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- 9 Appendix B: Data Description and Construction of Variables 9.1 New York City Administrative Data Demographic variables Demographic information was pulled from New York City enrollment files spanning the 200304 to 2009-10 school years, with precedence given to the most recent file. Race consisted of the following categories: Black, Hispanic, White, Asian, and Other. These categories are considered mutually exclusive. A student was considered free lunch if he was coded as A or 1 in the raw data, which corresponds to free lunch or 2 which corresponds to reduced-price lunch. A student was considered non free lunch if the student was coded as a 3, which corresponds to Full Price. All other values, including blanks, were coded as missing.
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- A score of 85 is labeled as achieving mastery of the subject matter. While scoring 85 or higher is not relevant for high school graduation, meeting this cutoff is often used by high schools as a prerequisite for courses and by New York State colleges as either a prerequisite or qualification for credit towards a degree. Beginning with students who entered 9th grade in the fall of 2009, an additional accolade of Annotation of Mastery in science and/or math became available for students who score above 85 on three Regents exams in science and/or math. Regents examinations contain both multiple-choice and open-response questions. The foreign language exams also contain a speaking component. Scoring materials provided to schools include the correct answers to multiple-choice questions and detailed, subject-specific instructions and procedures for evaluating open-ended and essay questions.
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- Appendix Table 2 College Results for All Exam Schools Start 1200+ 1300+ 1400+ 4-year SAT SAT SAT Stuyvesant-0.012 0.029 0.029 0.039 (0.029) (0.036) (0.039) (0.033) 2720 2720 2720 2720 Bronx Science 0.005 0.012 0.000-0.023 (0.024) (0.023) (0.020) (0.018) 5111 5111 5111 5111 Queens Science/Lehman-0.007-0.015-0.012 0.012 (0.019) (0.023) (0.019) (0.012) 6415 6415 6415 6415 MSE 0.019-0.010-0.019-0.029 (0.027) (0.021) (0.018) (0.012) 6778 6778 6778 6778 Brooklyn Tech 0.003-0.021-0.024-0.029 (0.025) (0.019) (0.019) (0.011) 6855 6855 6855 6855 This table presents reduced form estimates for graduating from each exam school. The sample includes the 2007 through 2009 high school cohorts. The Queens Science and Lehman results are combined as the cutoffs overlap in most years. When not overlapping, we use the lower of the two cutoffs. Standard errors are clustered by exam score. *** = significant at 1 percent level, ** = significant at 5 percent level, * = significant at 10 percent level.
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- Appendix Table 5 SAT Results for All Exam Schools Took SAT SAT Score Stuyvesant 0.023-6.271 (0.030) (22.850) 3159 1015 Bronx Science 0.022 19.274 (0.021) (12.618) 5996 1800 Queens Science/Lehman-0.005 2.030 (0.020) (12.703) 7544 2195 MSE-0.008 17.383 (0.019) (13.259) 7998 2297 Brooklyn Tech-0.003-3.021 (0.016) (12.866) 8075 2320 This table presents reduced form estimates for SAT outcomes. The sample includes the 2007 through 2010 high school cohorts. The Queens Science and Lehman results are combined as the cutoffs overlap in most years. When not overlapping, we use the lower of the two cutoffs. Standard errors are clustered by exam score. *** = significant at 1 percent level, ** = significant at 5 percent level, * = significant at 10 percent level.
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- Appendix Table 6 College Results for NYC Sample Start Grad 1200+ 1300+ 1400+ Post 4-year College SAT SAT SAT Grad Stuyvesant-0.003 0.043 0.071 0.042 0.036 0.013 (0.021) (0.047) (0.028) (0.028) (0.019) (0.036) 5569 1991 5569 5569 5569 1991 Bronx Science-0.010-0.007 0.005-0.015-0.022-0.048 (0.015) (0.038) (0.018) (0.018) (0.011) (0.026) 10504 4026 10504 10504 10504 4026 Brooklyn Tech-0.001-0.044 0.001-0.002-0.006-0.018 (0.016) (0.030) (0.013) (0.010) (0.006) (0.022) 13857 5389 13857 13857 13857 5389 This table presents reduced form estimates for college outcomes. The sample includes the 2002 through 2009 high school cohorts who attended a public middle and high school in NYC. Standard errors are clustered by exam score. *** = significant at 1 percent level, ** = significant at 5 percent level, * = significant at 10 percent level.
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- Currently, the option of receiving a local diploma is being eliminated entirely. Beginning with those who entered the 9th grade in the fall of 2008, students are required to meet the Regents Diploma requirements (score 65 or higher in each of the five core subjects) in order to graduate from high school in New York State. The shift from local diploma to Regents diploma requirements was done gradually, with students entering 9th grade in fall 2005 having to score 65 in at least two core subjects, and each subsequent cohort facing stricter requirements.
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- High School Graduation variables High school graduation variables were pulled from the 2002 through 2009 city and state graduation files. City files are available for all years, while state files are only available for 2002 - 2008.
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- New York State 8th Grade Test Scores State test scores in 8th grade were pulled from the NYC test score files spanning the 1999 - 2000 to 2009 - 2010 school years. Scores were standardized by year and grade to have mean of zero and standard deviation of one. The state mathematics and English Language Arts tests, developed by McGraw-Hill, are exams conducted in the winters of third through eighth grade. The math test includes questions on number sense and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement, and statistics. Tests in later grades focus on advanced topics such as algebra and geometry. The ELA test is designed to assess students on three learning standards nformation and understanding, literary response and expression, critical analysis and evaluation ncludes multiple-choice and shortresponse sections based on a reading and listening section, along with a brief editing task.
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- New York State Regents Test Scores Regents test scores for high school subjects were pulled from the NYC Regents test score files for 1998 - 1999 through 2009 - 2010. For each subject we construct indicator variables for a student having taken the exam, for having passed the exam at the basic level (55 out of 100), for having passed the exam at the Regents level (65 out of 100), and for having obtained mastery in the subject (85 out of 100). As the structure of the Math exams have changed over our sample period, we combine Sequential Math 1, Math A and Integrated Algebra scores and Sequential Math 3, Math B, and Trigonometry scores (based on the advice of NYC staff). Results are identical if we restrict the results to Math A and B, which make up the majority of our observations.
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- School Characteristics School-level student variables were constructed for each school based on the population of students who were assigned to that high school in the NYC graduation files for the 2002 through 2009 high school cohorts.
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- School-level teacher variables were constructed for each school based on the 2008 - 2009 Human Resources file. We define teacher salaries as the mean salary for all school staff designated as full time teachers. Teacher experience is defined similarly. Student to teacher and staff ratios were constructed using 2008 - 2009 staffing levels and the average cohort size for the 2002 through 2009 high school cohorts.
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- Standard errors are clustered at the exam score level. Results for middle school type and gender include the 1994 through 2013 high school cohorts. Results for 8th grade test scores include the 2002 through 2013 cohorts who were enrolled in a public middle school. Results for ethnicity include the 2008 through 2013 cohorts who were enrolled in a public middle school.
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- The sample includes the 2007 through 2010 high school cohorts. Standard errors are clustered by exam score. *** = significant at 1 percent level, ** = significant at 5 percent level, * = significant at 10 percent level. Appendix Table 9 Bin Width Test Stuyvesant Bronx Science Brooklyn Tech No. of Bins Bin Size Enrollment Grad Enrollment Grad Enrollment Grad 25 0.02 0.003 0.002 0.956 0.565 0.169 0.227 13 0.04 0.506 0.510 0.702 0.552 0.757 0.294 10 0.05 0.247 0.290 0.349 0.035 0.559 0.041 5 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 This table reports results of the optimal bin width. Each column reports results of a regression of where we add a set of interactions between the bin dummies and the running variable to a base regression of an outcome variable on the set of bin dummies. The p-value is from the test of whether the interactions are jointly significant.
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