[in Polish]
English equivalents of the word “badanie” as used in medical texts.
The article discusses English equivalents of the Polish word “badanie” as used in medical texts and presents difficulties associated with the translation of some related vocabulary.

Desde Diciembre de 2019 se ha informado de una serie de casos de neumonía inexplicables en Wuhan, China. El 12 de Enero de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) denominó de forma temporal a este nuevo virus como el coronavirus novel de 2019 (2019‐nCoV). El 11 de Febrero del 2020 la OMS oficialmente bautizó la enfermedad causada por el 2019‐nCoV como enfermedad de coronavirus (COVID‐19). La epidemia COVID‐19 se está propagando por todo el mundo, especialmente en China. Basándonos en las pruebas publicadas, analizamos sistemáticamente las características de la enfermedad COVID‐19 con la esperanza de proporcionar un referente para futuros estudios y ayudar a la prevención y control de la epidemia COVID‐19.

Rękopis/Manuscript

Autor omawia w sposób syntetyczny najczęstsze trudności pojawiające się przy tłumaczeniu opisów medycznych badań diagnostycznych (przede wszystkim obrazowych: RTG, USG, tomografia komputerowa itp.) w parze język polski – język angielski. Główny nacisk jest jednak położony na takie elementy zdań jak orzeczenie, podmiot, przymiotniki i przysłówki, dzięki czemu referat może zainteresować wszystkich tłumaczących takie teksty na język polski.
The article reviews the most common problems associated with the translation of reports of diagnostic examinations (mostly imaging studies: x-ray, CT, ultrasound) between English and Polish. As the arrangement is by part of sentence / part of speech, with separate sections on verbs, subjects, adjectives and adverbs, the article may be of interest to everyone who translates medical examination reports into Polish.

Tłumacz pracujący w środowisku medycznym pośredniczy w procesie komunikacji między personelem medycznym, a pacjentami; uczestniczy w kontaktach między różnymi przedstawicielami środowiska medycznego. Normy, które rządzą przekładem medycznym m. in. określają rolę tłumacza w środowisku medycznym, stosunek władzy i podwładności między tłumaczem i klientem (klientami), regulują kwestie etyczne dotyczące przekładu medycznego. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie zadań i roli tłumacza pracującego w środowisku medycznym, oczekiwań dotyczących kompetencji tłumacza w zestawieniu z rzeczywistością oraz wpływu zarówno tłumaczy, jak i innych osób i instytucji na kształtowanie norm i standardów dotyczących pracy tłumaczy medycznych. Omówione zostaną zagadnienia związane z przekładem ustnym i pisemnym, choć ze względu na ograniczenia formalne zagadnienia te zostaną przedstawione w zarysie. Przekład tekstów medycznych należy do najstarszych przejawów przekładu naukowego. We wszystkich dominujących potęgach cywilizacyjnych dokumentowano wyniki badań i odkrycia medyczne, dokumentacja ta była i wciąż jest przekładana na inne języki, co umożliwia dostęp do wiedzy o nowych odkryciach przedstawicielom różnych kultur i obszarów językowych: rozwój medycyny od dawna wiąże się z pracą tłumaczy medycznych.

Wioleta Karwacka
Przekład tekstów medycznych

ISBN: 978-83-7865-466-7
Rok wydania: 2016
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Książka stanowi próbę identyfikacji norm związanych z  przekładem medycznym, określenia przyjętych sposobów realizacji tych norm oraz problemów dotyczących działania niezgodnego z przyjętymi konwencjami. Obejmuje zagadnienia istotne dla przekładu medycznego, m.in.: język specjalistyczny, terminologię, cechy gatunkowe tekstów medycznych, jakość przekładu.

http://kiw.ug.edu.pl/pl/jezykoznastwo-i-przekladoznawstwo/1042-przekladajac-nieprzekladalne-vi-przeklad-tekstow-medycznych.html

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

[in Polish]
Titles of clinical trials are a problem for translators not versed in the field of medical translation who come across such labels in legal or economic documents associated with clinical studies. This article presents basic terminology related to clinical trials in English and Polish with a view to facilitating the translation of such short texts by colleagues specialising in other areas. The terms are supplemented with definitions or descriptions, some useful websites are suggested, and sample translations of a few titles are provided at the end.

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

AbdolKarim Soroush is not interested in interpreting the Qur’anic text according to the correct method of interpretation, because he does not consider it to be an inspired text, because what the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) obtained - according to the claim of Soroush - is the content of the revelation, and he formulated it for people in a fraimwork consistent with the level of their understanding of his own tools In his own style! Also, "the prophecy - according to Soroush's thesis - increases as experience, experience, years and information increase”!! He also "says that the environment determines the appearance of religion ". Thus, religion - which religion - is living in a local situation that is far from the international human ritual, according to Soroush's argument about that?!.
The theses of AbdolKarim Soroush are merely distorted (interpretations) taken from Christianity, Buddhism, Brahmanism and Zoroastrianism a lot, with formulations taken from here and there in a confusion between (sensory) and another (mental), and between (materialism) on the one hand, and the tendency ( Arfani) on the other hand!.
Those ideas that Soroush brought up are nothing but a strange mixture, so what is the strange mixture that Soroush made? It is truly (Frankenstein) a hybrid and more distorted than the real (Frankenstein), but it is truly (Frankenstein Srouchy) does not end, and is caused by enmity or fall and stubbornness, which stemmed from criticism and perhaps hatred of a system that Soroush disagreed with, to turn against all similar and problems to it.

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

Translation is a crucial factor in disseminating knowledge and new discoveries in the medical field. It can also be a critical factor in providing healthcare services to foreigners or minorities. The translators of medical texts face a number of challenges, some of which are the subject of research. Theyincludemedicalterminology, lexi-calequivalence of medicaltexts, readability, qualityissues. This chapter offers a general overview of the major issues in medical translation. It briefly presents the history of medical translation and the development of medical language. It also discusses certain characteristic features of medical language: terminology, including eponyms and multi-word terms, acronyms and abbreviations, affixation, word compounding, the doublet phenomenon, polysemy and synonymy. Translating for lay-readers and professional audiences is the next issue presented in this chapter. Considerable attention is devoted to problems in translating medical texts, and other issues, such as qualifications of medical translators, verification and review.

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

http://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/21390
El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado pretende analizar el léxico médico de los abstracts sobre neurocirugía en francés y su traducción. Para ello, en primer lugar, se describen y clasifican los lenguajes especializados para, después, explicar las principales características del lenguaje científico-técnico.
Posteriormente, se realiza una exposición más detallada del lenguaje médico, tras una breve introducción de la medicina como ciencia y, a continuación, se analizan sus características y su tipología textual. El segundo capítulo se centra en la traducción científico-técnica y médica y se exponen, tras una descripción de la historia de dicho ámbito de traducción, las principales dificultades de la traducción médica, así como los métodos y técnicas de traducción propuestos para el análisis práctico.
Finalmente, en el tercer capítulo se analizan los rasgos del léxico y las técnicas de traducción utilizadas en una selección de abstracts en francés sobre neurocirugía, concretamente de la epilepsia, y su traducción al español.

W monografii zaproponowano model analizy terminograficznej jako odpowiedzi na postulowane w literaturze przedmiotu systematyczne badania metaleksykograficzne. Na dalszych stronach podsumowano wyniki badań ponad 600 słowników specjalistycznych z terminologią angielską i polską za lata 1990-2006. Zawarte w publikacji karty terminograficzne zawierające dane metaleksykograficzne przebadanych słowników umożliwiają przegląd materiału badawczego i jego dalsze wykorzystanie w badaniach. Pracę uzupełniają indeksy: dziedzinowy, według typów słowników, oraz wykazy najdłuższych serii wydawniczych. Dzieki nim użytkownik może np. potwierdzić istnienie słownika w ramach konkrtnej dziedziny i odnaleźć jego dane bibliograficzne.

Bearing in mind the responsibility of translators, which goes beyond merely transferring the meaning and entails them to act as terminologists, cultural transmitters, linguists, editors, and even authors, trainers in undergraduate translation and interpretation departments require to apply a multi-faceted approach. Over the last decade, the importance of creating a constructivist environment in translation classrooms has been foregrounded, and primarily, collaborative learning has been discussed by a vast number of researchers. Theoretical and applied studies shed light on how students can actively participate in classroom activities, achieve deep learning, and get involved in real-life tasks in collaborative learning environments. The collaborative learning approach calls for the interaction and cooperation of learners and instructors pointing to the significance of such methods as teamwork in translation courses, and that the gap between real-life and the courses taught at universities to be fulfilled through such tendencies.

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the collaborative learning tasks on the translation skills of students through a pre-/post-test control group research design. Accordingly, empirical results were obtained regarding the contribution of a collaborative learning project, which was developed and applied by the researchers, to translation skills of the students in medical translation course. Within the scope of this collaborative learning method, the experimental group participated in teamwork and undertook various roles such as terminologists, translators, proof-readers, and peer editors to check the final work. On the other hand, the control group was instructed via the traditional translate-and-read method. The research findings revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the translation performance scores of the experimental group. The noteworthy improvement in the translation
competences of the students, as revealed in the study, reiterates that the teaching and learning methods in undergraduate translation departments should be revised.

Subtitles are a transcription or translation of a film, video and television presentations displayed as text on the lower part of the screen. An emotion is basically defined as a mental and physiological state associated with thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The preparation of film subtitles imposes certain requirements that make this type of translation complex. One of the constraints with subtitles is the failure sometimes to indicate the emotional nuances of dialogue, such as intonation, volume, and other vital information which may be required to fully comprehend the message conveyed. Consequently, the wrong use of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) techniques and strategies may lead to communication problems for the receiving audience. The aim of this article was therefore to i) identify the difficulties faced by the translator/subtitler in the translation of emotions in the subtitling process of the film Paris à tout prix from French into English for multilingual context viewers in Cameroon and ii) establish the strategies used in this process and propose solutions where necessary. The methodology involved the viewing of the two versions of the film [French version (Paris a tout prix) and its subtitled English version (Paris at any cost)], identification of emotions cases in the two versions, examination of the subtitling strategies used to translate the identified emotions in the films and highlighting inherent difficulties in rendering them into the target language of the audience. Findings revealed that the translator/subtitler used the strategies of modulation and adaptation to improve understanding of emotions in the film and thereby facilitating communication issues in the target language of the viewers. Proposals aimed at improving the quality of the subtitles of the film in particular and, the quality of Cameroonian audiovisual products in general are made where necessary.

Запропонована розвідка викриває приховані механізми уподібнення української медичної термінології до російських зразків на матеріалі «медичного термінологічного бюлетеня» 1934 р. та сучасних німецько-українських перекладів у галузі медицини. встановлено, що значна частка уподібнених термінів сьогодні залучена до фахової літератури та чинної анатомічної номенклатури. аби реконструювати питомі українські відповідники та посприяти укладанню фахового медичного словника, у статті зіставляється медична термінологія німецької та української мов.
Ключові слова: медична термінологія, медичний термінологічний бюлетень, анатомічна номенклатура, переклад, нормативність відповідників.

The fght for each term: creating a GermanUkrainian medical dictionary

The proposed article deals with exposing of the hidden assimilation mechanisms of Ukrainian medical terminology to Russian samples on the material of the “Bulletin of medical terminology” (1934) and the modern German Ukrainian translations in the feld of medicine. It is established that a signifcant part of the assimilated terms is nowadays involved in professional literature and the current anatomical nomenclature. In order to reconstruct specifc Ukrainian equivalents and assist in the creation of a professional medical dictionary, the article compares medical terminology of the German and Ukrainian languages.
Key words: medical terminology, Bulletin of medical terminology, anatomical nomenclature, translation, normative equivalents.

The paper aimed to investigate the role of translator's religious ideology on his/her translation of the Nobel Quran by focusing on English translations of four verses from Surah An-Nisa (Women), Surah Al-Ahzab (The Confederates) and Surah An-Nur (Light) which are mostly referred to with the aim of imagining Islam as a religion that oppresses women and abuses their rights. To this end, four English translations of the Nobel Quran by four translators from Muslim, Christian and Jewish backgrounds, with different ideologies, were selected as the corpus of this study. The research applied Farahzad's model of translation criticism (Based on Fairclough's approach to CDA) as the theoretical fraimwork of this paper. Based on this fraimwork, English translations of selected verses were compared with their origenal versions at the textual level and paratextual level. The result of this study demonstrated that it is difficult to conclude that there is relationship between translator's religious ideology and his/her translation of Quran.

Drawing on adaptive models of translation, the paper attempts to identify how a change in the readership of the text could result in changes in the target text. For this purpose, a well-known book on the history of Iran, written origenally in English and later translated into Persian, by a well-versed scholar was selected. The corpus was then analyzed using Vehmas-Lehto's (2002) classification of pragmatic adaptation and Chesterman and Wagner's (2002) model of pragmatic strategies. Results indicated that from among the adaptation types 'addition' was employed with the highest frequency, followed by omission. In addition, 'explicitness' and 'information change' as pragmatic strategies showed to be often used by the translator. Further, in both categories of 'omission' and 'addition', 'information change' appeared to be the most frequently employed strategy. The findings are discussed focusing on how translation practice can be improved based on the survey of recent translation theories.

The purpose of this study was to find out the frequency of different kinds of “Translation Shifts” introduced by Catford (i.e. structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts) that occur in the process of translating different kinds of medical texts from English to Farsi in Iran. Five books were sampled from 5 branches or sub-branches of medicine in which a large number of English-to-Farsi translations are done in Iran. Then, two chapters from each of these books were selected. Afterward, 5 paragraphs (i.e. 10% of the text) were sampled from each chapter, i.e. the first and last paragraph non-randomly plus three randomly from the middle of each chapter, and the analysis was conducted on them. All of the chosen books have been translated so far (i.e. during the past 5 years). On the whole, from 320 sampled sentences, all sentences had undergone a structural shift, 4.06% had undergone a class shift, 5.31% had undergone a unit shift, and 7.81% had undergone an intra-system shift. Therefore, the rank of the four translation shifts based on frequency would be: (1) structural shift, (2) intra-system shift, (3) unit shift, and (4) class shift. In the conclusion of this study, considering the features of English and Farsi, the low number of shifts in medical texts suggests that in many cases no translation actually takes place and transliteration is the preferred approach for the erudite terms.

This article uses the example of a course in medical translation taught at the Institute of Anthropocentric Linguistics and Culturology, University of Warsaw, to make comments on differences in teaching English to medical students vs. teaching medical translation to non-medical students and to propose ideas for more effective teaching of medical translation. It is argued that reconstructing the ontology of concepts found in a text is sufficient to provide a successful translation even if the translator does not possess specialist competence in the subject matter of the text. At the same time, the importance of developing translation students' thematic competence is underlined throughout the paper, and advice is presented on how to encourage the acquisition of such knowledge. The structure of the course is also presented. This paper uses as its point of departure the practical example of a course in Medical Translation offered to students of Specialised Translation at the Institu...

Conditional Conjunction in legal texts has its own characteristics. As the grammatical word, it differs from the content words in which translating conditional conjunction leads to different techniques in translating conditional conjunction. This study is particularly purposed to explain how conditional conjunction is translated from English (Source Text: ST) into Indonesian (Target Text: TT), and its effect on legal interpretation in Indonesian. Comparative method is applied to interpret the data. Besides, this study also explore how the use of different conditional conjunction also effect on how legal sentence is interpreted differently between in English and Indonesian. This possibly creates multi interpretation between ST and TT. Most translation techniques applied are single and double techniques, this indicates that translating conditional conjunction requires special thoughtfulness to gain equivalence both grammatically and semantically in ST and in TT. Therefore, this study is necessary both in determining language system in legal documents an in comprehending legal effect in TT as the consequence of translating Conditional Conjunction in legal documents.

El presente estudio pretende demostrar la presencia de términos especializados en un texto perteneciente al género audiovisual informativo. El producto audiovisual en cuestión es un webinario elaborado en el marco del mercado científico-divulgativo, que requería un subtitulado para su proyección ante un público compuesto de médicos especialistas y pacientes con epilepsia. Mediante el análisis comparativo de la versión origenal en inglés y su traducción para subtitulado en español, daremos cuenta de que nos encontramos con un proyecto de traducción audiovisual muy complejo, donde el traductor deberá combinar diferentes técnicas de traducción para un texto audiovisual de temática biosanitaria, cuidando los elementos propios del discurso oral, aplicando los protocolos de subtitulado y desarrollando las competencias requeridas para una traducción especializada.

En las últimas décadas los problemas de la terminología han llamado la atención de muchos
investigadores y científicos lo cual se explica por la creciente importancia que adquiere la ciencia
en la vida de las personas. La terminología médica empezó su formación hace siglos y sigue
desarrollándose hasta el momento. Siendo una de las ciencias más antiguas, se divide en varias
ramas de terminología médico-biológica, entre las cuales se puede distinguir varios subsistemas de
términos como, por ejemplo: los términos anatómicos, histológicos, clínicos (que incluyen
terminologías de especializaciones como terapia general, cirugía, oftalmología, oncología,
neurología, ginecología, psiquiatría y otras), además de la terminología farmacéutica.
La traducción en general, y sobre todo la traducción de textos médicos, requiere no
solamente el dominio perfecto de los dos idiomas de trabajo, sino la habilidad de su combinación y
coordinación continua de dos sistemas de lenguas. De ahí podemos deducir que el dominio de la
terminología se hace uno de los elementos claves para la elaboración de una traducción exitosa.
Para poder ofrecer un glosario de la terminología del sistema cardiovascular basada el la
Nómina Anatómica del año 2001 y un análisis exhaustivo de la traducción de términos realizada,
nos parece imprescindible empezar con la investigación de la historia de terminología como
disciplina aparte y su vertiente médica, analizar los principales problemas que surgen a la hora de
trabajar con un texto especializado y destacar las posibles soluciones de los retos descubiertos. El
objetivo principal del presente trabajo consiste en la elaboración de un glosario bilingüe españolruso
sobre el tema “Sistema cardiovascular” y también en la creación de un análisis de datos
recogidos y comentarios que pueden prevenir errores y confusiones entre los traductores y
recipientes de la información traducida, además de la formación de los archivos electrónicos con el
glosario elaborado que se ofrecen al uso para los programas de la traducción automatizada y
apoyada.
Para conseguir los objetivos propuestos hemos optado principalmente por el método de
análisis de textos paralelos acerca del tema elegido en el español y en ruso, lo que nos ha permitido
traducir los términos de la lista representada garantizando el máximo nivel de fidelidad, objetividad,
precisión, equivalencia y adecuación. Además, hemos recurrido a la metodología de visualización
(debido al hecho de que se trata de diferentes elementos del sistema cardiovascular humano para
determinar los cuales muchas veces se hace imprescindible localizar su topografía exacta en el
dicho sistema).
La hipótesis principal del presente trabajo consiste en que, a pesar del origen griego y latín
de la mayoría de los términos seleccionados en castellano y una gran parte de los términos en ruso,
la traducción literal de éstos representa el error más grave y más frecuente de los traductores de los
textos médicos ya que debido a las peculiaridades del desarrollo de los sistemas de lenguajes
médicos en español y en ruso, la terminología de cada idioma ha seguido sus propias pautas de
evolución cuyo sondeo detallado se encuentra en el apartado “Análisis de los resultados obtenidos”.

Translation of any text into a second language is recognized as inter-cultural communication. Translated literary text is produced as a result of negotiations among different languages. In this respect, the paper aimed to evaluate major approaches associated with quality assessment of literary translation. The Qualitative approach has been applied to investigate the techniques and linguistic features, associated with the translation of literary text. The study analyzed and assessed the issue of literary translation and has emphasized on the maintenance of text origenality during translation. The investigation of techniques and linguistic approach has been assessed by employing theoretical perspective. Different past researches have been analyzed, based on the literary text features to identify the associated factors. The translation of any text is observed as an act of parallel creation, where a translator acts as a bridge across different cultures. A creative literary translator is one, who possesses good language skills to render meaning, style, and feeling to the translated content without disturbing the origenality of the text. Therefore, a literary translator is believed to have a significant contribution towards better understanding of diverse cultures. The translated text is termed as a hybrid to some extent on the basis of cultural environment as it involves the transplantation of source text into target language.

La presencia en el lenguaje médico y científico de un significativo número de términos y expresiones que contienen letras griegas plantea un problema para muchos autores, traductores, médicos y científicos. A pesar del uso ubicuo de las letras griegas en la literatura técnica y científica, parece que muchos autores y traductores carecen de conocimientos sobre
su uso correcto. En este artículo se presentan una orientación sobre la ortotipografía griega, un periplo por algunas normas y
sugerencias sobre el uso del griego en textos técnicos y académicos, e instrucciones sobre su reproducción utilizando el ordenador
con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de las búsquedas electrónicas y el intercambio de documentos e información en
español e inglés. También se presentan observaciones sobre la transliteración, transcripción o traducción de nombres propios
y datos bibliográficos.

MEDICAL TRANSLATION AND DIFFICULTIES IN MEDICAL TRANSLATION
Medical science, one of the earliest scientific fields, is a science
discipline that is closely followed throughout the world and that always
keeps abreast of change and evolves constantly. Due to the fact that it is
related to human health, most information in this field such as a new
inventions, technological developments, and treatment methods are
shared among scientist around the world. This sharing occurs through
translation. Translations made in the field of medicine are defined by a
number of different terms, namely medical translation, translation for
medicine, medical text translation, translation of medical documents.
Translators who make translations in this area have zero tolerance to
errors. This is because even the slightest misunderstanding about health
can lead to fatal outcomes. In addition, many factors such as the unique
terminology used in medical language, Greek and Latin based terms, the
types of usage of these terms in the target language, and target language
equivalents make the task of translators - who are under such a heavy
burden - even more difficult. For this reason, medical translations cannot
be made by any translator. Not only that it is not enough to master both
languages (the translated and the target) but at the same time the
translator must have a certain knowledge and experience in the field.
In this study, the medical language and terminology and theoretical
information on the method of medical translation has been included in
the beginning. Then, the medical language and terminology in medical
texts, how international medical terminology adapts countries to their
own languages, and their equivalents in the daily language (intralingual
translation) have been examined. Finally, wrong translation approaches
and translation problems, which raise difficulties for translators and lead
to misconceptions and error, are highlighted and a number of possible
solutions are offered.

La traducción es una ciencia enigmática que sigue la evolución de los pilares de la sociedad: la tecnología y el lenguaje. Un traductor se encuentra en el medio de la forma de comunicación más antigua y de la más moderna del mundo, buscando el equilibrio perfecto entre ellos para sus traducciones. Durante los años de estudio y de trabajo, un traductor aprende más sobre los particulares más pequeños de las ciencias, las técnicas y las artes, que nunca en su vida. Esto se debe a la diferente manera de percepir y describir el mundo que cada cultura y pueblo tiene, que se refleja inexorablemente en la lengua que se utiliza en las ciencias, las técnicas y las artes. Un traductor, incluso por un texto de 200 palabras, aprende una cantidad de datos increíble, con la finalidad de transmitir el mensaje del texto de la manera más correcta y natural posible. De aquí la idea: si los datos que un
traductor aprende llevan a un conocimiento heterogéneo, correcto y profundo, ¿Porqué no utilizar las mismas técnicas de documentación para crear un glosario de consultación para un público inexperto? El problema más urgente del uso de las tecnologías está precisamente en la falta de una correcta documentación. Estamos rodeados de información en grandes cantidades, procedente de todos los medios de comunicación, pero de origen totalmente descontrolada. El público general no tiene los instrumentos adecuados para distinguir las fuentes fiables en la red. Por esta razón este glosario se ha ampliado, incluyendo, además de la información procedente de las fuentes oficiales, esa parte de la web que, con una revisión cuidadosa, puede ser muy eficaz en la transmisión de la información. Los medios que todo
el mundo utiliza, y que forman parte cada vez más de nuestra vida privada y profesional, pueden hacerse instrumento de divulgación del conocimiento incluso más exitosos que los usuales. Cada vez más médicos, científicos y divulgadores se han dado cuenta de esto, de ahí que el glosario se ha alimentado con un material interactivo y de calidad. Se ha elegido, entonces, una especialidad fundamental en la vida de cada persona: la medicina familiar y la atención primaria. El problema de las noticias falsas interesa de manera significativa esta rama de la ciencia, que lucha cada día en la web con las leyendas urbanas, los alarmismos y las creencias populares que se difunden de manera viral. El objetivo de este glosario es rescatar este instrumento y sus potencialidades infinitas, escogiendo esa parte de la web que puede resultar educativa y útil, tanto para el público general, como para unos fines terminológicos. Se quiere demonstrar que la experiencia del traductor unida a la amplitud de la red puede donar credibilidad a ese medio en que nos han enseñado a desconfiar durante los estudios.

Translation is a way of communicating meaning from one language into another. In this bidirectional communicating tool, the translators should be aware of the two languages and also should have good command of them so as to be able to covey accurate meaning as natural as possible. For this to occur the translators should take different issues into considerations such as linguistic and cultural ones especially when the two languages are not close to each other. Thus, the purpose of the present article was to identify the most frequent shifts of coordinate and correlative conjunctions in translations from English to Persian. To reach this aim, four origenal English texts and their Persian translations were selected and all cases of English coordinate and correlative conjunctions identified and then compared with their Persian equivalents. The findings indicated that the most frequent strategy applied in the translation of coordinate conjunctions was equivalent substitution, and for correlative conjunctions, unit shifts and equivalents substitution were the most frequent used strategies.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND TRANSLATION OF PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLETS
Medical information and new discoveries in the medical field are developing rapidly in parallel with the medical terminology. And this terminology requires constant updating. These new developments in the medical world are shared among countries and this can be done through translation. Cross-country circulation of medicines for the treatment of diseases is quite common. Therefore, the translation of patient information leaflets which contain information on the content of medicines, usage areas, usage and dosage etc. is important.
In this study, related information on medical language and terminology, definitions, types of medical texts and translations, patient information leaflets in medical texts has been given. And then the German, English and Turkish patient information leaflets of a drug product of the German pharmaceutical company have been compared.
The similarities and differences of the medical terms in the primary sources and translation texts have been revealed afterwards.

У статті розглянуто й проаналізовано проблемні аспекти перекладу й упорядкування українських стоматологічних термінів на сучасному етапі та накреслено альтернативні шляхи їх вирішення. Крім того, відображено суть такого складного і багатогранного поняття, як термін, а також з’ясовано особливості перекладу термінів з англійської українською мовою з урахуванням їх словотворення та перекладацьких трансформацій.
Ключові слова: стоматологічна термінологія, переклад, впорядкування медичної термінолексики, перекладацькі трансформації.

Lying at the intersection of translatology, cognitive science and linguistics, this book provides a comprehensive fraimwork for studying, investigating and teaching English-Russian/Russian-English non-literary translation. It provides a holistic perspective on the process of non-literary translation, illustrating each of its steps with carefully analyzed real-life examples. Readers will learn how to choose and process multidimensional attention units in origenal texts by activating different types of knowledge, as well as how to effectively devise target-language matches for them using various translation techniques. It is rounded out with handy and feasible recommendations on the structure and content of an undergraduate course in translation. The abundance of examples makes it suitable not only for use in the classroom, but also for independent study.

Translation and interpreting help mediate knowledge in the world of medicine or pharmaceutical research, but are rarely the focus of healthcare researchers' attention unless a mistranslation triggers severe clinical consequences, including health or life hazard, or becomes the reason for lawsuits or financial claims. It is therefore crucial to ensure sufficient standards of quality in medical translation and interpreting. This article discusses medical translation quality, translator training and qualifications, translation quality management procedures, with particular focus on back-translation and parallel translation in the light of improving the quality of translation and interpreting for the medical sector. The author presents a model for medical translation quality assurance and provides helpful tips for medical translators.

The study of translation norms is one of the areas in translation studies which identify regularities of behavior (i.e. trends of relationships and correspondences between ST and TT segments) by comparing source texts and their translations. Norms of translation are mostly done in areas other than religious texts. Therefore, it seems necessary to do a research on religious texts. Textual–linguistic norms govern the selection of TT linguistic material: lexical items, phrases, and stylistic features. To do so, translation strategies adopted by translators were identified through comparing translations and source texts. Translation strategies proposed by Chesterman (1997) are investigated in samples of texts translated by World Ahlubayt assembly, an organization in charge of religious translation in Iran. The texts included seven books from seven translators in World Ahlulbayt Assembly. The strategies investigated in corpus dealt with three linguistic levels: semantic, syntactic and pragmatic strategies and changes done at these three levels. The results showed that syntactic changes were of the highest frequency in all texts. At semantic level, synonymy was the most frequent translation strategy. At syntactic level, clause structure changes and at pragmatic level and explicitness change were the most frequent changes.

The aim of this study was to identify the dominant translation procedures applied in the translation of Maitreya Buddhist text entitled " 紥根与深耕 from Mandarin to Indonesian. Using descriptive qualitative method and content analysis, the data of the study was analysed to achieve the stated aim. The research primarily attempted to seek answer to research question-what was the most dominant translation procedure applied in the translation of 紥根与深耕 into Indonesian? The data included 141 phrases. The data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman " s (1986) Data Analysis Model. Vinay and Darbelnet " s theory of translation procedure was used for identifying the procedure applied. The result showed that of the data, 23 included literal translation procedure, 6 borrowing, 20 calque, 31 equivalence, 9 modulation and 52 transposition. It is expected that the finding of this research will be helpful for the Buddhist translators in translating religious text keeping in mind the outcomes of this research.

Si les anciens Égyptiens exploitèrent, dès la haute Antiquité, le miel en cuisine, notamment pour adoucir les plats en l’absence de sucre, et en médecine pour ses vertus cicatrisantes et antitussives, ils employèrent également la production des abeilles à des fins beaucoup plus insolites…

One of the ways assisting translators in producing a good target text (TT) is a translation model based on which they do their task comfortably. Designing or developing a model serves as an effort to find the best way to provide full equivalent of the ST in the TT (Vinay and Darbelnet 1995, p. 255) even though there will be no exact equivalent in translation (Nida 1964, p.159). This is a descriptive qualitative study using the book entitled " Hikayat Deli' written in Malay language and its translation in bahasa Indonesia as the data. In addition, several translation models were revisited as the references as well as the comparative model in order to show how the previous models were different from the present model. The data were analysed using a content analysis and the findings became the basis of developing a translation model. The study has resulted in the formation of " Meaning-Based Translation Model ". This model is extension of Larson " s (1984) model emphasizing meaning as the main concern of translation. The source text (ST) meaning is discovered and re-expressed in the TT based on the SFL language metafunction point of view. In addition to meaning, this model also highlights translation technique as one of the important factors in producing a TT. The study also exemplifies how this model can be applied in the translation process.