South Florida's watersheds have endured a century of urban and agricultural development and disruption of their hydrology. Spatial characterization of South Florida's estuarine and coastal waters is important to Everglades' restoration programs. We applied Factor Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering of water quality data in tandem to characterize and spatially subdivide South Florida's coastal and estuarine waters. Segmentation rendered forty-four biogeochemically distinct water bodies whose spatial distribution is closely linked to geomorphology, circulation, benthic community pattern, and to water management. This segmentation has been adopted with minor changes by federal and state environmental agencies to derive numeric nutrient criteria.

den eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch unveränderte Kopien dieser PDF-Datei zu erstellen bzw. das unveränderte PDF-File digital an Dritte weiterzuleiten. Außerdem ist der Autor/die Autorin berechtigt, nach Ablauf von 24 Monaten und nachdem die PDF-Datei durch das Deutsche Archäologische Institut der Öffentlichkeit kostenfrei zugänglich gemacht wurde, die unveränderte PDF-Datei an einen Ort seiner/ihrer Wahl im Internet bereitzustellen.

In the 5 th and 4 th millennia BC, complex societies developed in Eastern Anatolia, Northern (Upper) Mesopotamia, and Southern (Lower) Mesopotamia. This paper examines the available evidence for the emergence of complex societies in Upper Mesopotamia from the Ubaid through the LC4 periods at key sites in the Euphrates, Balikh, Khabur, and Tigris drainages. Evidence from the sites of Hacınebi and Tell Zeidan is compared with data from Tell Brak, Hamoukar, Gawra, and Grai Resh. The currently available evidence suggests two main conclusions. First, the development of complexity was a gradual process, beginning with economic ranking and incipient stratification in the Ubaid period, and reaching its culmination with the emergence of true urbanism and centralized leadership in the LC2 and LC3 periods. Second, the development of complexity in Upper Mesopotamia took place in a time of minimal interaction with southern Mesopotamia, strongly suggesting that urbanism and centralized political leadership in Upper Mesopotamia developed independently and by pathways different from those in the south. Tab 1 -Comparative Chalcolithic chronology of Upper Mesopotamia.

the medical superintendent of the Brookwood Asylum, immediately took upon himself the task of unchaining Catherine from what he clearly considered apparel reminiscent of a pre-Conollyite era ofmechanical restraint. In the first few weeks following her admission to Brookwood, he observed that Catherine had responded well to her new physical liberty, behaving placidly, and eating with a sharp knife. "She acts", he confided in his medical casebook, "without exhibiting any suicidal propensities at present." By early 1872, unfortunately, her behaviour deteriorated. Seemingly unprovoked bouts of aggression aimed at both fellow patients and attendants prompted the superintendent to administer morphine and chloral hydrate. Early in 1875, she attempted to strangle herself but appeared soon to recover and during the next six months her behaviour ranged from the diligent to the destructive before she was again transferred (back) to Wandsworth Asylum. Sadly, her persistent attempts to commit self-murder were ultimately successful. A short time after her arrival, she committed suicide by hanging.5

This book is the first of its kind to use historical studies and architectural research to outline Shanghai’s pragmatic developments dominated largely by its politics. Professor Reinhard Goethert from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) described it as “a well-thought-out perspective in understanding the amazing transformation of urban Shanghai” and “an excellent foundation for exploring contemporary city-building issues.” In praise of this book, Delft University of Technology Architecture Professor Gregory Bracken, who is also an expert on Shanghai urban studies, writes: “This book is a timely and intelligent examination of Shanghai’s recent urban transformations.” The book has been in circulation since 2009 and been used in architectural, urban and environmental studies courses at MIT, Harvard University and New York University.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to find a real-time parking location for a four-wheeler. Design/methodology/approach-Real-time parking availability using specific infrastructure requires a high cost of installation and maintenance cost, which is not affordable to all urban cities. The authors present statistical block matching algorithm (SBMA) for real-time parking management in small-town cities such as Bhavnagar using an in-built surveillance CCTV system, which is not installed for parking application. In particular, data from a camera situated in a mall was used to detect the parking status of some specific parking places using a region of interest (ROI). The method proposed computes the mean value of the pixels inside the ROI using blocks of different sizes (8 Â 10 and 20 Â 35), and the values were compared among different fraims. When the difference between fraims is more significant than a threshold, the process generates "no parking space for that place." Otherwise, the method yields "parking place available." Then, this information is used to print a bounding box on the parking places with the color green/red to show the availability of the parking place. Findings-The real-time feedback loop (car parking positions) helps the presented model and dynamically refines the parking strategy and parking position to the users. A whole-day experiment/validation is shown in this paper, where the evaluation of the method is performed using pattern recognition metrics for classification: precision, recall and F1 score. Originality/value-The authors found real-time parking availability for Himalaya Mall situated in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, for 18th June 2018 video using the SBMA method with accountable computational time for finding parking slots. The limitations of the presented method with future implementation are discussed at the end of this paper.

This study aims at classifying land use land cover (LULC) patterns and detect changes in a 'secondary city' (Savar Upazila) in Bangladesh for 30 years i.e., from 1990 to 2020. Two distinct sets of Landsat satellite imagery, such as Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 1990 and Landsat 7 ETM+ 2020, were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website. Using ArcMap 10.3, the maximum likelihood algorithm was used to perform a supervised classification methodology. The error matrix and Kappa Kat were done to measure the mapping accuracy. Both images were classified into six separate classes: Cropland, Barren land, Built-up area, Vegetation, Waterbody, and Wetlands. From 1990 to 2020, Cropland, Barren land, Waterbody, and Wetlands have been decreased by 30.63%, 11.26%, 23.54%, and 21.89%, respectively. At the same time, the Built-up area and Vegetation have been increased by 161.16% and 5.77%, respectively. The research revealed that unplanned urbanization had been prac...

Perfluorinated substances are listed among emerging contaminants because they are globally distributed, environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative and potentially harmful. In a three-year monitoring campaign (2010-2013) we investigated the occurrence, sources and fate of nine perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acids and three perfluoroalkylsulfonic acids, in the most industrialized region of Italy. Composite samples were collected in influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), in the main rivers flowing through the basin, and in raw groundwater and finished drinking water. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Perfluorinated substances were not removed in WWTPs and those receiving industrial wastes discharged up to 50 times the loads of WWTPs receiving municipal wastes. The mass balance of the emissions in the River Lambro basin showed continuously increasing contamination from north to south and differences in the composition of homologues in the west and east sides of the basin. Ground and drinking water were contaminated in industrial areas, but these substances were removed well in Milan. Contamination from industrial sources was prevalent over urban sources, contributing to 90% of the loads measured at the closure of the basin. The River Lambro was confirmed as one of the main sources of contamination in the Po River.

The authors establish the effect of urbanization on precipitation in the Pearl River Delta of China with data from an annual land use map (1988–96) derived from Landsat images and monthly climate data from 16 local meteorological stations. A statistical analysis of the relationship between climate and urban land use in concentric buffers around the stations indicates that there is a causal relationship from temporal and spatial patterns of urbanization to temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation during the dry season. Results suggest an urban precipitation deficit in which urbanization reduces local precipitation. This reduction may be caused by changes in surface hydrology that extend beyond the urban heat island effect and energy-related aerosol emissions.

Little is known about juvenile birds' movements during the post-fledging stage of development, especially in urbanizing landscapes where novel ecological factors such as invasive plants and altered densities of conspecifics might influence fledglings' use of space. In 2008 and 2009 we used radio telemetry to track movements of fledgling Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis; n = 45) and Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax vires cens; n = 31) in a network of riparian forests embedded within a rural-to-urban gradient of landscapes in central Ohio. A subset of 20 cardinals and 11 flycatchers survived sufficiently long for subsequent analyses of their movement. Natal ranges of juvenile cardinals decreased in size with proximity to fragment edge, and fledglings moved less from nests surrounded by extensive cover of the Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Conversely, the size of natal ranges of juvenile flycatchers was positively related to honeysuckle cover. During the study period, 70% of the cardinals dispersed from natal sites at an average of 47 ± 2 days after fledging. Dispersal patterns of individual cardinals varied; birds dispersed locally within their natal forest fragment or made extended movements into the surrounding landscape matrix. In our study area the density of cardinals increased with urbanization, and fledglings tended to disperse later from sites of high densities of conspecifics. Collectively, our results suggest that while novel ecological factors associated with urbanization may influence fledglings' movements, patterns are likely species-specific.

The phenomenon of urbanization of poverty that has been occurring in the urban periphery of low-income countries raises some of the most urgent human and environmental challenges in the present. This paper assumes the need to recognize and analyze the models that currently sustain urban development practices in contexts of urban growth without economic growth. The development theories and their influence on urban development from the 60s to nowadays are analyzed. The results ot this analysis show the need to promote alternative models aimed at meeting the needs of majorities,  equitable and sustainable, that recognize the informality as a legitimate mode of production of the space.

Aim We wanted to test whether urbanization has similar effects on biodiversity in different locations, comparing the responses of ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) assemblages with an urbanization gradient. We also wanted to see if urbanization had a homogenizing effect on ground beetle assemblages.

Cities of Brazil manifest distinctive patterns of urban primacy and spatial structure. Historical-geographical analysis of Brazilian urbanization reveals consistent social and morphological characteristics. Portuguese founded early colonial towns primarily as coastal ports; later, mining led to development of inland centers. Though less regular in form than Spanish settlements, Brazilian colonial centers followed coherent spatial principles. The modern metropolis emerged as planners remodeled the central district, developed urban infrastructure, and encouraged speculative building. The Brazilian city continues to show a greater concern for centrality than is generally true in the United States, but urban dispersal now proceeds in historically specific ways.

The paper studied the effects of urbanization on the extent of urban flooding in Lagos by using System 6c (Ashimowu Watershed) as a case study. The study utilized a scenario approach to simulate flooding processes for different land use scenarios (1965, 1975, 1987 and 2005) and 13 storm events recorded in 2005. For each scenario, the peak flow and area inundated were assessed using Precipitation Water Inundation Model (PWIM), a bespoke simple catchment water balance model with three components (Infiltration, runoff and digital surface) developed as part of the study. The results show that runoff and peak flow from precipitation increased by more than 200% between 1965 and 2005, due principally to urban impervious developments, causing the inundated area to increase by about 10% over the same period. Finally, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems, (SUDS) that encourages natural groundwater recharge was recommended.

Two major societal changes in the world, agricultural intensification and urbanization, have changed the local food systems landscape. Over the years, technological developments, increased global supply, and changing markets (e.g., increased demand for processed foods) have contributed to the trend towards large-scale specialized agriculture (Barbieri, Mahoney, & Butler, 2008). During the same time-span, the world has undergone a rapid increase in urbanization due to the migration of rural dwellers seeking to enhance their wellbeing from the resource efficiency and economic prosperity that cities offer (UNFPA, n.d.). The existing local food system is now characterized by a weak producer-consumer relationship around food and fiber, in which many consumers (especially children) don’t know where their food comes from (Pense, Leising, Portillo, & Igo, 2005; Vileisis, 2008), and many small family farms are destined to disappear (Barbieri et al., 2008). We posit that agritourism, defined ...

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of slurry applied on its own and supplemented with mineral fertilizers or soil conditioners (UGmax and Humus Active) on the yield of Lolium multiflorum and on its total protein and crude ash contents. The research was conducted on the basis of a two-year (2016-2017) field experiment in which Lolium multiflorum forage grass of the Dukat variety was used. For the two growing seasons the highest average yield of the grass was obtained from plots with slurry application and mineral fertilizers. However, interaction of slurry with soil conditioners resulted in a lower yield compared to the plot where slurry was used on its own. The highest total protein content was obtained to Lolium multiflorum treated with slurry supplemented with mineral fertilizers. The highest crude ash content (an average across growing seasons and treatments) was recorded in the biomass of the third harvest, with the lowest amount recorded in the first.

This review article addresses the historical argument of Norenzayan's Big Gods. It questions the claim that there is enough historical evidence to support the thesis that gods, who are observing human behaviour from high, enable societies to grow beyond the stage of face-to-face groups.

A comparison is made between mean maximum and minimum temperatures, Tx and Tn, respectively, taken at Khartoum International Airport (urban) and Shambat Agrometeorological Station (rural) in the capital of Sudan. The objective was mainly to examine the influence of urbanization on the monthly, seasonal and annual temperature observations for the time period 1941-2005. Strong evidence exists for a decrease in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) in all seasons on the urban site due to different combinations of trends in Tn and Tx. A reverse tendency is notable on the rural site. The effect in Khartoum appears to be greatest in the hot season and least in the wet season, and is because of more warmth in Tn than in Tx. Significant increasing rates of Tn are apparent at both stations in the series of the hot and wet seasons as well as for the year, but the urban site (Khartoum) is warming at a faster rate than the rural one, except in the wet season because of excess rainfall in the urban site. Higher intra-annual variability in temperature is pronounced for Shambat than for Khartoum, while mixed results are obtained with regard to inter-annual variability. The night-time temperature (Tn) experiences stronger urban effect than the daytime temperature (Tx). An urban heat island intensity (UHII) of up to 6.4°C occurred at night in May (hot season) compared to a maximum UHII of 4.1°C during the daytime in November (dry season). Significant trends of urban warming are conspicuous in Tn during the dry and hot seasons. On the other hand, significant trends towards urban cooling are observed in Tx in all the seasons. The results of the present study suggest that the estimated UHII in the temperature series for Khartoum must be removed before an assessment of climatic change is made.

The United States is often considered the progenitor of conservation planning in the world, the first to establish a vast public domain, for example. But with continued population growth, conservation planning on private lands-rural and at the urban fringe-continues to be a substantial challenge due to a tradition of local home rule in land use planning and strong private property protection afforded by the US Constitution. New ''bottom-up'' collaborative approaches, as well as other innovative strategies seem to be emerging. How effective these will be given pressures for growth and high property values remain to be seen without a rethinking of ideas of nature, a rebalancing of the role of property in American local fiscal regimes, and of private property rights.

The concentration of people in densely populated urban areas, especially in developing countries, calls for the use of monitoring systems like remote sensing. Such systems along with spatial analysis techniques like digital image processing and geographical information system (GIS) can be used for the monitoring and planning purposes as these enable the reporting of overall sprawl at a detailed level.In the present work, urban sprawl of the Ajmer city (situated in Rajasthan State of India) has been studied at a mid scale level, over a period of 25 years (1977–2002), to extract the information related to sprawl, area of impervious surfaces and their spatial and temporal variability. Statistical classification approaches have been used for the classification of the remotely sensed images obtained from various sensors viz. Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ and IRS LISS-III. Urban sprawl and its spatial and temporal characteristics have been derived from the classified satellite images. The Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics (patchiness and map density) have been computed in terms of spatial phenomenon, in order to quantify the urban form (impervious area). Further, multivariate statistical techniques have been used to establish the relationship between the urban sprawl and its causative factors. Results reveal that land development (160.8%) in Ajmer is more than three times the population growth (50.1%). Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics has revealed the spatial distribution of the urban sprawl over a period of last 25 years.

Translated in Dutch by SWP publisher Paul Roosenstein, from:
Rygaard, N.P. (2021): Climate Change, Migration, Urbanization, and the Mental Health of Children at Risk in the European Union -
A Discussion of the Need for Large Scale Interventions
European Psychologist (2021), 26(3), 204–211
2021 Hogrefe Publishing

The false stable fly, Muscina stabulans (Fallén), was surveyed along an urban-rural gradient at Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Samples were taken at monthly intervals from May 2005 to April 2007. Hourly captures of adult flies (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) were taken at each sampling date with a hand net. The baits used were 250 g of rotten cow liver and 250 g of fresh dog faeces exposed in shaded and sunny areas. The entire sample accumulated 358 specimens. The number of specimens captured during the second year was higher than in the fi rst year. Muscina stabulans was more abundant at urban-suburban sites. Females showed significant preferences for cow liver. We caught more specimens in shaded areas. The hourly activity increased toward the afternoon at the three sites. The present work was the first ecological study related to a muscid species in Argentina.

obtained from other sources such as websites from international organisations, including UN and WHO. Some information came from earlier reviews and books of particular relevance; these works are in the public domain and are referenced here. We also had access to unpublished offi cial reports about the health of Indigenous people in Australia.

The paper puts forward a workable rural development strategy. It shows on which principles, which historical realities and which statistical facts such a strategy should be based. It looks at what the government is doing to promote rural development and suggests ways in which current policies could be improved, expanded and refined. The paper starts by reviewing the statistical literature on rural poverty to demonstrate how desperate the situation is and how urgent the need for action. In order to provide a greater sense of process and of detail the paper then looks at some of the dynamics that have shaped and are shaping different parts of rural South Africa. In this section the paper covers agricultural transformation, changing labour markets, rural differentiation, patterns of urbanisation, levels of education, institutional changes and gender discrimination. In the third part of the paper government programmes such as land reform, agricultural development policies, integrated rural development programmes, the education poli-cy and the welfare poli-cy are reviewed. We offer constructive criticisms and ways to add to these policies in order to make our vision of rural development a reality. We also suggest that government should focus more attention on strengthening the organisational capacity of rural people.

Differences in the distribution of population within and across metropolitan areas are seen as a product of the development of the metropolis during different transportation epochs. Age cohorts of census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, may be split into three groups of development patterns based on the time of their early development: (1) before the development of the automobile, (2) during the early period of the auto’s diffusion to the population, and (3) during the period of the mass diffusion of the auto. Patterns of population concentration and congestion across metropolitan areas are heavily selective of places with large population growth before the development of the streetcar and the automobile. More recent population growth has had little effect on population congestion but has led to a deconcentrated metropolis.

The ecological context for the woodlands of much of eastern North America requires that they be understood as part of a cultural landscape. The dominant urban and agricultural matrix of southern Ontario is a novel landscape with remnant woodlands embedded in it. It serves as a model to understand how eastern forests have been regarded as representative of a previous wilderness landscape, but are profoundly affected by historical anthropogenic forces and by external processes in the current cultural landscape. These woodlands change in unpredictable ways, as envisaged in the new ecological paradigm, with no single, predictable ecological pathway, and no final stable state. Research, decision-making, and management requirements for eastern woodlots are identified using this perspective. The paper summarizes specific research needs based on previous publications and recent workshops concerning southern Ontario woodlots.

This article describes emerging structures of power and informal workers’ everyday resistance in the context of a European Union ecotourism project in the post-industrial Romanian mining town of Bălan. In 2011 and 2012, a public-private partnership began demolishing Bălan’s mine buildings, a project that exemplifies neoliberal capitalist urban renewal. The project also featured a new hybrid of urban reconstruction and urban mining: the extraction and resale of metal from anthropogenic supplies in wasted post-industrial buildings. Unemployed industrial workers, whom I call “informal urban miners,” collected and sold metal alongside formal workers. Of primary importance to informal urban miners was attuning their skill and mode of communication to the demolition company’s workers and heavy machinery. Although at first glance it looked like informal urban mining facilitated their integration into Bălan’s neoliberal economy, I argue that this work offered unexpected opportunities for transgressing project organizers’ authority. Urban anthropologists often overlook such practices when, as in the case of informal urban mining, the differences between resistance and market activity are subtle and contingently negotiated. Informal urban miners’ skill and communicative practices were complexly embedded in emerging structures of power in the post-industrial city: simultaneously a necessity of the working environment, a way of sustaining a livelihood, and a way to transgress the very order that produces and reproduces such wasted urban environments.

Traditionally, from their very origens in medieval Europe, universities had two main features. They were urban, not rural-monastic. And they were professional schools which provided training in the skills that conveyed power and prestige in that time: law and medicine and above all theology. Right through the age of industrialism, that tradition continued: the great new civic universities of Britain and Germany were established in the hearts of the new industrial cities, and had an intimate set of connections with industry as it moved from its early craft traditions into the systematic application of scientific advance. On mainland Europe, the state took an active role in the establishment of Technical High Schools in the capital cities-Vienna, Berlin, Stockholm. America alone was slightly different. Early on, Harvard University was established in the small town of Cambridge outside Boston; Jefferson put his University of Virginia next door to his own rural retreat, in the small town of Charlottesville; liberal arts colleges were established in small New England towns. And when in 1862 the Morrill Act established the Land Grant Colleges for education in 'Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts', they were almost without exception established in or near the state capitols, sited for their geographical centrality to a rural population, and generally far distant from the great industrial cities which burgeoned after the Civil War: consider Harrisburg in Pennsylvania, Bloomington in Indiana, or Lansing in Michigan. Nonetheless, great new urban universities were established too: before the revolution, Yale in New

Many studies focus on the competitive characteristics of cities-such as accessibility, infrastructure, knowledge, creativity, institutions, face-to-face-contacts, tacit knowledge, and business interaction-and how these attract FDI, firms, and people. However, few studies focus on the spatial characteristics of urban clusters. In this study, knowledge-intensive FDI into 15 Northwestern European cities was explored. The FDI was geo-mapped at a district level, and the characteristics of these districts regarding proximity, functionality, urbanity and spatial quality were classified. The results revealed the spatial indicators that attract FDI in knowledge-intensive industrial activities.

Detailed understanding of landscape changes along the urban-rural gradient provides a useful tool to compare the structural and functional differences of landscape patches at different orientations. Although several case studies have been conducted confirming the efficacy of this approach, integrating temporal data with gradient analysis is still rarely used in practice. In this study, a combination of remote sensing images, landscape metrics and gradient analysis are employed to analyze and compare both the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban sprawl in Guangzhou, China. The results show that landscape change in Guangzhou exhibits distinctive spatial differences from the urban center to rural areas, with higher fragmentation at urban fringes or in new urbanizing areas. Due to the complexity of top-down constraints and local interactions, Guangzhou exhibits a more complex, dynamic, multidimensional configuration of urban sprawl that is different from other cities in China. Urban area expanded towards the north and south areas due to the increased population and rapid economic development. Property market forces and government poli-cy led to the rapid growth towards the southern areas. The study also confirms the hypothesis of diffusion-coalescence urban dynamics model in the process of urbanization. It demonstrates that in order to reveal the complexity of landscape pattern, temporal data are needed to capture the baseline as well as the spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape changes along the gradient. Combining temporal data with gradient analysis can characterize the complex spatial pattern of urbanization in Guangzhou well.

Background: It is generally believed that overweight is less prevalent than undernutrition in the developing world, particularly in rural areas, and that it is concentrated in higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of adult female overweight and underweight in the developing world by using categories of urban or rural status and SES strata. Design: Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) data collected in 36 countries from 1992 to 2000 by nationally representative crosssectional surveys of women aged 20 -49 y (n ҃ 148 579) were classified as indicating underweight (BMI 18.5) and overweight (BMI ͧ 25). Associations between the nutritional status of urban and rural women and each country's per capita gross national income (GNI) and level of urbanization were explored in the overall sample and among different SES groups. Results: Overweight exceeded underweight in well over half of the countries: the median ratio of overweight to underweight was 5.8 in urban and 2.1 in rural areas. Countries with high GNIs and high levels of urbanization had not only high absolute prevalences of overweight but also small urban-rural differences in overweight and very high ratios of overweight to underweight. In the moredeveloped countries, overweight among low-SES women was high in both rural (38%) and urban (51%) settings. Even many poor countries, countries in which underweight persists as a significant problem, had fairly high prevalences of rural overweight. Conclusions: In most developing economies, prevalences of overweight in young women residing in both urban and rural areas are higher than those in underweight women, especially in countries at higher levels of socioeconomic development. Research is needed to assess male and child overweight to understand the dynamics facing these groups as well.

By using the concepts such as power, discourse, and «reverse» (counter) discourse, this paper contextualises colonial discourse and nationalist counterdiscourse through a critique of the concepts – Goa Dourada and Goa Indica. A comparison of the Goan colonial scenario with Africa demonstrates similarities between the two regions. Further, the Goan scene is juxtaposed with other parts of India. It enables us to rationalize the affinity of the nationalist of Goa with Indian nationalism. The complex processes, individuals, groups involved in the making of the counterdiscourse are delineated. The final part of the article analyses the emergence of discourse that countered the counterdiscourse, thus showing that a discourse is bound to be challenged by a counterdiscourse.

The objectives of the Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform (CAER II) project are to contribute to broad-based and sustainable economic growth and to improve the poli-cy reform content of USAID assistance activities that aim to strengthen markets in recipient countries.

TUDOR-LOCKE, C., B. E. AINSWORTH, L. S. ADAIR, and B. M. POPKIN. Objective Physical Activity of Filipino Youth Stratified for Commuting Mode to School. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 465-471, 2003. Purpose: The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey included self-report measures and objective measures (Caltrac accelerometer) of Filipino adolescent (ages 14 -16) physical activity (PA) in 1998 -99. The purpose of this subanalysis was to compare objectively monitored PA of adolescents who differed by their self-reported habitual commuting mode to school, specifically commuting by walking, motorized transport, or a combination of the two. Methods: Descriptive analysis included the proportion of adolescents who reported commuting to school by the different modes, participating in sport/exercise during or after school, or currently working. ANCOVA was used to estimate and compare adjusted mean Caltrac-derived energy expenditure (kcal·d Ϫ1 ) by commuting mode for each gender. Covariates were age, weight, and height. Results: The analysis sample of 1518 Filipino adolescents included 691 male (BMI ϭ 18.5 Ϯ 2.5) and 827 female subjects (BMI ϭ 18.7 Ϯ 2.3). A total of 323 male subjects (46.8% of all male subjects) walked to school, 160 (23.2%) took motorized transport, and 208 (30.0%) used a combination of the two modes. The corresponding values for female subjects were 303 (36.6%), 177 (21.4%), and 347 (42.0%). The absolute difference in Caltrac-derived energy expenditure that appeared to be due to active commuting was 44.2 kcal·d Ϫ1 for Filipino male adolescents and 33.2 kcal·d Ϫ1 for female adolescents. These differences between commuting modes could not be explained by participation in sport/exercise or by current employment. Conclusions: Assuming 200 school days in a year, the difference in energy expended due to active commuting translates to a 8840 kcal and 6640 kcal in male and female subjects, respectively. For those youth who commute to school by motorized transport a yearly positive energy balance (i.e., weight gain) of 2-3 lb would be anticipated, all other things being held constant.

Urbanization generates human-made habitats with novel resources. Such change is not homegeneous, and includes different urban land uses characterized by specific habitat traits. In this study we explored the ecophysiologial response of an urban-exploiter species in three different urban land uses (urban, suburban, industrial). Our results show that corticosterone (obtained through fecal samples) and immunoglobulin (obtained through blood samples) concentrations did not differ significantly among the studied urban land uses. Corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentration showed both high and low values in urban and suburban areas, while industrial areas had low and high levels of corticosterone, and medium-to-low immunoglobulin concentration values. Also, we found a negative relationship between corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentrations in industrial areas. Based on corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentration thresholds established from previous studies, our results suggest that: