Sense making through conversation plays a key
role in channelling and furthering participatory business model innovation. The designer as facilitator, with conversation as a core tool, is an emerging area of interest within the design research literature. This paper will discuss preliminary findings of a case study of Second Road, a strategy and innovation consultancy that employed a design thinking approach and conversational methods to redesign a client’s business development model. Through this study conversation based co-creation emerged as the primary method for participatory innovation.

Healthcare is the issue that touches the lives of everyone. Adapting, changing and continually innovating healthcare is a complex undertaking requiring contributions from many different stakeholders including governments, professionals, carers, patients and the general public. But how do these groups come together, work together and share ownership in identifying challenges and creating and delivering solutions for the future of healthcare?

thinkpublic is a multi-disciplinary social innovation and design agency. We aim to design better healthcare and develop lasting skills and capacity among service providers and users. We do this by using an approach called co-design. Our approach of co-design is grounded in understanding the real life experiences, ideas and skills of people, who use, need and run services. In the first Design + Health edition of the Australasian Medical Journal (AMJ) we presented Alzheimer100 a project where co-design was used to collaboratively identify issues in dementia and develop a range of innovative responses that addressed them.

In this paper, we build and elaborate on co-design, outlining in more detail its approach, tools, processes and practices.

This thesis explores the use of reflective design materials as activism regarding the ungendering of children’s toys. Activists have been campaigning against the gendering of children’s toys due to concerns about the negative impact gendered toys may have on children. After reviewing the current situation, I collaborated with stakeholders to develop a series of reflective design materials, which were sequenced to form a facilitated co-design workshop. From the results of research through design and the testing of the materials, this thesis offers suggestions for using reflective design materials as activism and opens up lines of inquiry concerning the design of gender-neutral toys. I propose a distinction between genderless, androgynous and gender-ambiguous as different gender-neutral design strategies.

As the fields of wearable health devices, from fitness bangles to exoskeletons are rapidly expanding, the notions of wearability, wellbeing, style and personal identity need to be better understood by those designing them.  By acknowledging the experience and expertise of the wearers of such devices and including them in a co-design process, insights into these supra-functional needs can be generated and developed and incorporated into the design. (McDonagh 2006; Hassenhahl 2013) Wearable health devices are traditionally designed within a biomedical model, this emphasis leads to the design of objects that do not address the psychological and social impact upon the wearer, and so produces artefacts that wearers often perceive as unwearable and unstylish; resulting in low adherence towards the device. (Fess & Philips, 1987; O’Brien, 2012).

Design of physical systems and associated control systems are coupled tasks; design methods that manage this interaction explicitly can produce system-optimal designs, whereas conventional sequential processes may not. Here we explore a new technique for combined physical system and control design (co-design) based on a simultaneous dynamic optimization approach known as direct transcription, which transforms infinitedimensional control design problems into finite dimensional nonlinear programming problems. While direct transcription problem dimension is often large, sparse problem structures and finegrained parallelism (among other advantageous properties) can be exploited to yield computationally efficient implementations. Extension of direct transcription to co-design gives rise to a new problem structures and new challenges. Here we illustrate direct transcription for co-design using a new automotive active suspension design example developed specifically for testing codesign methods. This example builds on prior active suspension problems by incorporating a more realistic physical design component that includes independent design variables and a broad set of physical design constraints, while maintaining linearity of the associated differential equations.

Co-creation, driven by the influence of the economic and technological context, has propelled new ways of working with design, as well as the development of new roles for designers .These collaborative approaches are presented as one of the main challenges that design' schools have to face in the post-modern society .

This is a jointly written chapter from the book: Sustainable Fashion - New Approaches, ed. Kirsi Ninimäki.

Authors: Anja-Lisa Hirscher & Alastair Fuad-Luke

Introduction
The fashion industry is deeply embedded within
the construct of the global economy. As such it
is vulnerable to disruptions, such as economic recession,
and is also struggling to respond to sustainability
imperatives (Rissanen & Gwilt 2011;
Fletcher & Grose 2012). Given these contingent
realities it seems appropriate to ask if there are
other possible economic visions for fashion and
clothing and what role design(-ing) might play
in developing this alternative economy/ies. With
this chapter the authors aim to explore new
models applying open and participatory fashion
design practices that challenge the predominant
roles and relationships between and among Designer,
Producer and Consumer (DPC). This approach
asks for a radical change, new thinking and
the willingness to experiment in order to look at
creating an ‘alternative fashion economy’ where
exchanges can be monetary and non-monetary
(time, knowledge, skills, social conviviality, etc.),
and where the consumer is active not passive.
Notions of ‘alternative economies’ and participation
in clothing and fashion design help set the
wider context of these investigations. Experimentation
in this field focused on applying business
tools such as the ‘value proposition’, inspired by
the ‘Business Model Canvas’ (Osterwalder &
Pigneur 2010), and combining these with design
research-through-practice and design educational
projects. The authors encouraged professionals
and Masters design students to create
new value propositions based upon participation
and openness among the Designer, Producer
and Consumer (DPC). These ‘open design’ value
propositions were analysed by looking at the
DPC relationships and new third party actors, in
order to generate a diagrammatic model of the
system of exchanges. New means of designing
with and for the consumer are also presented
through a case study called Make{able}, which
illustrates the implementation of participatory
design methods and halfway products.
Are designers and consumers ready for
these changes, to encourage a shift in mindset
in the fashion industry? Activation of consumers
to become participants in fashion and clothes
making will shift them from passive consumers
towards active makers, but it also sets up new
opportunities for designers, producers and new
actors. Participatory design, open design, customisation,
the emerging maker culture, do-ityourself
(DIY) and do-it-together (DIT) are all
approaches that can potentially replace the need
to consume with what Jonathan Chapman calls
“more creative personal and social experiences”
(Chapman 2013). Involving consumers in designing
and making (producing) involves reflection
on how we consume, a form of ‘self-reflexive
consumption’ (Heiskanen & Pantzar 1997). This
involvement provides nourishing ‘rituals of delay’
to slow our metabolism of consumption and can
be seen as an expression of slow activism (Fuad-
Luke 2010, p.136). More importantly, perhaps,
is that the disturbance of current DPC relationships
can contribute to new visions of enterprise
and alternative modes of exchange.

The study explores collective design processes that both closely tied communities and emergent collectives are increasingly engaging in. The hypothesis was that collaborative design in these settings is better understood at the intersection of the evolution of the every-day practices and the shared new media forms that emerge, since both of these aspects shape and give direction to each other.

Based on two case studies of fledgling communities (seniors aging together) and emergent collectives (citizens and city officials linked by locative media), the study shows how continuities and collaboration can be achieved between design and life-practices. Particular attention was paid on expanding what comprises the design spaces of these communal endeavours to capture a wider interplay of possibilities: practices, partly assembled technologies, as well as the developing competencies and social arrangements emerging. These are all found to be the basis for ongoing design choices.

As Jerome Bruner (1996, p.147) said, ʻwe live in a sea of stories, and like the fish who (...) will be the last to discover water, we have our own difficulty grasping what it is like to swim in storiesʼ. It is children that discover ʻthe waterʼ first, as through their play, they ʻswimʼ both spontaneously and intentionally in a fictional world. Can we therefore learn from childrenʼs ability to create fictional scenarios, and use story-making as a concept stimulus for the design process? At the same time, can we give voice to children as designers and through that an understanding that their designs have the power to shape society? My research investigates the possibility of translating the design process into a learning experience, using design outcomes as evidence of this.

There has recently been an upsurge of interest in the role of co-production in public services. This paper focuses on how the capabilities of public service users and other citizens can improve the outcomes of public services such as policing and the criminal justice system, where the role of citizens is altering significantly. The paper develops a model of pathways to public service outcomes, showing the connections between citizen co-production and the core activities in policing and criminal justice, in line with the classic public policy model of problem prevention, detection, treatment, support for recovery and rehabilitation, and contribution to higher quality of life outcomes. The paper then explores the empirical evidence from the literature for the impacts of each of the identified pathways to outcomes in this co-production model. The literature review finds some evidence for almost all relationships modelled but also reveals serious limitations in the research base.

This paper will profile the Alzheimer 100 project and illustrate design practice utilised in a health context.

More specifically the paper will discuss:

· Co-design: The approach used by design consultancy thinkpublic to involve a dementia community throughout the project;

· Key design-led methods used: Including the establishment of a dedicated project website, film-making and a Co-design Day;

· The project’s results: Including a film, signposting service concept and range of product and service prototypes;

· The project’s legacy: Spanning multiple levels including a legacy at a policy level; and

· The project’s key learnings: Which provide important insights into how design can work effectively in a health context.

Designers and design-led methods can bring innovative solutions to healthcare, but just as importantly, its approach places key healthcare stakeholders at the heart of developing these solutions. Projects such as Alzheimer 100 provide us with practical case studies to deepen our understanding of how designers, design-led methods and approaches can be applied to meet challenges facing healthcare today.

The very model of how to make business is at play in most innovation projects today, in particular with the advent of Internet commerce. Even traditional manu-facturing companies with conventional product sales are presently challenged to consider alternative business models: Service design, project sales, direct sales etc. Public organizations are under increasing pressure to consider themselves busi-nesses, with all that this entails in terms of new terminology: Customers, offer-ings, cash flow etc. In Participatory Innovation the core assumption is that people outside the organization – especially users – can contribute to innovation. But is it possible to open up the process of business modeling to participation from a wider circle than those marketing managers that typically devise new business schemes? Which opportunities does this provide? And what are the consequences of such a move? To allow people without formal business education to take part in business model discussions means moving beyond text and spreadsheets. The authors in this track provides both insight and practical techniques for what we might call Participatory Business Model Innovation. Five business cases describe a variety of innovation challenges for single companies, for groups of companies, for

With the properties of mobile device are portability, connectivity and social interactivity, the mobile device has played an important role in everyone's life. Learning the topics of sustainability and craft on mobile devices is a challenged issue for a designer. The mobile game based on learning is one method to help the learner to build up the new knowledge and experinces through the active and experience activities. This paper discussed the design and development methology of the mobile game based learning for school children joining activities at the Elephant POOPOOPAPER Park. The design model consists of stoytelling, gameplay, game balance and grahpic design. The expectation of the designed mobile game is to enhance learning experience which makes the learner concentrates on the activity and understanding of the environmental care, responsible consumption, and positive relationships between traditional craft and sustainability.

This paper explores the political shifts that take place in participatory design (PD) when the focus is upon co-designing ongoing future societal relations, beyond the immediacy of designing objects or services during project-time. Reflecting on connectedness, it looks at the politics of participation through the lens of people’s interdependence, using feminist concepts of ‘care’ to explore the ethical commitments of designing. In particular, it speaks to Greenbaum’s claim, 20 years ago, that ‘we have the obligation to provide people with the opportunity to influence their own lives’ (1993:47). We explore the questions this raises now, as we design in an increasingly distributed and heterogeneous socio-technical context, to give a contemporary take on long-term commitments to political and ethical outcomes in participatory design. Three contrasting case studies are interrogated to discuss how structuring of social relations was enabled, offering insights into what the politics of care might mean.

TThe use of mannequin is essential in the training of future Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) doctors as it allows them to gain crucial practical experience in conducting medical procedures before performing these procedures on live patients. Despite of the beneficial technology and design emphasised on the existing mannequin used in the O&G domain, propositions have been made by the O&G experts for a new mannequin to be designed. This proposition was therefore addressed through a co-design project. The Contextual Immersion from Mocking-Up co-design approach was used in this project as it suits the designer-clinical expert co-creation circumstances, and it also enables designers to understand the specific user context. This paper reported the process of preparing video observation for designers as a tool in understanding the context in which the O&G mannequin is used in clinical training. Eight different sessions of clinical simulation were video recorded and analysed in this study. These videos used by designers to provide insights to the respective context such as understanding the usage of relevant mannequin in training medical student. Secondly, the video showed the interaction between the expert and novice users to the mannequin.  These factors helps the designers to address the related design issues.

"What is holding back service design from making a distinct departure from a product-centred to a socio-material human-centred framework? We have a concern for co-designing that is often discussed as a generic method to develop empathetic connections and understandings of people and their contexts. In this use, mastering the craft of co-designing had inadvertently isolated the method from the practitioner, fragmenting its process as a series of static events or a tool for deployment in staged workshops. Contributing to current debates on co-designing and design anthropology, our paper seeks to re-entangle co-designing back into its lived and enacted contexts. We see co-designing as a reflexive, embodied process of discovery and actualisation, and it is an integral, on-going activity of designing services. Co-designing can catalyse a transformative process in revealing and unlocking tacit knowledge, moving people along on a journey to ‘make real’ what proposed services might be like in the future. Co-designing plays a critical role especially when it involves the very people who are enmeshed in the realisation of the proposed services itself. As such, our case study of a weekend Ordnance Survey Geovation camp pays closer attention to how this took place and discusses the transformative process that was central to it. By taking a phenomenological perspective and building on a seminal anthropologists’ work, Tim Ingold, our paper counters the limitations in service design that tends to see its process as a contained series of fixed interactions or systemized process of methods. Through Ingold, we see ‘the social world as a tangle of threads or life-paths, ever ravelling here and unravelling there, within which the task for any being is to improvise a way through, and to keep on-going. Lives are bound up in the tangle.’ Similarly, we view co-designing as being and becoming, that is constantly transforming and connecting multiple entanglements."

Patient feedback in the English NHS is now widespread and digital methods are increasingly used. Adoption of digital methods depends on socio-technical and contextual factors, alongside human agency and lived experience. Moreover, the introduction of these methods may be perceived as disruptive of organisational and clinical routines. The focus of this paper is on the implementation of a particular digital feedback intervention that was co-designed with health professionals and patients (the DEPEND study).

This paper takes the position of plurality and ‘between-ness’ in designing, to sharpen our perception for things that emerge in-between that cannot be grasped and thus, falls outside of consciousness. Attuning to this presence is important because designing is an exploration and articulation of concerns and understanding among people, and specifically in PD, involved in mediating socio-material relations. In order to articulate this ‘between-ness’, the paper borrows the notion of Ma in Japanese philosophy to attune into a way of sensing the relational, processual and atmospheric. This notion is shared with the design community as a way to situate that we are, more often than not, working and designing ‘between-ness’.

This paper explores the growing pervasiveness of forms of participatory innovation in the cultural sector, with a particular focus on the integration of prototyping approaches. Participatory uses of prototyping are underpinning new developments and opportunities for museums and galleries in transforming both internal and public involvement in the co-design of services and engagement. This transformation is illustrated through landscape perspectives and real-world learnings. Participatory innovation. Prototyping. Museums. Design thinking.

This paper presents explorative work investigating how tangible objects can assist the understanding and discussion of the strategic implications of future scenarios. The paper draws upon theory and practice from co-design, particularly from the area of collaborative workshops using gaming, objects and tangible tools.

Public participation worldwide is becoming an integral part of the planning and decision-making process. Politicians, planners, architects, engineers and designers are starting to realize the benefits of unlocking the potential of public engagement in projects of public interest. Based on the author's experience in public participation of over one decade and his experience as an urban planner and public participation manager in the city of Jerusalem, Israel, we will attempt here to offer a short introduction to public participation, its characteristics and goals, its benefits, challenges and drawbacks, and some of the methodologies that apply to planning and sustainable design.
We hope that this short introduction will open a window of curiosity for further reading and learning about how to work with the public, and not just for the public.
The examples include public participation management at Ginot Ha’ir Community Council, one of the 27 community councils of the city of Jerusalem, Israel, as the city is undergoing an extensive process of urban renewal and infrastructure upgrade.
The examples also include public participation engagement at the ECOWEEK sustainable design workshops, where sustainable design is learned and practiced by architecture and design students, often engaged in participatory design with the public for the first time.

Citations:
Messinas, E. (2021). "Public Participation in Planning", in Messinas, E., Kouinoglou, D. (ed.). (2021). "ECOWEEK Book #2: 15 Paths to Sustainability: from Innovation to Social Design", Athens, 62-69

Messinas, E.(2021). "Participatory Design and Public Participation in Practice", in "Messinas, E., Kouinoglou, D. (ed.). (2021). "ECOWEEK Book #2: 15 Paths to Sustainability: from Innovation to Social Design", Athens, 70-77

The authors draw a parallel between a set of fast co-design activities within an action research called ‘Ideas Sharing stall’, and a series of systematic co-design sessions in the framework of the ‘Creative Citizens’ project. The two experimentations result from a renewed activism on the part of city dwellers, which can be currently observed in the city of Milan.
Both the research projects move in the field of service design for social innovation adopting a participatory approach known as community centred design.
The paper describes the work done in the two contexts discussing their purposes and tools and outlining two formats of intervention for co-designing services with citizen participation. The first model relates to people’s engagement, while the second is more linked to their empowerment. Thus the discussion focuses on the relation between them, highlighting the role and form of service designer action in the shift from engaging to empowering people in enhancing social innovation.
In conclusion the importance of service designers collaborating with other local actors in the project development is underlined, suggesting they be seen not so much as facilitators but as vision bearers, triggering, inspiring and leading the community centred design process.

The paper discusses co-design, development, production, application of TreeHugger (see Figure 1). The co-design among community and trans-disciplinary participants with different expertise required scope of media mix, switching between analogue, digital and back again. This involves different degrees of physical and digitaìGIGA-Mapping' (Sevaldson, 2011, 2015), `Grasshopper3d' (Davidson, 2017) scripting and mix of digital and analogue fabrication to address the real life world. The critical participation of this`Time-Based Design' (Sevaldson, 2004, 2005) process is the interaction of the prototype with eco-systemic agency of the adjacent environment-the eco-systemic performance. The TreeHugger is a responsive solid wood insect hotel, generating habitats and edible landscaping (Creasy, 2004) on biotope in city centre of Prague. To extend the impact, the code was uploaded for communities to download, local-specifically edit and apply worldwide. Thus, the fusion of discussed processes is multi-scaled and multi-layered, utilised in emerging design field: Systemic Approach to Architectural Performance.

This paper reports and reflects on a collaboration between T-Labs, Deutsche Telekom and a
design research team at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design (DJCAD) at the
University of Dundee that aimed to further develop and test Chow’s Case Transfer approach
[8] in a ‘real-life’ design context: the design of information and communication products and
services for elderly people.
According to Lessig, ours is a “remix culture”, with the increasing use of digital sampling
technologies enabling content to be reappropriated, reconfigured and remade. This, he argues,
is not piracy but a new cultural approach to creative production: the 21st century is the age of
the mash up and the hacked technology. Boutelle contends that “web 2.0 is all about
remixing, not about designing. The best metaphor for web 2.0 is the DJ, not the composer.”
In 2008, Deutsche Telekom Laboratories commissioned a design research team at the
University of Dundee to explore the application of the Case Transfer (CT) approach in a
specific design context. CT represents an alternative to user-centred design, in which existing
artefacts are used as sources of design knowledge. Transfer through abduction is proposed as
a creative way to capitalize it [4, 6, 8]. The research question addressed is: how effective is
Case Transfer in developing and projecting new designs? The project focussed on testing a
method under development, and can be regarded as a form of prototype testing.
As the project developed, the team developed the realisation that they were acting as much as
DJs as designers – ripping and sampling technologies, concepts and contexts, and remixing
them in new ways. This Rip+Mix method has resulted in creative processes, insights and
outcomes that are effective, productive, culturally relevant, and offer considerable scope for
further development and application.
The paper describes the project, and justifies the advantages that it offers over other design
approaches:
• Provides a method of making design knowledge visible and usable.
• Highly productive in terms of generating ideas.
• Counterpoints and complements user-centred design.
• Offers scope for the involvement of non-designers – because the initial stages do not
assume prior design knowledge.
• Takes design away from the computer, emphasising physical recording, sketching and
collaborative working.
The paper provides detail of the methods employed, evaluative methods and concludes by
suggesting implications for educational and professional practices, together with future
research issues.

Understanding the role that places and settings can play as creative ecosystems is marked out by structural and spatial praxis. Drawing on the empirical case of co-creative design in Copenhagen, co-creation, together with new ways of working, is framed as a significant process for harnessing value in the creative economy. Extending conceptual thinking on hidden culture, the chapter considers the way value is embedded in tacit and hidden co-production and socio-industrial work settings. Using the example of Underbroen, one of Copenhagen's most notable maker spaces, emphasis is given to the way creativity emerges from informal and collegial interactions and settings, which underscore the micro scale of the creative economy. The chapter argues that value in the creative economy is more a product of the setting in which it occurs and its governance, than the physical combination of factor inputs, and highlights the informality and governance structures of Underbroen in the creation of a third space and micro industrial district, which support value construction in the Danish creative economy.

The paper presented describes an action-research about the concept of re-design, re-use, reinterpretation of the materials, productive processes and digital technologies in the scrap objects. Starting from a reflection on the anthropological meanings of the objects, about their materials and functions, the activities suggested are an attemp to reinvent them, throught a strong contemporary design perspective. The methods concern mappings, co-design activities, transnational meetings, in order to achieve transdisciplinary workshop, design and art productions, open talks and travelling exhibitions. The final objective concern the strengthening of a contemporary eco-friendly design, constantly updated throught a lively web platform able to connect all the creative players, linked by this renovated vision of sustainability.

Every day, patients receive health information in a number of different formats and from various sources. A consistent communication method that takes visual literacy into account has the potential to add value to the patient education process. Visuals have the benefit of making complex information accessible to various audiences and clinical populations including those with limited native language ability, auditory impairment or deficits in information processing, attention or working memory. The visual understanding of concepts enables more effective and efficient communication with these audiences.
Producing effective visual communication devices that convey complex medical phenomena is difficult. How can meaningful images be developed by clinical staff who don’t have the technical skills to do so, or by designers who don’t have the domain-specific knowledge to produce accurate content? Multi-disciplinary collaboration offers a solution, with an emphasis on bringing together disparate skills. Within this team, the designer functions as visual literacy expert and the health professional as clinical knowledge expert, enabling technical information to be made visible by good design. By merging knowledge bases a holistic approach to visual literacy in health communication can be achieved. 
This paper demonstrates that embedding the designer in the health field enables visual devices to be customised to the teaching requirements of the health professional and the learning requirements of the audience. A ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to the design of visual education materials is avoided. In addition, the importance of prototype testing to optimise visual learning opportunities will be explored. These factors will be discussed within the framework of a qualitative case study in a women’s and children’s hospital, focusing primarily on the education of child and adolescent audiences.

Keywords: Collaboration, communication, health education, multi-disciplinarity, patient education, visual communication design

This working paper describes a practice-based study instrumented through co-design workshop to experiment with new tools to devise connectivist learning experience. The workshop forms part of postgraduate design course to introduce academic skills in reviewing journal paper for essay writing. Within a three hours workshop, participants  envision and enact their creative imagery as conceptual structuring tool to collectively architect narratives into stories. Through an interventionist approach, we introduce three co-design tools and phases to give rise to creative emergence: deconstruction with imagery board, construction with imagery box and reconstruction with imagery weave. This paper presents an understanding on the practice by describing tools and activities carried out and also from collected paricipatory reflections supported by visuals captured from the workshop. We conclude with a description of a community of learning through creative practice. In summary, participants are able to collectively envision and enact their creative space and structure narratives in a collaborative space while embodiedly structure knowledge and ideas to achieve connectivist learning.

Note: A working paper yet to be edited and proof read. Comments welcome.

When designing for children with disabilities, user
involvement is particularly important, since it is difficult for
designers to envision the limitations and possibilities for
this target group. However, it is a challenge to reach high
levels of participation using the same collaboration
techniques used for sighted adults. In this project a Wii
game was created for blind children to play on an equal
level with sighted children. This paper describes how
previously used co-design methods were adapted for
involving blind children.

This is the inaugural Legislative Assembly Library Fellowship paper. Its focus is on building public sector capability in understanding how co-design and deliberative engagements can contribute to citizen participation in the development of public services and policy solutions.

The paper incorporates findings from historical reviews of co-design and deliberative engagements, drawing comparisons and commonalities between these two approaches. The paper provides key considerations for the application of co-design and deliberative engagements in the public service context, with especial focus on the Australian Capital Territory.

An often cited motivation for using decomposition-based optimization methods to solve engineering system design problems is the ability to apply discipline-specific optimization techniques. For example, structural optimization methods have been employed within a more general system design optimization framework. We propose an extension of this principle to a new domain: control design. The simultaneous design of a physical system and its controller is addressed here using a decompositionbased approach. An optimization subproblem is defined for both the physical system (i.e., plant) design and the control system design. The plant subproblem is solved using a general optimization algorithm, while the controls subproblem is solved using a new approach based on optimal control theory. The optimal control solution, which is derived using the the Minimum Principle of Pontryagin (PMP), accounts for coupling between plant and controller design by managing additional variables and penalty terms required for system coordination. Augmented Lagrangian Coordination is used to solve the system design problem, and is demonstrated using a circuit design problem.

Entre 2015 et 2020, le centre-ville de Bruxelles a vu se concrétiser sa première grande zone piétonne et se développer l’un des plus grands projets urbains des dernières décennies. Les boulevards entre la place Fontainas et la place De Brouckère ont été piétonnisés. De nouveaux espaces publics, de la verdure, des bancs et de l’éclairage y ont été aménagés, ainsi que de nouvelles entrées pour les stations de métro, deux grands parkings vélo et d’autres équipements. Le centre-ville de Bruxelles est-il en train de sortir du « tout à la voiture » ? Peut-il s’élargir pour devenir le centre de la métropole bruxelloise dans lequel chacun peut trouver sa place ? Cet ouvrage rassemble en mots et en images les recherches menées depuis quatre ans par le Brussels Centre Observatory.

Maakt de Brusselse binnenstad komaf met Koning Auto? Tussen 2015 en 2020 kreeg het stadscentrum haar eerste grote voetgangerszone, een van de grootste stadsprojecten van de afgelopen decennia. De centrale verkeersweg tussen het Fontainasplein en het De Brouckèreplein werd autovrij. Er kwam nieuwe publieke ruimte, groen, zitbanken en verlichting, maar ook nieuwe toegangen tot drie ondergrondse metrostations, twee fietsenstallingen en andere voorzieningen. Kan de binnenstad in breder kader dan de historische stadskern worden begrepen en zo het centrum van de Brusselse metropool worden waarin iedereen zich thuis voelt? Dit boek vat in woord en beeld én met concrete voorbeelden het onderzoek samen van vier jaar Brussels Centre Observatory (BCO).

This article introduces designers to the dilemma that arises when twin aspects of social innovation—social means and social ends—do not align. Some academics have noted the antisocial , anti-political, and anti-inventive effects emerging from the spread of microfinance practices. We discuss the tendency for social design and innovation literature to focus on design processes rather than outcomes, and introduce ideas from realist political theory to account for the corruptibility of social innovations. We suggest that designers can prevent the corruption of social outcomes by shifting from idealist " what if " scenarios to realist " who whom? " questions instead.

This paper critically analyses and presents the participatory design modelling methodologies developed for a series of exhibitions at leading design institutions and events entitled 'My Chair', and their use as a creative tool for design education within the realm of public design exhibitions and the design curriculum.

It describes the use of design templates as a teaching tool that could enable novice and expert designers alike to sketch, model and build 3D physical representations of design concepts. The paper goes on to discuss the projects' impact and the Design
Transformation Groups continued strategies to provoke and promote new thinking in design through symbolic, virtual, physical and scenario modelling.

While the use of making in participatory co-design is common, I argue for the benefits that making-led participatory co-design can bring to two fields where its use is rare: early-stage innovation and mental health. I draw evidence from my situated cooperation with service users and providers of a regional UK mental health trust. The motivation for this action-research was twofold: to envision a better youth mental health service, and to explore how primary and secondary schools can practice mental health prevention. I observed that where there was an absence of co-making in a researcher's stakeholder engagements, communicative exchanges became heavily verbal, and this increased the relational intensity between actors. As a result, the discussion of service user experiences— coping with mental health conditions and the struggle to access mental health services—became more challenging for contributors. By contrast, stakeholder engagements driven by co-making transcended the verbal. Making brought a level of informality that enabled participants to lighten relational intensity, soften professional/cultural boundaries, and open up to each other. A low-fidelity visualization is described that I propose can help maintain stakeholder agency and sustain relations between co-actors for the longer term.

This paper is a contribution to the discussion on the ethical and political limitations of institutionalised, dominant design practices and on the need to rethink the ways in which they operate. It points out that institutionalised design processes act as a dispositive of power that not only capture and colonise forms of life, but that also shape territories, bodies and languages through normative models that are exogenous to them. This discussion is crucial when thinking about the role that design has played in nurturing current crises. This paper is an inquiry into the possibility of design practice that is not institutionalised either by sovereign designing designers or by subordinated designed users, but that constitutes itself according to dynamics where design emerges as a common project-process of creative possibilities of being and becoming. Crucial aspects for a non-institutionalised design practice are identified through the analysis of a design experience with communities in Rio de Janeiro favelas. This paper shows how this design experience is based on a design approach that, through discursive structures, dynamically supports and is informed by dissent and consensus, and by the interplay between resistance and counterresistance.