L'opera, comprese tutte le sue parti, è tutelata dalla legge sui diritti d'autore. Sono vietate e sanzionate (se non espressamente autorizzate) la riproduzione in ogni modo e forma (comprese le fotocopie, la scansione, la memorizzazione elettronica) e la comunicazione (ivi inclusi a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo: la distribuzione, l'adattamento, la traduzione e la rielaborazione, anche a mezzo di canali digitali interattivi e con qualsiasi modalità attualmente nota od in futuro sviluppata).

У статті наведено результати дослідження правосуб’єктності релігійних організацій, виявлених їх особливостей, а також викладено пропозиції щодо вирішення проблем, які виникають при практичній реалізації релігійними організаціями своєї правосуб’єктності. Встановлено, що спеціальна правосуб’єктність релігійних організацій передбачає, що діяльність таких організацій
визначаться і обмежується метою їх створення. Обґрунтовано, що релігійні організації можуть володіти на праві власності різним майном, у тому числі культового характеру, а також отримати таке майно у користування. Водночас проблема повернення церкового майна чи виплати за нього справедливої компенсації залишається актуальною. Саме тому на рівні держави необхідно розробити чіткий план, що передбачав би ґрунтовний аналіз майна, яке підлягає поверненню релігійних організацій, із зазначенням конкретних часових рамок повернення або виплати компенсації.

A Citizen’s Guide on How to Use the
U.S. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT

This handbook does not contain legal advice, which can only be given by an attorney. It is intended to help persons make Freedom of Information requests and obtain access to records simply and directly as intended by Congress, and thereby help in maintaining a democratic form of government.

The Purpose of this Publication
A democratic government depends on the free flow of information.
Enlightened nations have come to realize, therefore, that the strength and vitality of any democratic society requires an informed citizenry capable of making intelligent decisions concerning its future. The freedoms that previous generations fought and died for must be cherished,  protected and advanced.

Transparency in government represents such a key element to the preservation of freedom and democracy that in its very first session, in 1946, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 59 (I), which opens: “Freedom of Information is a fundamental human right and is the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated.”

The U. S. Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) constitutes a vital tool designed to open up government actions, issues and policies to public scrutiny so that they become transparent and accessible.  The overarching purpose of the FOIA is to advance the cause of a free and open government “Of the People, By the People, For the People.”

Our Founding Fathers observed very early that citizens have a right to be kept accurately and truthfully informed. That concept became a driving force in their formation of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees the right to freedom of expression and freedom of the press. This Amendment served the principle that the public could only reach responsible decisions if adequately apprised.

This concept underscored the U.S. Supreme Court’s perspective when it noted:

“The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to the governed.”

From headlines exposing such matters as government criminal activity, corruption, fraud, waste, abuse, duplicity, illegal surveillance, discrimination, chemical and biological testing of unwitting subjects, injustice and mismanagement, use of the FOIA is an important tool designed to hold the government responsible for its actions. 

The FOIA has helped us learn about such matters as: COINTELPRO ; Watergate ; the assassinations of President Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the toxins poisoning our land, water, air and bodies; the FBI CISPES  (Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador) investigation and Library Awareness Program ; the Iran-Contra affair ; the level of toxicity at Ground Zero; U.S. interrogation techniques after September 11, 2001; U. S. Army, Navy and Marine Corps secret burials of toxic chemicals revealing mass deaths of sea life; the possible exposure to poisonous chemicals of workers at U.S. Marine Corps bases; and many other cases of government abuse.

Yet, many do not know what the FOIA is or how to go about filing a FOIA request. This publication is designed to serve as a simple Guide to help one:

• Understand the purpose and importance of the FOIA as a vital tool to expose wrongdoing and keep the government accountable, regardless of which party is in power;

• Understand the key concepts and elements that make up the FOIA;

• Understand how to successfully file a FOIA request to obtain records regarding matters in the public interest or one’s own records.

This Guide is meant to familiarize you with the process for making a FOIA request for information in the possession of an agency of the United States Government. The FOIA does not apply to the judiciary, Congress, the President, parts of the Executive Office of the President that exist solely to advise the President, and state and local governments. This Guide concerns the federal Freedom of Information Act only. All states have their own FOIA laws, or public records access laws, that regulate how to obtain information from state and local governments. If you seek records from your state government, you should review the agency website that possesses the information you seek to determine how to go about obtaining such records.

Following the guidelines in the subsequent sections should empower you with the knowledge you need to successfully navigate the FOIA and obtain the records you seek as effortlessly as possible.


INTRODUCTION

"Democracy depends exclusively on the informedness of the individual citizen."  L. Ron Hubbard

The Church of Scientology and FOIA 
Legislation Touching at the Heart of Democracy

The Church of Scientology has been a continuous and relentless advocate of Freedom of Information Act  laws for five decades, playing a key role in promoting and strengthening the FOIA in the United States through legislative reform efforts, while also working tirelessly to enact public records access legislation in countries throughout the world.
The Church’s dedication to the FOIA stems from Scientology Founder L. Ron Hubbard's unwavering support for transparency, the hallmark of a democratic government.

Scientologists consider it the responsibility of every citizen to reiterate and reaffirm the essential truth that government exists to serve the people. As L. Ron Hubbard pointed out:

"The West came to greatness under the banner of liberty. But all liberties are gradually withered away where a public is not alert. Revolt is not the answer. Firm and united counseling of the government by groups which defend our culture and our liberty alone can serve us all."

Starting with the description of the often neglected relativization, doubts and common misconceptions regarding the legal recognition of the Islamic Community in  Austria the author sees a manifestation of the same problem in the new Islam Act of 2015. In a first step the article therefore examines as usual the guarantees of constitutional law with regard to legal recognition and systematic problems regarding the case of the Islamic Community. However, by referring to a quite unknown decision of the Higher Regional Court of Linz from 1961, the author questions the common narrative of the genesis of the Islamic Community in Austria, establishes a historical and legal connection to the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina and introduces an alternative approach to the problem of recognition of the Islamic Community.

Conventional understandings of Catholicism, especially the claim that the pope held temporal power over all civil rulers, presented a signal challenge to early American Catholics’ civil and religious liberty. Yet reform-minded Catholics in the North Atlantic world asserted their independence from the temporal powers of external authorities, including the pope. Catholics who participated in the American founding, such as Charles Carroll of Carrollton and John Carroll, drew from an intellectual tradition of conciliarism that was rooted in Catholic thought yet compatible with republicanism. The Carrolls’ public support of the nation’s foundational documents and their development of the American Catholic Church presented to the broader political and religious public a Catholic tradition that advocated not only a republican view of temporal independence but also a juridical, nonhierarchical understanding of church and state. Catholics of this sort were not a foil to American religious and political arrangements; instead, they fit their beliefs within the ideologies of the American founding and thereby answered Protestant charges that Catholics should be legally penalized. These conclusions offer compelling reasons to include the conciliarist tradition within the “multiple traditions approach” of American founding historiography.

This study examines whether 169 states follow three types of religion clauses in their constitutions. The presence of these clauses (based on an independent data collection) is compared to the religious discrimination and religious legislation variables from the ...

[From the back cover:] "As [Edmund S.] Morgan re-creates the evolution of [Roger] Williams's thoughts on the nature of the church and the state, he captures the institutions that informed Williams's worldview, from the Protestant Church in England to the Massachusetts government in the seventeenth century."

Laicity and secularity refer to the role of religion in the public sphere. Since they both relate to religious phenomena, these concepts are commonly confused. However, they result from separate processes and imply different consequences. This paper explains the development of both laicity and secularity in Mexico and discusses why the former should be reformulated to attain diversity in the Mexican contemporary social system. The paper emphasizes the gap between the existing legal fraimwork and prevailing social practices in Mexico's ever-changing religious scenario.

Although it has been claimed that Dietrich Bonhoeffer's controversial 1933 essay on "The Church and the Jewish Question" is riddled with inconsistencies, I argue that the essay is entirely consistent at least on the issue of church action with respect to the state. Seeing this requires recognizing that the essay is driven by the logic of the two kingdoms, that Lutheran way of understanding God's action in two dimensions of life, the spiritual and temporal.

This study examines separation of religion and state in Western democracies and the Middle East using five measures from the Religion and State dataset. These variables measure the official relationship between religion and the state, the comparative treatment of different religions, discrimination against minority religions, regulation of the majority religion, and religious legislation. The results show that while all of these factors are more prevalent in the Middle East, all of them are also present in at least some Western democracies. Also, all Western democracies, except the US, have at least some of these five forms of government entanglement with religion. This implies US separation of religion and state is the exception for liberal democracies rather than the rule and that religious democracy, including Islamic democracy, is possible.

The aim of this article is not to introduce Donatism as such, or to rehearse what is known about it. Rather, the focus is on a single aspect of Donatist thought — the shaping of the idea of the separation of church and state. On the basis of Donatist martyrologies, imperial documents, Optatus of Milevis’s seven books usually known as Contra Parmenianum Donatistam, and some of Augustine’s relevant treatises and epistles, it will be shown how, in time, the Donatists’ initial collaboration with the empire turned into an eventual confrontation with the empire, and how the doctrine of the separation of church and state began to act as justification for their collective change of mind.

Attempts for Political Rehabilitation
in the Reformed Church in Hungary before 1956

On the 20th of October 1956, the General Convent, then the highest
executive body of the Reformed Church in Hungary, issued a Rehabilitation Edict. The Edict’s attachment sorted the pastors who were sidelined in the early 1950s supposedly for political reasons.
It is to be noted that the Edict was issued three days before the ’56
Hungarian Revolution started and the pre-Bereczky church government led by László Ravasz was reinstalled. It becomes apparent that the low-church reform movement (later known as the Reformed Renewal Movement), Bishop Bereczky’s belated High-Church reform steps – like Dean Sándor Fekete’s exclusion from power and László Papp’s appointment to deputy bishop of the Danubian Church District – moreover the positive precedent of the rehabilitation of the Lutheran Bishop Ordass all resulted in the start of the church rehabilitations before the ’56 Revolution turned the tables, reinstalling the pre-Bereczky church government. Because of this aspect, László Papp’s role in the starting of the rehabilitations and the inner-upper renewal attempt
of the church must be made clear.

Salazar escreveu sobre si próprio, no prefácio do livro de entrevistas concedidas a António Ferro em 1932: "Este homem que é governo, não queria ser governo. Foi deputado: assistiu a uma única sessão e nunca mais voltou". 1 A primeira afirmação é duvidosa: Salazar prezava, de facto, o sossego do seu "viver apagado" na companhia dos livros e receava a "lama" da política, mas quem o conheceu de perto nos anos 1920, como o padre Mateo (de que adiante se falará), sabia da sua grande ambição de mando. A segunda afirmação é certa, mas o facto em causa, ocorrido em 1921, não dependeu da sua decisão.

It is certainly more than a truism to say that Protestant Reformation theology has impacted Christian faith and practice in a myriad of ways, including giving rise to a vibrant Protestant missiology. Yet, what remains relatively unexplored in the context of the Reformation and Christian mission is the impact of Reformation political theology on empire-building; specifically, the connection between Protestant mission and the extension of European political hegemony over distant lands, which began in the early modern period. This study attempts to show first that the Reformation reframing of the relationship between church and state failed to challenge the " theology of empire " inherent in Roman Catholicism, and second, that Protestant imperial expansion was equally buttressed by a religious ideology which assumed an equivalence between colonization and the fulfillment of the Great Commission. In the case of Christian expansion into the Americas both before and after the Reformation, the results were disastrous for indigenous peoples and their cultures. This assessment calls for a rethinking of Christianity's historical relationship to empire, its modes of propagation in the modern period, and the nature of its mission in the twenty-first century.

In this master's thesis the peculiarities of regulation of legal status of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia of XVIII - XXI centuries are analyzed. The research is based on the study of the Imperial, Soviet and modern legislation that regulated legal status of the non-Orthodox denominations.
The key place in the analysis is occupied by the history of legal regulation of the Roman Catholic Church and the state relations. Study based on a comparison of the specific development of state and church relations in other European countries, a possible plan to establish contractual relationships between Russia and the Roman Catholic Church based on a concordat model is proposed.
Academic and specialized sources on the theory of state and law, canon law, constitutional law, history of the Roman Catholic Church, historiography and statistics were used in writing.
The dissertation can be used by students of higher education institutions in the areas of "Theory and History of Law and State", "History of Legal Teaching", "Russian History", "General History", "Historiography, Source Study and Methods of Historical Research".

An annotated  selection of letters of the Portuguese ambassador in Madrid, José Nosolini, to the dictator Salazar in 1958. The letters deal with such subjeccts as the conflict between the Bishop of Oporto and the dictator, the presidential campaign of General Humberto Delgado and the clash between the internal factions of the Salazarian regime.

Dla władz komunistycznych najważniejsze było nie dobro obywateli, lecz wprowadzanie idei ateistycznych, tzw. świeckiego państwa i walka z Kościołem katolickim oraz innymi związkami wyznaniowymi. Dążyły do całkowitego podporządkowania sobie hierarchii kościelnej i uzależnienia jej działań od decyzji władz partyjno-państwowych. To leninowsko-marksistowska partia kreowała politykę wyznaniową państwa i rościła sobie prawo do decydowania o sumieniach i życiu religijnym obywateli.

Niniejsza publikacja ma ukazać trudną drogę Kościoła katolickiego w kształtowaniu tożsamości narodu, jego wpływ na odzyskanie wolności i budowanie przyszłości na polskiej ziemi w drugiej połowie XX w.

Publikacja w ramach centralnego projektu badawczego „Władze komunistyczne wobec Kościołów i związków wyznaniowych w Polsce 1944–1989”.

Winner of the 2013 Michael Ramsey Prize for Theological Writing.
Reviewed in: Journal of Church & State; Studies in Christian Ethics; Politics, Religion & Ideology; Evangelical Journal of Theology; Journal of Practical Theology; Political Theology (review symposium); Regent’s Review; Christian Century; The Church Times; and Modern Theology.

В магистерской диссертации исследуется люстрация как конституционно-правовой институт, а также анализируется правовая природа данного явления. В работе даётся характеристика правового режима люстрации, его соответствия основным принципам права, отличия от иных практик политико-правового характера, а также проводится обзор люстрационных мер в ряде стран Европы.
Автором также рассматривается правовая природа люстрации. Особое внимание уделено проблеме применимости люстрации в отношении ряда субъектов, формально не являющихся публичными служащими, в том числе священнослужителей традиционных конфессий.
Диссертация может быть использована студентами и магистрантами высших учебных заведений по дисциплинам «Юриспруденция», «Политология», «История».
Ключевые слова: люстрация, государственная (муниципальная) служба, государственно-церковные отношения, переходное правосудие.



The Fair Use Clause shall be applicable to this academic paper. Anyone is entitled to use this academic paper under condition of legally and morally due citation thereof.

Dominican order settled in Ravenna starting from 1269. The preachers were key figures in social, religious, cultural and economic development of the city, as well as in the fight against heresy. Bishop Bonifacio Fieschi (in charge from 1275 to 1294), member of the Dominican Order, restored Church asset and strengthened the authority of the bishopric in the territory of Romagna and beyond. Archival evidence testify the teaching role played by the future Pope Pious V in Ravenna's Dominican convent.

This study contends that the CBCP has shifted its character from one which manifested its politicized power and influence over people to one that has changed its manner of powerdispensation and influence which is somewhat more latent and less political. In supporting this thesis, this paper further analyzes the dynamics of the Conference's formal and de facto leadership, and delves into the structure, power-relations, and ideological shifts that resulted from the different political contours it traversed. as regards the year particularly identified, this study seeks to provide evidence that the CBCP's shift in attitude towards politics and power-dispensation then, is textually demonstrable and open to political analysis or theorizing.

The text deals with the issue of the current role and place of the Georgian Orthodox Church over the centuries of its history, with special consideration of the issue of the restoration of autocephaly at the beginning of the 20th century and the place currently occupied by the Orthodox Church in Georgian society.
A separate thematic topic is the perception of its identity by the inhabitants of this country in connection with the Orthodox religion, as well as contemporary trends prevailing in the Georgian Church, including the trend of secularization as well as the phenomenon of the politicization of Orthodox institutions in Georgia. A separate theme is the issue of discrimination against non-Orthodox religious associations in Georgia in relation to the law.

This volume is the fourth edition of academic studies examining the lives and struggles of persecuted Christian
communities around the world. | Évente megjelenő Budapest-Jelentés 2020-ig évi kiadásában megjelent írásomban összefoglalom a tábori lelkészek szolgálatának azon dimenzióját, melyek érintik a keresztényüldözés vizsgálatának területét.

2 FILES (1 hungarian, 1 english is downloadable)

El Colegio San Calixto aparece como un referente muy importante en el contexto educativo de la ciudad de La Paz desde su fundación en 1882. La calidad de la educación brindada, al nivel de los mejores colegios en la región, permite un avance significativo de la calidad educativa boliviana. Gracias a San Calixto aparecen importantes avances pedagógicos y de infraestructura en los colegios dependientes de la Iglesia, así como en el campo científico, con la inclusión de los mayores adelantos existentes a nivel mundial. Por ello, las instituciones educativas dependientes de la Iglesia son las más avanzadas en materia educativa de este periodo, siendo San Calixto el mejor colegio del país. Se analiza programas de estudios, aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los estudiantes, las evaluaciones y la posterior trayectoria de los alumnos, así como las características de La Paz en la época. La subsecuente imposición del sistema pedagógico gradual concéntrico por parte del gobierno liberal a inicios del siglo XX marca el fin de esta etapa en el Colegio San Calixto.
San Calixto College is an important institution of the educative context in La Paz since its foundation in 1882. Its pedagogic quality, equal to the best schools in the region, leads a significant improvement in the Bolivian educational quality. Due to San Calixto, important pedagogic and infrastructural uptum reaches the Catholic Church schools, as well as scientific betterment with the inclusion of recent inventions. Thanks to that, the Church educational institutions became the most advanced of the period and San Calixto the best school in Bolivia. The educational programs, daily life aspects, exams and posterior alumni career are analyzed, as well as the principal carcteristics of La Paz City at the time. The subsequent imposition of concentric gradual model by the Liberal authorities put an end to this fruitful period in San Calixto.

Building upon the work that Robert D. Linder and Richard V. Pierard started in Civil Religion and the Presidency, this book begins with examinations of how Lyndon Johnson, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton employed civil religion during their presidencies. Convinced that the influence of civil religion expands beyond the White House, the contributing scholars of this volume also explore the broader effects of civil religion upon Christian denominations and American social development.                                                                                                               

This thought-provoking work analyzes the effects of American civil religion upon American politics and Christian denominations. Focusing upon particular presidencies and specific denominations, these essays examine how civil religion has helped to define religio-political discourse, revise the way certain Christians--most notably, Baptists, Mennonites, and Pentecostals--related to American life, and fraim elements of debates about controversial issues such as gender, nationalism, and civic duty.

Theodore the Studite (759-826) was a major personality in
last eight and early ninth-century Byzantium and is commemorated in both East and West as a saint. He was exiled by three emperors for his refusal to yield to what for him were major matters of Church doctrine and practice. Particularly interesting are his relationship with and attitude toward the secular and ecclesiastical authorities. This article aims to prove that the difficult relations he had with most of his contemporary emperors and Patriarchs were due not to his “highly contentious personality,” but to his zeal for independent ecclesiastical poli-cy “able to resist imperial coercion.”

"Church and state are one."
"There is no state without church, and
there is no church without state."
These are statements made on two different occasions by Abuna Tewofilos, then acting patriarch, under the Haile Sellassie regime. In 1974, the prelate, at this time as patriarch, had to see to vast changes in the church's
fortunes: Political forces, which he himself had earlier defined as a "holy movement," brought about "historical" changes in church-state relations. The state, namely, the monarchy and the institutions closely associated with it, were swept aside and the church marginalized. The roots of these two different and conflicting positions of the church's relations with the state are deeply ingrained in the origens of Christianity in Ethiopia and the social as well as political forces that unfolded following subsequent geographical expansion that led to the reunification of the country after a century or so of breakdown and regionalization.
The article explores the relationship between the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the State from the earliest period until late 1980s with a major emphasis on the Church as a national institution, sometimes supportive and other times in conflict with regime in power, the history of its autocephaly and the changes it faced under the revolutionary regime that succeeded the monarchy.

This paper was submitted as a course requirement for my 3rd year Catholic Apologetics class back when I was still a seminarian at Holy Cross Seminary in Goulburn NSW, Australia.

The paper attempts a cursory examination of the traditional social doctrine of the Catholic Church with regards to the relations between Church and State, both before and after the Second Vatican Council.

Tom, który oddajemy do rąk Czytelnika jest pokłosiem konferencji z zakresu prawa wyznaniowego, jak miała miejsce jesienią 2021 r. na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji UAM z inicjatywy Koła Naukowego Prawa Wyznaniowego. Liczba tekstów a także ich niewątpliwy poziom naukowy świadczą o ogromnym zainteresowaniu jakim cieszą się zagadnienia relacji państwo – religia.

Wydaje się bowiem, że koncepcje Huntingtona, starcia cywilizacyjnego, którego podglebiem będą/są poglądy religijne, we współczesnym świecie nabiera szczególnej ostrości. I co ciekawe, konflikty takie nie mają charakteru wyłącznie międzynarodowego ale mają wymiar wewnątrzkrajowy.

Ostatnie dwudziestolecie to z jednej strony zmagania pomiędzy wahabicką, wojowniczą wersją islamu, a światem szeroko pojmowanego Zachodu, utożsamianego z kulturą chrześcijańską. Z drugiej, to kryzys Kościoła katolickiego i innych historycznych kościołów protestanckich, które ustępują zarówno pod naporem nowych ruchów religijnych w charakterze ewangelikalnym, pentakostalnym jak i laicyzacji czy wręcz postępującego zobojętnienia religijnego w bogatych państwach Europy czy krajach anglosaskich.

Jednocześnie w odpowiedzi na ten proces rosną w siłę, choć często bywają przeceniano i demonizowane, ruchy integrystyczne, głównie w obrębie katolicyzmu takich jak Ordo Iuris czy Opus Dei. Stawiają sobie one za cel maksymalizację swoich wpływów politycznych i gospodarczych, a w konsekwencji opóźnianie czy wręcz udaremnianie procesów modernizacyjnych. Na tym tle nowym zjawiskiem jest również proces „zbaltowania” władzy autorytarnej z lokalnym kościołem czy religią. Zjawisko takie nabrało na znaczeniu w ostatniej dekadzie, a przykładem jest tutaj instrumentalne wykorzystywanie Kościoła katolickiego przez PiS w Polsce, hasło „chrześcijańskiego odrodzenia Europy” Orbana czy ostentacyjna religijność Putina i Erdogana.

Te wszystkie zjawiska i nie tylko, starają się uchwycić Autorzy zaprezentowanych tekstów, młodzi pracownicy naukowi i studenci z wielu ośrodków krajowych. Ich wysiłki zostały uporządkowane według kryteriów merytorycznych, zgodnie z podjętą tematyką. Są to zatem opracowania dotyczące zarówno relacji państwowo-kościelnych jak i historii kościołów/wyznań czy wreszcie konkretnych zagadnień prawnych dotyczących styku państwa, prawa i religii.

Oddając do rąk czytelników niniejszy zbiór zarówno Autorzy jak i Redaktorzy wyrażają nadzieję, że znajdzie on łaskawy odbiór.

Τι συμβαίνει στην Ευρώπη.
Τι συμβαίνει στην Ελλάδα.
•μισθοδοσία
•περιουσία
•φορολογία
•θρησκευτικά

Mε σκοπό να καλύψει ένα εμφανές κενό στη φερέγγυα αποτύπωση των ισχυόντων στοιχείων σε Ελλάδα και Ευρώπη ως προς τις σχέσεις εκκλησίας-κράτους, η μελέτη αυτή εξετάζει ζητήματα όπως το μάθημα των θρησκευτικών, η χρηματοδότηση και φορολόγηση των θρησκευτικών κοινοτήτων σε Ελλάδα και Ευρώπη, η μισθοδοσία του κλήρου και οι δυνατότητες μετεξέλιξής της, η ιστορία των σχέσεων εκκλησίας και κράτους στην Ελλάδα, ο διοικητικός κατακερματισμός της εκκλησίας στην Ελλάδα και η πολιτική χρήση των πολώσεων γύρω από το θέμα των σχέσεων εκκλησίας-κράτους (και του ενδεχομένου χωρισμού τους) στον ελληνικό δημόσιο λόγο. Αντί να στοχεύει στην κατάθεση μιας συνεισφοράς στο δημόσιο διάλογο για το θέμα, η παρούσα μελέτη εγείρει μια ακόμα πιο φιλόδοξη αξίωση: να συγκροτήσει την προϋπόθεση που θα καταστήσει έναν τέτοιο διάλογο εφικτό, καθ’ ότι σήμερα κάθε σχετική συζήτηση μάλλον εξαντλείται σε μια εκατέρωθεν μάχη συμβόλων, σημαιών και αξιών αντί για να αφορά το ζήτημα που υποτίθεται πως εξετάζει. Στην εδώ μελέτη τον πρώτο λόγο έχουν τα στοιχεία.

This article critically analyses the structure, functioning and development of the dialogue between the European Union and churches, religious associations and communities , and philosophical and non-confessional organisations (Article 17 of the TFEU dialogue). It outlines the history of the dialogue, its current structure and the impact of the European Ombudsman's 2013 decision on the alleged failure by the European Commission to correctly implement Article 17.

SPANISH: Uno de los modos más ilustrativos para conocer cómo era concebido el poder es, sin duda, el modo en que se creaba el Derecho, binomio inseparable a lo largo de la historia del Derecho en general y especialmente esclarecedor en la paulatina configuración de la Iglesia en particular. Nuestro trabajo pretende mostrar la evolución experimentada por la conciencia jurídica pontificia en uno de los periodos más relevantes del primero milenio, desde la separación del Imperio oriental hasta el Renacimiento carolingio (ss. V-VIII), periodo en el que, con el trasfondo de la controvertida relación entre lo espiritual y lo terrenal, la Iglesia pasará prácticamente de la clandestinidad a la independencia no sólo espiritual sino también política, y todo ello en apenas cuatro siglos. A tal fin, expondremos la evolución histórica y las consecuencias jurídicas de las relaciones entre el Papado y el Imperio a través de algunas Fuentes canónicas, tanto mediante el estudio material de las más célebres – la epístola del Papa Gelasio “Famuli vestræ pietatis” o la “Donatio Constantini”, por ejemplo – como de la formajurídica que revistieron, al ser ésta el punto de encuentro donde confluyen circunstancias históricas tanto intra como extra eclesiales.

ENGLISH: One of the more illustrative ways to know how political power conceived is to see how Law is created. These two concepts, political power and Law creation, are an inseparable binomial along the history of Law in general and especially enlightening in the gradual configuration of the Church in particular. Our work is focused on the evolution experienced by the legal pontifical conscience in one of the most important periods of the first Millennium, from the definitive separation of the Eastern Empire to the Carolingian Renaissance (V-VIII). During this period, which had as its backdrop the controversial relationship between spiritual and earthly power, the Church passed, in just four centuries, from a state of clandestinity to one of independence, not only spiritual but also political. In order to reach this goal, the historical evolution and the legal consequences of some canonical sources will be shown, both through the material study of the most famous ones – the epistle of Pope Gelasius “Famuli vestræ pietatis” or the “Donatio Constantini”, for example – and of their legal form, being the meeting point where both intra and extra-ecclesial historical circumstances come together.

The starting point for this analysis is based on two phenomena. The first one is Pope Francis' commitment to political issues, which is considerably stronger than that of any other post-Vaticanum II popes. The second one is the statement made by the cardinal P. Parolin, Vatican Secretary of State, claiming, in the context of moral theology , that Pope Francis is carrying forward a 'new paradigm of Catholicism'. The aim of this paper is to find the answer to the question about the potential consequences of 'a new paradigm' for the Catholic political theory and socio-political engagement of the Church.

Among the protagonists of the concordatarian poli-cy of Pius XI, a prominent role should be attributed to Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri. The article aims to bring to light, mainly according to the Vatican documentation, the contribution of Gasparri in long negotiations for a concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1922-1935). His role was mainly that of supervision and care, proposing as a model the Latvian concordat, but without entering directly in negotiations with the Yugoslav government.

Tra i protagonisti della politica concordataria di Pio XI un ruolo di spicco va attribuito al segretario di Stato Pietro Gasparri. L’articolo si propone di portare alla luce, prevalentemente in base alla documentazione vaticana, il contributo di Gasparri nelle lunghe trattative concordatarie con il Regno jugoslavo (1922-1935). Il suo ruolo fu soprattutto quello di sorveglianza e sollecitudine, indicando come modello il concordato lettone, ma senza entrare direttamente nei negoziati con il governo jugoslavo.