1.1 Non-Khoe Khoisan + Non-Khoe Khoisan as a "language type" with partially marked morp... more 1.1 Non-Khoe Khoisan + Non-Khoe Khoisan as a "language type" with partially marked morphosyntactic structure (Guldemann and Vossen 2000: 109-10, Guldemann 1998, 2004, 2006), some basic features: a) SVO clause order, head-initial noun phrase except head-final genitives b) little morphology; importance of constituent order, particles, analytical constructions c) verb serialization and verb compounding d) special type of relational gram as a default marker of valence-external participants e) complex and irregular number marking in both nominal and predicative expressions, including stem suppletion f) special type of gender system g) noun-like syntactic behavior of pronouns h) inclusive/exclusive distinction in pronominal system
Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, Aug 11, 2014
1. Foreword and acknowledgments 2. Abbreviations 3. 'Khoisan' linguistic classification t... more 1. Foreword and acknowledgments 2. Abbreviations 3. 'Khoisan' linguistic classification today (by Guldemann, Tom) 4. PART I. Cross-areal perspectives 5. Molecular anthropological perspectives on the Kalahari Basin area (by Pakendorf, Brigitte) 6. 'Khoisan' sibling terminologies in historical perspective: A combined anthropological, linguistic and phylogenetic comparative approach (by Boden, Gertrud) 7. Clicks, prosodies and Khoisan (by Elderkin, Edward D.) 8. PART II. The Khoe-Kwadi family 9. Verb serialisation in northern dialects of Khoekhoegowab: Convergence or divergence? (by Haacke, Wilfrid) 10. Areal and inherited aspects of compound verbs in Khoekhoe (by Rapold, Christian J.) 11. PART III. The Kx'a family 12. Demonstrative and relative constructions in Ju: A diachronic account (by Lionnet, Florian) 13. N!aqriaxe ( 'Amkoe) spatial terms from a genealogical and areal perspective (by Gerlach, Linda) 14. 'Amkoe body part terminology in comparative perspective (by Sands, Bonny) 15. PART IV. The Tuu family 16. The Lower Nossob varieties of Tuu: !Ui, Taa or neither? (by Guldemann, Tom) 17. Towards a genealogical classification of Taa dialects (by Naumann, Christfried) 18. Master list of references 19. Language (group) index 20. Subject index
1. Preface (by Guldemann, Tom) 2. Abbreviations and symbols 3. Part I. Categories of reported dis... more 1. Preface (by Guldemann, Tom) 2. Abbreviations and symbols 3. Part I. Categories of reported discourse and their use 4. 1. Speech and thought representation in the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages (by Boeder, Winfried) 5. 2. Self-quotation in German: Reporting on past decisions (by Golato, Andrea) 6. 3. Direct and indirect speech in Cerma narrative (by Lowe, Ivan-Margaret) 7. 4. Direct and indirect discourse in Tamil (by Steever, Sanford B.) 8. 5. The acceptance of "free indirect discourse": A change of the representation of thought in Japanese (by Suzuki, Yasushi) 9. 6. Direct, indirect and other discourse in Bengali newspapers (by Wurff, Wim van der) 10. Part II. Tense-aspect and evidentiality 11. 7. Evidentiality and reported speech in Romance languages (by Hassler, Gerda) 12. 8. Discourse perspectives on tense choice in spoken-English reporting discourse (by Sakita, Tomoko I.) 13. Part III. Logophoricity 14. 9. The logophoric hierarchy and variation in Dogon (by Culy, Chris) 15. 10. Logophoric marking in East Asian languages (by Huang, Yan) 16. Part IV. Form and history of quotative constructions 17. 11. The grammaticalization of 'say' and 'do': An areal phenomenon in East Africa (by Cohen, David) 18. 12. When 'say' is not say: The functional versatility of the Bantu quotative marker ti with special reference to Shona (by Guldemann, Tom) 19. 13. Reported speech in Egyptian: Forms, types and history (by Kammerzell, Frank) 20. 14. 'Report' constructions in Kambera (Austronesian) (by Klamer, Marian A.F.) 21. 15. All the same?: The emergence of complementizers in Bislama (by Meyerhoff, Miriam) 22. Part V. A comprehensive bibliography of reported discourse 23. 16. A comprehensive bibliography of reported discourse (by Guldemann, Tom) 24. Index of names 25. Index of languages and language groups
Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis e... more Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis established by Greenberg (1950, 1963) and popular among non-specialists ever since, but also proposed the areal concept “Kalahari Basin” comprising the indigenous nonBantu languages of southern Africa. If the linguistic isoglosses shared by these languages are compatible with a historical assessment in terms of multiple and partly long-standing contact, the areal approach is a viable explanation for the emergence of the modern linguistic panorama, as opposed to the genealogical hypothesis. Since the areal approach was proposed more than a decade ago research on linguistic isoglosses and contact-induced convergence across the Kalahari Basin has increased considerably. This article summarizes the earlier results, supplements them with new findings, thus giving more substance to the “Kalahari Basin” concept, and embeds it in the general discussion about linguistic areas.
Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis e... more Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis established by Greenberg (1950, 1963) and popular among non-specialists ever since, but also proposed the areal concept “Kalahari Basin” comprising the indigenous nonBantu languages of southern Africa. If the linguistic isoglosses shared by these languages are compatible with a historical assessment in terms of multiple and partly long-standing contact, the areal approach is a viable explanation for the emergence of the modern linguistic panorama, as opposed to the genealogical hypothesis. Since the areal approach was proposed more than a decade ago research on linguistic isoglosses and contact-induced convergence across the Kalahari Basin has increased considerably. This article summarizes the earlier results, supplements them with new findings, thus giving more substance to the “Kalahari Basin” concept, and embeds it in the general discussion about linguistic areas.
Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, Oct 1, 2022
Recent research looks increasingly at languages with more than one system of nominal classificati... more Recent research looks increasingly at languages with more than one system of nominal classification and first systematic typological assessments of so-called "concurrent noun classification" exist with a focus on cases involving classifiers and gender. We elaborate on this work by dealing with Niger-Congo languages that have restructured their inherited noun classification in a particular way. The inherited system entailing a strong parallelism between agreement-based gender and affix-based noun inflections shifted toward one where the gender system is reduced to an animacy-based opposition while nominal inflection maintains a considerable amount of original complexity with semantic criteria beyond those of the innovative gender distinction. While the phenomenon as such is not a new discovery, its typological relevance has gone unrecognized so far. We argue that such cases of restructured gender systems in Niger-Congo prima facie suggest themselves as candidates for a new type of concurrent noun classification, both from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. We present a detailed description of the phenomenon in the Guang language Gonja and determine whether or how it can be integrated in the available typology. We also survey its wider distribution and discuss some recurrent historical aspects of its emergence in the family.
Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 1999
Bantu languages are quite homogeneous äs regards structural devices to encode attributive possess... more Bantu languages are quite homogeneous äs regards structural devices to encode attributive possession. They have recourse to one major strategy in this functional domain. A marker a preceded by a concord agreeing with the class ofthe modified noun is found throughout thefamily taking care ofthe majority of constructions where nominal constituents are attributed to a head noun in an endocentric syntagm including possessive relations. In contrast to this Situation, Zulu andXhosa, which are subsumed here under the convenient cover term southern Nguni, possess an additional major strategy which due to itsfunction and form will be called thê-possessive. The paper is concerned with its grammaticalization development andpossible typological significance.
Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, 2014
Proposed by Greenberg (1950, 1963) as a language family, the currently available evidence indicat... more Proposed by Greenberg (1950, 1963) as a language family, the currently available evidence indicates that ‘Khoisan’ in a linguistic sense can be viewed, at best, as a negative entity. It comprises a diverse range of languages in southern and eastern Africa which share the typological feature of phonemic clicks, yet cannot all be related genealogically to each other or any established lineage. This makes them different from other languages with a similar areal and typological profile which belong to the Bantu (Niger-Congo) and Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) language families. This chapter attempts to give the state of the art about the inventory of Khoisan languages and the different types of linguistic classifications applied to them, namely within typological, areal, and historical-comparative linguistics. In addition, this introduction serves to provide a general background for the other contributions to this volume. Since these all address outstanding issues of genealogical and areal relations between Khoisan languages and peoples of southern Africa in particular, they are also embedded by the introduction within the complex problem of evaluating the population history of the Kalahari Basin before the Bantu expansion from a linguistic, anthropological, and genetic perspective.
Empirical approaches to language typology, Jan 15, 2008
Preface and acknowledgments v List of maps, tables, and figures xiv Abbreviations and conventions... more Preface and acknowledgments v List of maps, tables, and figures xiv Abbreviations and conventions xviii Representation of linguistic examples xviii Abbreviations xix Other symbols and fonts xxi 1 The framework, aim, and data of this study 1 1.1 Topic and research questions 1 1.2 Theoretical preliminaries 3 1.2.1 Reported discourse and its categories 4 1.2.2 Quotative indexes as formal signals of reported discourse 1.3 Methodological preliminaries 1.3.1 Language sample, sources, and data corpus 1.3.2 The analysis of quotative indexes 1.3.3 Elements of quotative indexes used with other functions 1.4 An overview of reported-discourse constructions in the corpus 1.4.1 Non-direct reported discourse 1.4.2 Free direct reported discourse 2 The internal structure of quotative indexes 2.1 The predicative assertion and predication operators 2.1.1 Predicative vs. non-predicative quotative indexes 2.1.2 Deviation from canonical predicativity ("marked predicativity") 2.1.3 Marked lexical features of predicative items 2.1.
1.1 Non-Khoe Khoisan + Non-Khoe Khoisan as a "language type" with partially marked morp... more 1.1 Non-Khoe Khoisan + Non-Khoe Khoisan as a "language type" with partially marked morphosyntactic structure (Guldemann and Vossen 2000: 109-10, Guldemann 1998, 2004, 2006), some basic features: a) SVO clause order, head-initial noun phrase except head-final genitives b) little morphology; importance of constituent order, particles, analytical constructions c) verb serialization and verb compounding d) special type of relational gram as a default marker of valence-external participants e) complex and irregular number marking in both nominal and predicative expressions, including stem suppletion f) special type of gender system g) noun-like syntactic behavior of pronouns h) inclusive/exclusive distinction in pronominal system
Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, Aug 11, 2014
1. Foreword and acknowledgments 2. Abbreviations 3. 'Khoisan' linguistic classification t... more 1. Foreword and acknowledgments 2. Abbreviations 3. 'Khoisan' linguistic classification today (by Guldemann, Tom) 4. PART I. Cross-areal perspectives 5. Molecular anthropological perspectives on the Kalahari Basin area (by Pakendorf, Brigitte) 6. 'Khoisan' sibling terminologies in historical perspective: A combined anthropological, linguistic and phylogenetic comparative approach (by Boden, Gertrud) 7. Clicks, prosodies and Khoisan (by Elderkin, Edward D.) 8. PART II. The Khoe-Kwadi family 9. Verb serialisation in northern dialects of Khoekhoegowab: Convergence or divergence? (by Haacke, Wilfrid) 10. Areal and inherited aspects of compound verbs in Khoekhoe (by Rapold, Christian J.) 11. PART III. The Kx'a family 12. Demonstrative and relative constructions in Ju: A diachronic account (by Lionnet, Florian) 13. N!aqriaxe ( 'Amkoe) spatial terms from a genealogical and areal perspective (by Gerlach, Linda) 14. 'Amkoe body part terminology in comparative perspective (by Sands, Bonny) 15. PART IV. The Tuu family 16. The Lower Nossob varieties of Tuu: !Ui, Taa or neither? (by Guldemann, Tom) 17. Towards a genealogical classification of Taa dialects (by Naumann, Christfried) 18. Master list of references 19. Language (group) index 20. Subject index
1. Preface (by Guldemann, Tom) 2. Abbreviations and symbols 3. Part I. Categories of reported dis... more 1. Preface (by Guldemann, Tom) 2. Abbreviations and symbols 3. Part I. Categories of reported discourse and their use 4. 1. Speech and thought representation in the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages (by Boeder, Winfried) 5. 2. Self-quotation in German: Reporting on past decisions (by Golato, Andrea) 6. 3. Direct and indirect speech in Cerma narrative (by Lowe, Ivan-Margaret) 7. 4. Direct and indirect discourse in Tamil (by Steever, Sanford B.) 8. 5. The acceptance of "free indirect discourse": A change of the representation of thought in Japanese (by Suzuki, Yasushi) 9. 6. Direct, indirect and other discourse in Bengali newspapers (by Wurff, Wim van der) 10. Part II. Tense-aspect and evidentiality 11. 7. Evidentiality and reported speech in Romance languages (by Hassler, Gerda) 12. 8. Discourse perspectives on tense choice in spoken-English reporting discourse (by Sakita, Tomoko I.) 13. Part III. Logophoricity 14. 9. The logophoric hierarchy and variation in Dogon (by Culy, Chris) 15. 10. Logophoric marking in East Asian languages (by Huang, Yan) 16. Part IV. Form and history of quotative constructions 17. 11. The grammaticalization of 'say' and 'do': An areal phenomenon in East Africa (by Cohen, David) 18. 12. When 'say' is not say: The functional versatility of the Bantu quotative marker ti with special reference to Shona (by Guldemann, Tom) 19. 13. Reported speech in Egyptian: Forms, types and history (by Kammerzell, Frank) 20. 14. 'Report' constructions in Kambera (Austronesian) (by Klamer, Marian A.F.) 21. 15. All the same?: The emergence of complementizers in Bislama (by Meyerhoff, Miriam) 22. Part V. A comprehensive bibliography of reported discourse 23. 16. A comprehensive bibliography of reported discourse (by Guldemann, Tom) 24. Index of names 25. Index of languages and language groups
Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis e... more Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis established by Greenberg (1950, 1963) and popular among non-specialists ever since, but also proposed the areal concept “Kalahari Basin” comprising the indigenous nonBantu languages of southern Africa. If the linguistic isoglosses shared by these languages are compatible with a historical assessment in terms of multiple and partly long-standing contact, the areal approach is a viable explanation for the emergence of the modern linguistic panorama, as opposed to the genealogical hypothesis. Since the areal approach was proposed more than a decade ago research on linguistic isoglosses and contact-induced convergence across the Kalahari Basin has increased considerably. This article summarizes the earlier results, supplements them with new findings, thus giving more substance to the “Kalahari Basin” concept, and embeds it in the general discussion about linguistic areas.
Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis e... more Güldemann (1998 and following publications) not only challenged the “Khoisan” family hypothesis established by Greenberg (1950, 1963) and popular among non-specialists ever since, but also proposed the areal concept “Kalahari Basin” comprising the indigenous nonBantu languages of southern Africa. If the linguistic isoglosses shared by these languages are compatible with a historical assessment in terms of multiple and partly long-standing contact, the areal approach is a viable explanation for the emergence of the modern linguistic panorama, as opposed to the genealogical hypothesis. Since the areal approach was proposed more than a decade ago research on linguistic isoglosses and contact-induced convergence across the Kalahari Basin has increased considerably. This article summarizes the earlier results, supplements them with new findings, thus giving more substance to the “Kalahari Basin” concept, and embeds it in the general discussion about linguistic areas.
Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, Oct 1, 2022
Recent research looks increasingly at languages with more than one system of nominal classificati... more Recent research looks increasingly at languages with more than one system of nominal classification and first systematic typological assessments of so-called "concurrent noun classification" exist with a focus on cases involving classifiers and gender. We elaborate on this work by dealing with Niger-Congo languages that have restructured their inherited noun classification in a particular way. The inherited system entailing a strong parallelism between agreement-based gender and affix-based noun inflections shifted toward one where the gender system is reduced to an animacy-based opposition while nominal inflection maintains a considerable amount of original complexity with semantic criteria beyond those of the innovative gender distinction. While the phenomenon as such is not a new discovery, its typological relevance has gone unrecognized so far. We argue that such cases of restructured gender systems in Niger-Congo prima facie suggest themselves as candidates for a new type of concurrent noun classification, both from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. We present a detailed description of the phenomenon in the Guang language Gonja and determine whether or how it can be integrated in the available typology. We also survey its wider distribution and discuss some recurrent historical aspects of its emergence in the family.
Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 1999
Bantu languages are quite homogeneous äs regards structural devices to encode attributive possess... more Bantu languages are quite homogeneous äs regards structural devices to encode attributive possession. They have recourse to one major strategy in this functional domain. A marker a preceded by a concord agreeing with the class ofthe modified noun is found throughout thefamily taking care ofthe majority of constructions where nominal constituents are attributed to a head noun in an endocentric syntagm including possessive relations. In contrast to this Situation, Zulu andXhosa, which are subsumed here under the convenient cover term southern Nguni, possess an additional major strategy which due to itsfunction and form will be called thê-possessive. The paper is concerned with its grammaticalization development andpossible typological significance.
Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, 2014
Proposed by Greenberg (1950, 1963) as a language family, the currently available evidence indicat... more Proposed by Greenberg (1950, 1963) as a language family, the currently available evidence indicates that ‘Khoisan’ in a linguistic sense can be viewed, at best, as a negative entity. It comprises a diverse range of languages in southern and eastern Africa which share the typological feature of phonemic clicks, yet cannot all be related genealogically to each other or any established lineage. This makes them different from other languages with a similar areal and typological profile which belong to the Bantu (Niger-Congo) and Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) language families. This chapter attempts to give the state of the art about the inventory of Khoisan languages and the different types of linguistic classifications applied to them, namely within typological, areal, and historical-comparative linguistics. In addition, this introduction serves to provide a general background for the other contributions to this volume. Since these all address outstanding issues of genealogical and areal relations between Khoisan languages and peoples of southern Africa in particular, they are also embedded by the introduction within the complex problem of evaluating the population history of the Kalahari Basin before the Bantu expansion from a linguistic, anthropological, and genetic perspective.
Empirical approaches to language typology, Jan 15, 2008
Preface and acknowledgments v List of maps, tables, and figures xiv Abbreviations and conventions... more Preface and acknowledgments v List of maps, tables, and figures xiv Abbreviations and conventions xviii Representation of linguistic examples xviii Abbreviations xix Other symbols and fonts xxi 1 The framework, aim, and data of this study 1 1.1 Topic and research questions 1 1.2 Theoretical preliminaries 3 1.2.1 Reported discourse and its categories 4 1.2.2 Quotative indexes as formal signals of reported discourse 1.3 Methodological preliminaries 1.3.1 Language sample, sources, and data corpus 1.3.2 The analysis of quotative indexes 1.3.3 Elements of quotative indexes used with other functions 1.4 An overview of reported-discourse constructions in the corpus 1.4.1 Non-direct reported discourse 1.4.2 Free direct reported discourse 2 The internal structure of quotative indexes 2.1 The predicative assertion and predication operators 2.1.1 Predicative vs. non-predicative quotative indexes 2.1.2 Deviation from canonical predicativity ("marked predicativity") 2.1.3 Marked lexical features of predicative items 2.1.
Presented at Speaking (of) Khoisan: A symposium reviewing southern African prehistory EVA MPI Lei... more Presented at Speaking (of) Khoisan: A symposium reviewing southern African prehistory EVA MPI Leipzig, 14–16 Mai 2015
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