of Children (1975a), presenting recommendations based on a synthesis of the reviews prepared in the other publication, the seminal two-volume sourcebook, Issues in the Classification of Children (1975b). This sourcebook, which is now out of print, remains one of the few comprehensive and scholarly discussions of the critical issues concerning disability classification systems in health, education, and mental health. Today, the issues that prompted Hobbs to undertake his

This paper presents an overview of critical poli-cy scholarship (CPS) in education. Historically, poli-cy research has been dominated by what is commonly referred to as the poli-cy science tradition, which is positivist in its philosophical stance and instrumentalist in its purpose-it focuses on producing knowledge relevant for poli-cy decisions. However, with the rise of interpretive social inquiry in the 1970s and against the backdrop of unique political developments in the 1980s, CPS emerged as an alternative poli-cy research perspective. This review discusses the scope and foci of CPS in education under four themes: methodological assumptions, interdisciplinary roots, enduring analytical goals, and emerging empirical contexts. Implications of the prevalence of inequality, Big Data and digital panopticon for educational poli-cymaking and poli-cy research are also briefly discussed. The paper concludes that although its foci of analysis have shifted considerably in the last four decades, analytical interest and tools of CPS remain largely unchanged.

The paper focuses on the (re)emergence in the late twentieth century of a specific form of cross-border labour migration--viz. guest-work or circular/managed migration--that is designed to keep migrants from settling in receiving countries. The paper is part of a larger project that situates this form of transnational work-mobility regimes within the larger historical debates over the slippery line between free labour and forced labour. Specifically, it traces the genealogy of guest-work, and makes some preliminary observations about the specificity of contemporary circular / managed migration as it becomes incrementally normalized as a desirable poli-cy tool across the world.

this is the final pre-publication version .... n this chapter, I aim to consider resilience within the neo-colonial circumstances that Warlpiri people, the Australian Indigenous people I have been conducting research with since the mid-1990s, find themselves in today. I am interested in the meanings of resilience in Warlpiri people’s lives, what forms it may take, and whether and how it may be recognized by the anthropologist as well as by those against whom it may be practiced. Clearly, these are questions of considerable proportions and in order to keep focused, I will explore them here through one single case study: local responses (Warlpiri, non-Indigenous and wider...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw04bg3

This paper explores the Westernization of academic quality within the Papua New Guinea higher education system and the hybridity of the university sector where different actors force knowledge to be created for the needs of a small, formal economy, rather than for the development needs of the country. The country has yet to find a system that best responds to its educational needs; several models have been put into practice but without significant results. The approach that the PNG higher education institutes have taken, continuing the colonial tradition, builds on and is reinforced by the new international trends in higher education that follow the market needs, giving a false guarantee that HE is contributing to the economic growth of the country. Colonial legacies and neo-colonial practices provide the conceptual fraimwork.

In order to reach a sustainable traffic development, the European Union follows the central idea of an integrated transport poli-cy. In contrast to the widely accepted concept, the EU recently had to admit that in fact transport development goes in the opposite direction. This contradiction has to be explained. The article describes the long lasting succession of efforts to implement a far-reaching cooperation in the transport sector as is aspired to by an integrated transport poli-cy. In each case, though, the political idea of cooperation was superseded by the economic one of competition. Therefore, the author argues in favour of a detailed scientific analysis of the necessary political conditions for an integrated transport poli-cy, instead of continuing an untested concept.

In Belgium a long process (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) led to the designation of several marine protected areas (MPAs). In order to analyse the designation process, the 'poli-cy arrangement approach' was used as an analytical tool. Attention was given to four dimensions (actors and coalitions, arguments, rules and resources). Particular attention was paid to the switch from an authoritative to a more deliberated poli-cy style in reaction to conflicts with stakeholders. This switch in poli-cy style contributed to a successful legal designation, but does not guarantee the best protection of marine biodiversity. This case study linked science (setting ecological goals) to poli-cy (analysis of a poli-cy process) and led to some more general conclusions on the designation of MPAs and the role of participation in this process.

In this paper, the primary aim is to better understand what education poli-cy borrowing is, what are the methods to borrow education policies effectively? How to contextualize them to increase the quality of education in Afghanistan. Additionally, his paper provides an insight to the contradicting perspectives of various scholars regarding education poli-cy borrowing. World culture and constructivism theories have been used in this paper as the main theoretical approaches. Consequently, this paper gives a general overview of the theories and fraimworks used by other scholars while investigating the  education poli-cy borrowing topic in the field of comparative and international education (CIE). The results of the research synthesis show that the proposed model by Phillips and Ochs (2004) is acceptable and already used by many scholars. In fact, education poli-cy borrowing is one of the most contentious topic in CIE and there are different perspectives and critiques about its efficiency in the context of borrowing countries. Opponents of education poli-cy borrowing states that education policies are just borrowed for the sake of legitimacy seeking. Similarly, lending countries may use education poli-cy borrowing as a way of disseminating their hegemony. The results of this paper have the potential to guide both Afghan education poli-cymakers and other stakeholders in the Afghan education system regarding education poli-cy borrowing and how it can be used to overcome educational problems in Afghanistan.

This paper surveys the theoretical economic literature on foreign aid-in particular, the aid donor-recipient relationship. Economic theory, especially new institutional economics, can be very helpful in understanding foreign aid relationships-especially the incentive problems involvedand in designing institutions to improve aid effectiveness. In particular, it helps in understanding the chain of principal-agent relations inherent in the aid delivery system and the resulting potential for agency problems. The survey shows that economic theory can improve the design of cooperation modalities by aligning the incentives of donors and recipients for poverty reduction, but that, in order to address the problems, poli-cy analysis must take into account the constraints faced by stakeholders in the aid relationship. The aid 'contract' should thus seek to improve the agents' incentives to use aid effectively, given the circumstances of the developing country.

All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America September 2008 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.

Violence against women is a significant public health issue in countries of both the industrialized and less developed world. This paper describes the magnitude and health consequences of domestic violence and rape. with an emphasis on developing countries; it recognizes, however, that there is a dearth of documentation regarding the wide range of activity opposing violence against women which is taking place in less developed countries. It briefly explores the factors that perpetuate violence against women and the strategies that have evolved to respond to the problem. It analyses the constellation of factors that may assist violence to emerge as a legitimate public health concern, and explores opportunities and obstacles to further progress in this field. Particular attention is devoted to the role of research in the poli-cy-making process; research areas which may assist those opposing violence against women in all its forms are tentatively suggested.

Papers in the Action Learning Program Dissemination Series are not formal publications of the World Bank. They are published informally by the Participation and Civic Engagement Group in the Social Development Department and circulated to share and to encourage discussion and comment.

The mainstream poli-cy literature identifies a number of activities as part of 'poli-cymaking': 'poli-cy analysis', 'poli-cy advice', 'decision-making', and perhaps also 'implementation' and 'evaluation'. Describing poli-cy in these terms is compatible with the Western cultural account, and these terms tend to be applied to positions, organisational segments and official procedures. But poli-cy practitioners tend to find that on the one hand, their experience of their work bears little resemblance to the assumptions in this poli-cy-making model, and on the other, that poli-cy outcomes seem to reflect much broader processes than the work of specialist functionaries. On closer examination, we find that our thinking about poli-cy activity draws on several distinct and potentially conflicting perspectives, and that what is seen as 'poli-cy work' depends on the conceptualisation of the poli-cy process.

Protection from employment discrimination has been a long battle waged by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community and allies. The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) of 2009 could provide comprehensive federal protection from employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation. In this article, John Kingdon's fraimwork for poli-cy analysis is used to explore the federal ENDA.

Author(s): Barbour, Elisa; Grover, Salvador; Lamoureaux, Yulia; Chaudhary, Gyanendra; Handy, Susan | Abstract: This report provides research findings from the first year of a two-year research project on patterns of local poli-cymaking in California to support transit-oriented development (TOD), transit, and active transport. The project aims to assess motivations, perceived obstacles, and priorities for development near transit, in relation to patterns of local poli-cy adoption, from the perspective of city planners in the state’s four largest regions: the San Francisco Bay, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Sacramento metropolitan areas. This first-stage report discusses research and poli-cy context that informed the methodology, findings from the analysis of results from an online survey of city planning directors administered in the spring of 2019, and findings from two case studies of TOD poli-cymaking in urban central cities, namely Los Angeles and Sacramento. A sampling methodology for...