Nowadays, daily life intensively depends on public services. Increasing population and urbanization take humans away from environment which may lead to chaos in usage of city lands. Consequently, human is in trouble using public services and facilities including green spaces. Isfahan, one of the metropolitans, has 18 m2 green spaces per person while City Park of district 8 is of inappropriate distribution with regard to population density. To create a localization map of civil park, Isfahan district 8 has been selected. The selected district delimits to Baharestan in north and to Kaveh street in west and to Shahid Forouqi in south and to Emam Komeini street in west-south. Finally, GIS has been used to create given layers and calculate weights based on AHP. According to overlap between layers, the most appropriate places have been identified.

Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) has become an effective tool in delineation of drainage pattern and water resources management and its planning.In the present study, morphometric analysis of the Vrishabhavathi river basin has been carried by using earth observation data and GIS techniques. The morphometric analysis was performed using ArcGIS to understand the nature, landscape development and hydrologic responses of Vrishabhavathi watershed. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern.The CARTOSAT and LISS(III) (SRTM) data is used for the morphometric analysis of the watershed to derive linear, relief, and aerial aspects.Spatial analysis is performed using ENVI for change detection studies in the basin to understand the effect of urbanization. Strahler's stream ordering techniques and analysis were followed for advanced analysis.From the analysis, it can be concluded that remote sensing techniques and GIS tools prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis. These studies are very useful for sustainable urban planning and also for land, water, and soil resource management in the watershed area.

Due to the domestic use of the river water, the rivers have become highly contaminated and is currently not a clean source for drinkable water. This provides a need to find an alternative source of clean, drinkable water. We focused on the highland catchment areas to derive the needed drinkable water  in  hope  this  would  relieve  the  Ethiopian  people's  needs.  This  work  is  made  of  six chosen drainage  sub-basins  of Ethiopia seeking  for  clean  water resource.  The study  shows that these sub- basins  receive  abundant  volumes  of  water  that  reaches  an  average  between  0.78  billion to 10.02 billion  cubic  meters annually.  To  use this  water properly this morphometric analysis seeks to find the optimum location for constructing dams.
http://gisedu.colostate.edu/WebContent/nr505/ethiopia2009/nr505_fall09_team13_Amrouni_Newby/index.html

Structural and morphotectonic analyses were carried out in the catchments of the Das Cinzas and Itararé rivers, tributaries of the left bank of the Paranapanema River, in order to demonstrate the tectonic-structural evolution of the studied area, which involves the northeast region of Paraná and southwest of São Paulo, and is underlain by sedimentary rocks from the Paraná, Itararé, Guatá, and São Bento Groups, of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, and including mesozoic volcanic rocks from the Serra Geral Formation. The topography of the studied area is moderate to steep, with elevations varying between 360 and 1,360 meters. The main magnetic/structural alignments that affect and/or are contiguous to the study area are the Santo-Anastácio/Paranapanema (NW-SE), Guaxupé (NE-SW) and Jacutinga lineaments (NE-SW), to the north; São Sebastião lineament (EW) in the central portion; São Jerônimo-Curiúva (NW-SE) and Taxaquara lineaments (NE-SW) in the southern portion. The method aplied consisted of classical structural analysis, processing and photointerpretation of DEMs (SRTM), extraction of longitudinal profiles of rivers and lineaments of relief and drainage. In order to assess morphometric parameters, we performed analyses of the drainage patterns and anomalies, slope of the terrain, drainage basin asymmetry factor, knickpoints and probable drainage captures. The Itararé River catchment flows from south to north and is elongated in shape, bordered by the large NW-SE lineaments, corresponding to the fault zones of Santo Anastácio/Paranapanema and São Jerônimo-Curiúva. It is moderately asymmetrical and follows the traces of the extensive NE-SW lineaments, related to the fault zones of Taxaquara, Jacutinga and Guaxupé. The Itararé River is predominantly straight, with meandraments restricted to the portion of the middle course. The drainages are characterized by the mean to low density, accentuated angularity and conspicuous structural control, whose characteristics imply the subdendritic to rectangular pattern, elbow-like, parallel and aligned segments, according to directions NE-SW, NNW-SSE, NS and E-W. The analysis of longitudinal profiles revealed that the knickpoints are aligned mainly in the directions NE-SW and NW-SE, which indicate a possible tectonic control. The relief lineaments occur in two preferential orientations NE-SW and NW-SE and, secondarily, N-S, NNW-SSE, E-W and ENE-WSW, showing influence throughout the studied area. The structural data collected characterize the predominance of strik-slip and oblique faults, which cut the sedimentary sequence and the rocks of the Serra Geral Formation, marked by consistent kinematic indicators of tectonic processes, surely in the Cenozoic. There are predominant right-lateral strike-slip faults, E-W-oriented, and secondarily directed to WNW-ESE, NNE-SSW and N-S. Less frequent are those oriented to NE-SW, ENE-WSW, NNW-SSE and NW-SE. Left-lateral strike-slip faults are also widely observed, with directions NE-SW, WNW-ESE, E-W, N-S and NNE-SSW, and secondarily ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE. Normal and/or oblique faults oriented to WNWESE and E-W, and secondarily ENE-WSW and NW-SE to NNW-SSE, are frequent, however, there are indications that they are sectioned by a strike-slip system. Finally, the reverse faults, with directions NNE-SSW and E-W, are uncommon. The paleostress analysis indicates an evolution of the landscape associated with at least four tectonic pulses with compressive SHmax oriented to NE-SW, N-S, NW-SE and E-W, described by several authors for the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which would be active, respectively, in the Neocretaceous-Paleogen, Plio-Pleistocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Keywords: Neotectonics; cenozoic; tectonic geomorphology; morphometry.

The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrological and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration. Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition. Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried out. Mean bifurcation ratio (R b) 3.6 specify there is no dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage density (D d) 1.12 and low stream frequency (F s) 1.17 implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff, infiltration number (I f)1.3 implies higher infiltration capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (L g) 0.45 indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (R e) 0.58, circularity ratio (R c) 0.75 and form factor (R f) 0.26 signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development. Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mor-mometric analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up soil and water conservation measures. Keywords Morphometry Á Cartosat-1DEM Á Budigere Amanikere watershed Á Dakshina Pinakini Á Hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral and RS and GIS

Land use primarily indicates the degree of human activity and the nature of interventions and modifications into the natural landscape. It is also reflective of the lifestyle of the inhabitants. Though land use is mainly controlled by climatic, pedological, socioeconomic and political conditions, yet the local geology and geomorphology too play an important role, since the basic landscape formation depends mainly on the inherent lithology and structure, with certain landform types or assemblages being more amenable to a particular type of land use. In turn, human modification of the Earth's surface results in the creation of different anthropogenic landforms. In the present study, the different terrain components and landscape units present in Garbeta-I Block of Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal were examined and demarcated through analysis of topographical maps and information extraction from Digital Elevation Models (DEM) in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment for morphometric parameter enumeration and mapping, coupled with overlays of the area's lithological and pedo logical attributes. The ambient land cover and land use aspects and vegetation conditions were extracted from multi-temporal satellite images and existing maps and secondary databases, followed by rigorous field verification. Detailed local mouza level mapping was undertaken for a part of the Block to correlate the micro-terrain attributes with their Land use. Statistical correlations were finally drawn between the extracted terrain parameters and the various types of land use coverage classes. It was discerned that the local landscape units and their geomorphological attributes, specifically the relative relief and mean elevation and the nature of erosional activity, as apparent from riverbank erosion and gullying processes. determined the extent and nature of cultivation.

The study areas Tikovil and Payppara sub-watersheds of Meenachil river cover
158.9 and 111.9 km 2 , respectively. These watersheds are parts of Western Ghats,
which is an ecologically sensitive region. The drainage network of the sub-
watersheds was delineated using SOI topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale using
the Arc GIS software. The stream orders were calculated using the method
proposed by Strahler’s (1964). The drainage network shows that the terrain
exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from the
fifth to the sixth order. Drainage density varies between 1.69 and 2.62 km/km 2 .
The drainage texture of the drainage basins are 2.3 km –1 and 6.98 km –1 and
categorized as coarse to very fine texture. Stream frequency is low in the case of
Payappara sub-watershed (1.78 km –2 ). Payappara sub-watershed has the highest
constant of channel maintenance value of 0.59 indicating much fewer structural
disturbances and fewer runoff conditions. The form factor value varies in between
0.42 and 0.55 suggesting elongated shape formed for Payappara sub-watershed
and a rather more circular shape for Tikovil sub-watershed. The mean bifurcation
ratio (3.5) indicates that both the sub-watersheds are within the natural stream
system. Hence from the study it can be concluded that GIS techniques prove to be
a competent tool in morphometric analysis.

The importance of drainage basin as a planning unit for water resources development and management cannot be overemphasized and this requires accurate characterization of the drainage basin. This study takes a closer look at the Osun drainage basin with a view to updating the existing records, estimate the morphometric features and make hydrological inferences. The data used in this study include a 30m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired from the United State Geological Survey (USGS), geology map of Nigeria acquired from Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) prepared by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and the 1991 locality population data of Nigeria acquired from National Population Commission (NPC). Remote sensing and GIS techniques were adopted in the analysis of the data using ArcGIS 10.2. The acquired DEM was used to delineate Osun drainage basin and 21 morphometric parameters were estimated. The results revealed that Osun drainage basin is a 4th order drainage basin, with an area of 9926.22km 2 , and a length of 213.08km. The area covered by the two geology types and the four soil types were quantified and it revealed that 93.28% of the basin is underlain by the Basement Complex rocks, while 50.89% of the basin is covered by sandy clay loam soil. All these will influence the basin discharge rate, chances of flood occurrence, peak flow, infiltration rate and recharging of the Osun basin groundwater system among others. Based on these results, this study serves as a scientific database for further detailed hydrological investigation of Osun drainage basin while benefiting the sustainable drainage basin management and development programmes of the Ogun-Osun Rivers Basins Development Authority.

In the present work a comprehensive quantitative analysis has been carried out for the Hindon River Basin based on earth observation data sets and GIS techniques. Quantitative evaluations of drainage basins are providing the important data base for hydrological investigation and river basin management plans. All the drainage Morphometric components, topographical and land use maps of the basin are mapped and evaluated with reference to water resource management of basin. The important surface hydrological component such as aerial, linear and relief aspects were delineated and computations using SRTM DEM using Hydrological analysis tool of ArcGIS software. The basin possesses the dendritic drainage pattern with maximum 5th order of stream, which is a sign of the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. The drainage density of the basin has been found very low which indicates that the basin possesses very good permeable subsurface formation and prospect for water management. The results observed from this study shows that there is good prospect for water management plan in the basin using remote sensing and GIS techniques.

Abstract: Morphometric analysis reveals that the Wadi Alkuf drainage, on the northern flank
of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Cyrenaica, northeastern Libya, is characterized by dendritic to subdendritic
drainage pattern. The development of stream segments in the basin area is
apparently affected by intermittent rainfall and geological structure control such as joints set,
fractures and faults, as the general area is of limestone karstic character. The analysis reveals
that the total number and total length of stream segments reach maximum of 6233 segments in
first order streams but decrease to 620 segments in 6th order streams. The bifurcation ratio
(Rb) between different successive orders varies between 0.7 in 6th order and 3.5 for third
order passing through 2.43 in second order. A mean bifurcation ratio of 1.42 indicates a
partial structural control. The stream frequency (Fs) value of 8.87 exhibits positive correlation
with the drainage density value of 1.97, whereas the drainage density (Dd) indicates clearly
that the region has permeable subsoil and relatively moderate vegetation cover. Calculated
Circularity Ratio (Rc) of 0.215 and Elongation Ratio (Re) of 0.15 suggest that the drainage
basin is typically elongated in shape, has a low discharge of runoff and relatively permeable
subsoil condition. Form Factor (Rf) of 0.22, represents a flatter peak of flow for a longer
duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage than of circular basins. It
becomes evident that morphometric analysis would contribute to understanding of the
dominant geo-hydrological characteristics and processing of watershed planning and
management utilizing geospatial techniques based on GIS application and Digital Terrain
Model (DTM) analysis.
Keywords: Wadi Alkuf, catchment area, morphometry, hydrologic, geospatial, drainage
pattern, DTM.

Groundwater quality is gradually deteriorating due to agricultural activities and its evaluation is there for eneeded before use. The aim of this study was to evaluate groundwater quality for use in the foundry industry using water quality data, including PH, EC, TDS, Cl and HCO3, from 26 wells located in Jolgeh and Bon-Rud districts, Iran. Zoning and classification of the area were done, based on groundwater quality, using a GIS software and the existing standards for water use. Results showed that groundwater in the East, North and Southwest of the area was of acceptable quality for use in the foundry industry, but water quality deteriorated from the East to the West of the area. It was found that for foundry industry about 4 percent of area ground water could be used without any limitation, 2 percent with low limitation, 7 percent with moderate limitations, and the rest with high limitation or even unusable. Agricultural activities in the region are having a negative impact on the quality of groundwater.

—The watershed is a geo-hydrological area on which the precipitation occurs and drains towards the common outlet and there is a harmony among the soil, water, land-use and geomorphology. So it's more significant to take the watershed as a development unit. The morphometric characteristics are commonly used to develop regional hydrological models particularly in the case of unguaged catchment. The morphometric analysis is carried out for Gagadio watershed having 521.55km 2 area located in Amreli district of Gujarat. Gagadio river is a major left bank tributary of Shetrunji river. Using GIS techniques, the basic parameters (basin area, basin perimeter, basin length, total number and length of streams of each order), linear parameters (bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, length of overland flow) and shape parameters (form factor, shape factor, elongation ratio, circulatory ratio, compactness coefficient) are calculated. Gagadio watershed is of 6 th order and it has parallel drainage pattern. Mean bifurcation ratio (4.02) indicates geologically controlled drainage pattern. Drainage density (2.04) and stream frequency (1.86) are moderate. Texture ratio (4.11) indicates moderate drainage texture and length of overland flow is 1.02. The shape parameters indicate elongated shape of watershed & correspondingly low peak discharges and less erodibility.

YANARSU (GARZAN) ÇAYI HAVZASI MORFOMETRİSİ
Yanarsu (Garzan) Çayı, Dicle nehrinin üç ana su toplama havzalarından biri olarak kaynağını Güneydoğu Toroslar Muş Güneyi Dağları'ndan almaktadır. Bitlis il sınırları güneyinden başlayıp, Batman ve Siirt illeri sınırları içerisinde akışını sürdürüp Batman ili Beşiri ilçesi güneydoğusundan Dicle nehrine bağlanmaktadır. Havza morfometrisi çalışmalarında yapılan araştırmalarda genel morfometrik özelliklerin farklı tektonik birliklerin bulunduğu topografyalardaki şekillenmesinde yapılan bir çalışma bulunmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Yanarsu (Garzan) Çayı havzası Güneydoğu Toroslar ve Kenar Kıvrımları Bölgesi olarak farklı iki tektonik birimi bir arada bulunduran bir havza olması sebebiyle çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) kullanılarak jeomorfolojik özellikleri açıklamamızı sağlayan morfometrik analizler sahaya ait 1/25.000 ölçekli topografya haritalarının sayısallaştırılması ile üretilen Sayısal Yükseklik Modelinden (SYM) elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, alansal morfometrik özelliklerden; havza alanı, çevresi, havza şekli, uzunluk oranı, gravelius indeksi, drenaj yoğunluğu analizleri, relief morfometrik özelliklerden havza reliefi, relief oranı, engebelilik değeri, hipsometrik eğri, hipsometrik integral, enine profil, vadi tabanı genişliğinin vadi yüksekliğine oranı, boyuna profil, eğim, bakı, analizleri yapılmıştır. Bununla birlikte 1/100.000 ölçekli Maden Tetkik Arama Müdürlüğü'nden temin edilmiş havzaya ait olan paftalar üzerinden jeoloji ve fay haritaları sayısallaştırılarak jeoloji haritası oluşturulmuş ve bölgenin jeolojisi ve tektoniği üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak iki farklı tektonik birimde gelişim gösteren Yanarsu (Garzan) Çayı havzasının genel morfometrik özellikleri tablolar ve değerlendirmeler ile açıklanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yanasu(Garzan) Çayı, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri, Morfometri, Havza, Relief.
ABSTRACT
MORPHOMETRY OF YANARSU (GARZAN) RİVER AND İT'S BASİN Yanarsu (Garzan) Stream is one of the three main drainage area of the Tigris River and is derived from the Southeastern Taurus Mountains, Muş South Mountains. Starting from the south of Bitlis province borders, it continues its flow within the borders of Batman and Siirt provinces and connects to Tigris River from southeast of Beşiri district of Batman province. In the studies conducted in the basin morphometry studies, it was observed that there was no study on the formation of the general morphometric features in the topographies with different tectonic units. The Yanarsu (Garzan) River basin was selected as the study area because it is a basin that contains two different tectonic units as Southeast Taurus and Arab Platform. Morphometric analyzes that enable us to explain geomorphological features using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were obtained from the Digital Elevation Model (SYM) produced by digitizing 1 / 25.000 scaled topography maps of the site. In this study, morphometric indices; basin area, basin circumference, basin shape, length ratio, gravelius index, drainage density analysis, basin relief, relief ratio, ruggedness value, hipsometric curve, hipsometric integral, transverse profile, ratio of valley floor width to valley height, longitudinal profile, slope, aspect, elevation steps were analyzed. On the other hand, geology and fault maps were digitized on the maps belonging to the basin obtained from 1 / 100.000 scale Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate and a geology map was formed and the geology and tectonics of the region were examined. As a result, the general morphometric properties of the Yanarsu (Garzan) River basin developed in two different tectonic units are explained with tables and evaluations. Kevwords: Yanarsu (Garzan) river, Geographic İnformation Systems, Morphometry, Basin, Relief.

From three different sources viz. survey of India topographic map (1:50,000), CartoDEM (10 mts) and Aster GDEM (30 mts) morphometric parameters are derived and evaluated. Manually digitized the drainage network from toposheets and extracted drainage network system from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Basic, derived and shape parameters are considered for basin analysis. The mean bifurcation ratio of the given basin for CartoDEM & Aster GDEM are having nearby values and also indicates some sort of geological control, high stream frequency (Fs) is indicative of high relief and low infiltration capacity of the bedrock pointing towards the increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density, low drainage density (Dd) leads to coarse drainage texture, value of Lg for topographic, CartoDEM and Aster GDEM data indicating very fine texture & fine texture respectively. From the shape parameters the Kumudvathi watershed indicates it is sub-circular and elongated. The results from the high resolution data will have the nearby values and less of % variation, whereas in low resolution data % of variation is more and will not meet criteria.

Fluvial processes, one of the main actors in the development of the geomorphologic structure, are reflected most saliently by valleys in topographic surfaces. Analyses focusing on valley morphometry that present concrete and accurate data in terms of both existing geometries and formation and development processes play a significant part in explaining geomorphologic properties especially in fluvial morphogenetic regions. Unfavorable aspects such as the insufficiency of existing analysis methods in generating real values and impossibility of conducting process-based analysis have created barriers to achieve the expected success in comprehending valley morphometry. Therefore, in order to eliminate this shortcoming, this study established a methodology by identifying the problems to enlighten which parameters should be placed in what parts of the equation by citing how the parameters should be measured in order to ensure the generation of desired data on both analog and digital data bases. This methodological approach, expressed more clearly and comprehensibly with the help of illustrations and mathematical formulas, was finalized by correlating it with the elements and parameters with counterparts in the concrete field data. As a result, while it was possible to examine concrete quantities in valleys related to length, area and volume based on amount and ratio without limitations on area and section; it was also possible to present a methodological framework that allows process analysis in terms of the operations of the fluvial process and developmental course of the geo-morphological structure.

ÖZET
Araştırma alanı, Isparta kenti ve çevresinde bulunan Anadolu'daki genç volkanik alanlardan biridir. Isparta ovasını Güney-Güneybatı ve kısmen Batıdan sınırlayan yüksek saha, Pliyo-Kuvaterner volkanizmasının sonucudur. Farklı evrelerde gerçekleşen patlama karakterli volkanizma ile yüzeylenen andezit, trakiandezit lavlar çıkış merkezlerinden fazla uzaklaşmayarak üst üste birikmiş ve yüksek kütleleri oluşturmuştur. Volkanik faaliyet sırasında lav ile birlikte hemen her dönemde piroklastik malzeme çıkışları da olmuştur. Piroklastik tabakalarının kalınlıkları, volkanizma merkezinden uzaklaştıkça azalır. Geniş alana yayılan piroklastiklere; volkanizma merkezinden 45-50 km gibi uzak mesafelerdeki sedimanter depolarda, 5-6 cm kalınlığında istifler halinde rastlanmaktadır. Andezitik ve piroklastik koniler, kaldera ve dayklar; bölgedeki çok genç volkan topografyasına ait yaygın yer şekilleridir. Bu çalışmada; çizgisellik ve dairesellik analiz sonuçlarına göre ana hatları yukarıda özetlenen volkanik sahanın jeomorfolojik özelliklerine ait tespit, tanı ve haritalarının yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaç için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) Teknolojileri kullanılarak; Göreceli Topoğrafik Konum İndisi, Eğrilik Analizi, Çizgisellik, Dairesellik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu analizler için LandSat TM, SRTM, ASTER-DEM uydu görüntülerinden, 1/25.000 ölçekli topografya haritalarından veri üretilmiştir. Morfometrik analizlere ait sonuçlar; çalışma sahasındaki çizgisel sırtlar, içbükey ve dışbükey yamaçlar ile belirginleşen volkan topografyasına ait yer şekillerinin tespitine, tanınmasına ve haritalanmasına imkân vermiştir. Sonuçlar arazide test edilerek, doğrulanmıştır.

ABSTRACT
The research area is one of the young volcanic fields in Anatolia which is located in Isparta city and vicinity. The high field, which borders the Isparta plain from South, Southwest and partly the West, is the result of Plio-Quaternary volcanism. The andesite and trachyandesitic lavas, which were exposed by explosive volcanism in different phases, did not move further away from the exit centers and it formed a high mass by accumulating layer by layer. During the volcanic activity, along with the lava, there were also outlets of pyroclastic material in almost every period of volcanism. The thickness of the pyroclastic layers decreases as they move away from the center of the volcanism. The pyroclastics spread over a wide area which is seen in the sequences of sediment accumulating at distances as long as 45-50 km from the center of volcanism. Andesitic and pyroclastic cones, calderas and dykes are common landforms of very young volcanic topography in the region. In this study; according to the results of lineament and circularity analysis, it was aimed to determine, diagnose and map the geomorphological features of the volcanic field outlined above. For this purpose, through using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (UA) Technologies; Relative Topography Position Index, Curvature Analysis, Lineament Analysis, Circularity analysis were performed. For these analyses, data were generated from LandSat TM, SRTM, ASTER-DEM satellite images and 1/25 000 topography maps. The results of the morphometric analysis have enabled the identification, recognition and mapping of the land forms of the volcanic topography, which are characterized by linear ridges, concave and convex slopes in the studied field. The results were tested and verified in the field.

The watershed is a topographical and hydrological area on which the precipitation occurs and drains towards the common point and there is a harmony among the land-use, soil and geomorphology. So it is more rational to adopt the watershed as a development unit. The morphometric characteristics are commonly used to develop regional hydrological models particularly for unguaged catchment. Gagadio watershed having 521.55km2 drainge area located in Amreli district of Gujarat. Gagadio river is a major left bank tributary of Shetrunji river. Using ArcHydro tool in ArcGIS software, Gagadio watershed and its fourteen subwatersheds were delineated. The basic morphometric parameters (basin area, basin perimeter, basin length, total number and length of streams of each order) and linear morphometric parameters (bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, length of overland flow) were calculated for fourteen subwatersheds. The values of mean bifurcation ratio in all subwatersheds indicates less structural disturbance in drainage pattern of subwatersheds. In all fourteen subwatersheds, observed values of drainage density and stream frequency are moderate. Values of texture ratio reflects very course drainage texture in all subwatersheds. Overland flow length in all subwatersheds are nearly 1 which are low.

An attempt has been made to study drainage morphometry and its relationship to terrain properties of Baen river basin which is located in Berasia tehsil of Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh state. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to update drainage to evaluate linear, relief and aerial morphometric parameters of the Baen river basin. Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth's surface, shape, dimension of its landforms (Clarke, 1966).Different Morphometric parameters were calculated by spatial and non-spatial analysis of drainage basin with the help of Arc GIS software. IRS LISS III satellite imagery is used for this purpose. The topographic analysis of the area had done with the help of attribute information of different stream order of the basin. Result shows a close relation between drainage morphometric parameters and the terrain properties. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Morphometric analysis of drainage basins provides not only an elegant description of the landscape, but also serve as a powerful means of comparing the form and process of drainage basins that maybe widely separated in space and time(Easterbrook, 1993). A drainage area or basin can be defined as an area which contributes water to a particular channel or a set of channels. Surface runoff of any drainage basin provide information about potential of that river basin for irrigation, drinking water etc. surface runoff is calculated by basin properties like stream length, bifurcation ratio, basin area, drainage density etc. higher the drainage density high is the surface runoff which indicate high soil erosion. Terrain topography has been greatly affected by drainage system of an area and reveals much topographic information about that area. Terrain elevation of an area is indirectly proportional to the stream order of drainage system of that area; first order streams show most elevated part and last order stream show deepest part of a Basin. As well as drainage pattern is also greatly controlled by terrain properties like landforms, slope etc. In this paper the role of Remote Sensing and GIS is highlighted as a powerful technique for morphometric analysis of any drainage basin. GIS software can be used for digitizing and statistical calculations of basin area parameters like stream length, basin area etc. while remote sensing can be used for terrain analysis like slope, digital elevation model, Aspect etc. using drainage properties.

Micro-watershed prioritization has gained importance in watershed management. Morphometric analysis of the Takarla-Ballowal watershed in Shivalik foot-hills of Punjab was carried out using remote sensing and GIS techniques. ASTER data was used for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The total area of the watershed (2401.82 ha) was divided into 9 micro-watersheds (MWS-1 to MWS-9) with areas ranging from 88.03 ha to 376.72 ha. Drainage density of the micro-watersheds varied from 11.41 km.km-2 (MWS1) to 3.97 km.km-2 (MWS-9), elongation ratio from 0.46 (MWS-8) to 0.80 (MWS-1 and MWS-3), circularity ratio from 0.68 (MWS-1) to 0.34 (MWS-7 and MWS-8), and relief ratio (Rh) from 0.013(MWS-9) to 0.070 (MWS-3). The length of overland flow varied from 125.94 m (MWS-9) to 43.82 m (MWS-1). Compound morphometric parameter values of the micro-watersheds were determined based on each morphometric parameter value, and the micro-watersheds ranked. The micro-watershed MWS-6 with compound parameter value of 5.7 had lowest priority, while MWS-1 had highest priority with compound parameter value of 4.3, suggesting that MWS-1 was subjected to maximum soil erosion and susceptible to natural hazards. Hence, the micro-watershed MWS-1 should be given top priority for planning and executing conservation treatments

Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) has become an effective tool in delineation of drainage pattern and water resources management and its planning.In the present study, morphometric analysis of the Vrishabhavathi river basin has been carried by using earth observation data and GIS techniques. The morphometric analysis was performed using ArcGIS to understand the nature, landscape development and hydrologic responses of Vrishabhavathi watershed. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern.The CARTOSAT and LISS(III) (SRTM) data is used for the morphometric analysis of the watershed to derive linear, relief, and aerial aspects.Spatial analysis is performed using ENVI for change detection studies in the basin to understand the effect of urbanization. Strahler's stream ordering techniques and analysis were followed for advanced analysis.From the analysis, it can be concluded that remote sensing techniques and GIS tools prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis. These studies are very useful for sustainable urban planning and also for land, water, and soil resource management in the watershed area.

The morphometric (geomorphic) parameters are reconnaissance tools used to analyse and evaluate the different aspects of a river basin (watershed) such as lithological characteristics, geomorphic landforms, and hydrological behaviour. In this study, a recurrent drought-affected Barua watershed of Tons river basin has been selected for detailed analysis of spatial regionalisation of morphometric characteristics. This mini watershed has been studied using topographic maps (1:50,000 scale), satellite images (CARTOSAT DEM of 1″ or ~ 32-m resolution), extensive field surveys, and generated isopleth maps of morphometric parameters in GIS environment using ArcGIS 10.2.2. The areal parameters indicate elongated shape of the basin, hilly region, and moderate-to-steeper ground slope. More than 85%of the area have gentle-to-moderate slope (2–10°); steep slope found along the escarpment of the Bhander Plateau; more than half of the area has above 30 m of basin relief. Hypsometric integral (HI) is 0.47, and the shape of hypsometric curve is sigmoidal; it indicate equilibrium stage of the watershed. The correlation matrix enables that the correlation coefficient between drainage attributes (as drainage density, stream frequency, and drainage texture) are reflecting very strong positive correlation and ranges from 0.83 to 0.91, and the basin relief showing very strong positive correlation with dissection index (0.99), moderately positive correlation with average slope and ruggedness number. The HI and length of overland flow (Lo) are show weak correlation with the other variables. It means the high drainage density, stream
frequency, and drainage texture are associated with moderately hilly region, less permeable rock, and high run-off, giving less time for infiltration. Hence, hilly and rocky surfaces of the region are identified as poor groundwater-potential zones, while the areas of alluvial valley plain are characterised as better groundwater-potential zones.

The current research in the State of Uttarakhand in Rudraprayag argued that the analysis of the morphometric drainage parameter is more appropriate than traditional approaches with a remotely sensed information and GIS-based approach. Various linear, aerial and relief aspects were considered to analyse study area morphometry and the digital elevation model (DEM) and catchment area slope map were created from 30 m resolution ASTER data. The drainage patterns were mainly dendritic to sub dendritic. The study area's slope was divided into five ranging from 0⁰ to 77⁰. The study area's stream order ranged from 1st order to 7th order. The variation in the stream length ratio could be due to the disparity in slope and topographical conditions. Geometric characteristics in the region suggest that the area appeared to have an extended shape with an elongation ratio of 0.76 and less circulatory shape with a circulatory ratio of 0.47 suggests the varied homogenous geological and texture ratios preferred for its high texture ratio of 28.77 disfigured complex lithology. In topography and geographic growth, the range of the bifurcation ratio in the catchment area was between 3.84 and 5.30. The drainage level was medium at 2.34 km 2. The drainage texture was 38.10 demonstrating the nature of lithology.

The present research attempts to study detail morphometric analysis of Harrir and Shaqlawa watersheds in the northeastern part of Erbil city, north of Iraq. The areas of the watersheds are 350 Km² and 223 Km² for Harrir and Shaqlawa, respectively. To achieve the aims of this study, the ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model data, and Geo-information (Remote sensing and GIS) techniques were used for determining and analyzing morphometric parameters in terms linear, aerial and relief aspects. Several tools in ArcGIS 10.4 software were utilized for preparing and producing maps, analyzing and assessing various characteristics of the parameters. The main results show that there is a strong inverse relationship between stream order, number and length of the stream in the watersheds of the study area by R² values (R² = 0.78 and 0.81 of Harrir watershed and R² = 0.8 and 0.79 for Shaqlawa watershed, respectively). The watersheds are elongated in shape with dendritic, sub dendritic to parallel drainage patterns. Moreover, detail morphometric analysis shows that the watersheds have a low runoff, low permeable material, and moderate slope. The structural geology and climatic parameters of the study area have influenced the landform development and stream behavior in the watersheds. Hence, the present study is useful and essential for watershed management and planning rainfall harvesting.

Assessment of soil erosion risk, especially in hilly areas, is a challenging task mainly due tovariability in topography and non-availability or insufficiency of relevant data. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model is applied worldwide for prediction of soil loss. Although it is an empirical model, it not only predicts erosion rates of ungauged watersheds but also presents the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion that is too feasible with reasonable costs and better accuracy in larger areas. Remote sensing (RS) technology plays an important role in mapping of soil erosion risk in agriculture, forest and degraded land. Its application in the soil erosion risk mapping introduces new opportunities for conservation planning and management. With the incorporation of Geographical Information System (GIS), it is possible to analyze satellite data, which gives required information like land use and cover, slope, distribution of rainfall, flow direction etc. of study watershed. The capabilities of these technologies even increase when they are integrated with empirical erosion prediction models like RUSLE. RS and GIS integrated erosion prediction models do not only estimate soil loss but also provide the spatial distributions of the erosion. Generating accurate erosion risk maps in GIS environment is very important to locate the areas with high erosion risks for prioritization and to develop adequate conservation techniques. Micro-watershed prioritization within a large watershed is considered as one of the most important aspects of planning and development for natural resources for soil and water conservation measures. This review article highlights the application of RUSLE, RS and GIS technology in the study of soil erosion and gives an insight of their valuable application in soil erosion risk mapping

Morphometric analysis by using RS and GIS has emerged as an effective technique for the investigation and management of the watershed. Morphometric analysis can solve various hydrological problems like flood, drought, soil erosion. In this analysis, linear, aerial, and relief aspects of the watershed are used. Toposheet of a survey of India (SOI), digital elevation model (DEM), software like ArcGIS, satellite data from IRS 1D LISS-3 sensor are the key resources for measurement of various morphometric parameters.

[ (4) 2 : 601-612 ] © 2018 IJSRST | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | Print ABSTRACT Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disaster destruct socioeconomic structure around Udaipur during monsoon. To assess hydrological character and flood potential an exhaustive morphometric and landuse/landcover analysis of Ahar watershed has been done. Delineation of highly structural controlled drainage network and computation of linear, areal and relief aspects has been done under GIS environment. Elevation, slope and aspect map has prepared by using SRTM DEM (1 arc) to understand about terrain characteristics. The analysis reveals that the high slope area covering with impermeable heavy clay and less permeable clay loam is responsible for more runoff leads to develop peak flow within short period of time. To reduce flood susceptibility a proper landuse management by increasing depth of reservoir particularly Badi and Madar lake situated upstream side in high drainage density area. Some anthropogenic activity blockage drainage system should be stopped to control the flood hazard in the area.

Harmankaya Canyon is located within boundaries of Karahasanlar settlement near Yenipazar district and Harmanköy settlement near İnhisar district in the east of the province of Bilecik. It was declared an area of nature protection under the name of "Harmankaya Canyon Nature Park" in 2012 by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. This study introduces Harmankaya Canyon, in the first place, by discussing its geomorphological characteristics, which play a significant role in the declaration of canyon as a nature park, along with the formation. Then, it discusses the potentials born by the canyon as a newly emerging destination of geotourism. Harmankaya Canyon was created by Harmanköy Stream, one tributary of Sakarya River, within Bilecik limestones of Mesozoic age. The canyon is 2.3 km long and 650-700 m deep, with a difference of altitude of 136 m between the entrance and the exit. Having quite an impressive view, the canyon was mainly formed as a result of fluvial processes under the control of lithological, tectonic, and climatic factors together. Thanks to its geomorphological characteristics, the Harmankaya Canyon Nature Park offers both sports and social attractions, like geotourism bound by geographical formations, canyoning relying on natural sources, trekking, rock-climbing, rafting, paragliding, and photography. Considering its location close to the larger Turkish cities, such as Istanbul, Bursa, Kocaeli, and Eskişehir and accessibility, the Harmankaya Canyon Nature Park is thought to meet all criteria for a destination of day-trips and weekend excursions for a relief from urban stress or for indulging in nature. SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was performed to unveil the touristic potential of the canyon. As a result, it was found to pose far more strengths and opportunities than weaknesses and threats.

Recurrentemente las crecidas ocurridas en las quebradas Catuche, Anauco y Gamboa y en el río Cotiza, han afectado severamente a los barrios y urbanizaciones asentados sobre sus abanicos aluviales. De allí la necesidad de evaluar la amenaza hidrogeomorfológica en sus microcuencas, y en particular la generación de crecidas. La metodología consideró la evaluación de las condiciones hidráulicas de los cauces principales y grados de intervención antrópica, fotointerpretación geomorfológica, caracterización del régimen pluviométrico, mediciones y cálculos de parámetros morfométricos de las microcuencas, estimación de los tiempos de concentración, análisis de eventos extremos de precipitación y estimación de caudales picos de crecientes. Las respuestas hidrológicas violentas están controladas por los parámetros morfométricos de las microcuencas y de sus redes de drenaje, así como por las dimensiones de las tormentas y la intensidad y duración de las lluvias, que generan caudales pico en las crecientes de magnitudes importantes para distintos períodos de retorno.

The morphometric analysis coupled with remote sensing and geographical information system techniques evaluates various valuable parameters for the watershed development plan of drought-prone Andhale watershed of Pune district, Maharashtra. The upper part of the watershed shows parallel–sub parallel and rectilinear drainage patterns indicative of structural control, whereas the lower part shows dendritic drainage pattern revealing the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. The elongated shape of this basin is indicated by values of form factor, circulatory ratio and elongation ratio. The mean bifurcation ratio is observed to be 4.65 indicating the watershed is less affected by structural disturbances, and drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. The hypsometric integral obtained for Andhale watershed is 0.316 indicating maturity stage of the basin. The longitudinal profile depicts steep gradient at the origin but it gradually flattens out as the river erodes its base level. The high values of drainage density, stream frequency , infiltration number and drainage texture indicate that the study area is underlain by impermeable rocks responsible for high runoff. Thus, the results of this analysis would be useful in determining the effect of catchment characteristics such as size, shape, slope of the catchment on runoff visa -vis the scope for water harvesting.

The Kakodonga river basin study area is 1112.57 km 2. The average rainfall of the basin is 1766 mm and total surface of water resources is 1,965,558,000 m 3. A morphometric analysis of Kakodonga river basin has been carried out using geoinformatic techniques for identification of morphological features and extracted drainage net works using GIS and computed morphometric parameters such as linear, areal and relief aspects of the river basin. The perimeter of the study area is 183.06 km and drainage density is low 1.33 km 2. The total length of streams maximum in 1 st order and 2 nd order streams were dominated in the basin, remain streams decreases as length wise and as stream order increases. The data can be used for basin management, utilize the resources for sustainable development and other hydrological studies in future.

The presented work is aimed at using GIS techniques to produce a potential flood hazard map based on geomorphic parameters and to estimate the risk degree of individual subbasin by combining normalized values of the parameters. The study area-Dahab basin-is one of the most important basins in South Sinai, which drains into the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt. It covers an area of about 2080 km 2. Although it is located in an arid region, the basin could receive a huge amount of rainwater during one of the rare storm events. The maximum recorded value reached up to 150 million m 3 /storm. Approximately 50% of the expected rainfall could turn into flash floods to the outlet of the basin, causing catastrophic effects on existing infrastructure and surrounding environments. Based on the Aster Digital Elevation Model, the drainage pattern of the Wadi's sub-basins were delineated and compared, with topographic map sheets of 1:50,000 scale as a reference. The sub-basins were extracted and morphometrically analysed to assess flash flood susceptibility. The morphometric parameters were measured by stream number and stream length. The parameters were computed using ESRI's ArcGIS 9.3, enriched by some VB code to compute stream numbers according to Strahler Theory. The case study results show that more than 35% of the sub-basins have high susceptibility of flooding and about 60% have medium susceptibility. Basins of high and moderate flood risk require detailed studies to implement actions to protect these areas against flood hazard.

Watershed is a naturally occurring hydrologic unit with similar physical, topographic and climatic conditions. Watershed behavior can be understood by the study of morphometric parameters which helps to make a various plan for sustainable development by using the natural resources. This analysis can be achieved through measurement of linear, aerial, and relief aspects of the watershed. The total of 11 subwatershed of the Ahar watershed of Udaipur district was individually analyzed. SOI toposheet map, ASTER DEM, SRTM DEM, and satellite imageries were used to delineate the stream network as well as making several maps under GIS environment. GIS is very powerful tool for regional as well as micro level watershed study.

As climate change infiltrate and influence every sphere of the globe, the continuous study of the drainage features and assessment of the drainage basin as a fundamental geomorphic unit in water resources development and management cannot be relegated. This work has considered the analytical description of the physical division of RDCA. The three domains of the morphometric parameters (linear, areal, and relief aspects of the basin) were considered for the analysis.  Remote sensing and GIS techniques were adopted in the analysis of the data using hydrological and surface tool in ArcGIS 10.2. The acquired SRTM DEM was used to delineate the catchment area and major morphometric parameters were estimated. The results show that the basin is elongated with low leminiscate ratio. RDCA is a 7th order drainage basin, with an area of 11,355 km2, having a length of about 164 km2. Value of drainage density indicates moderate runoff potentials. Stream frequency, bifurcation ratio and constant c...

Drainage basin’s morphometry refers to the measurement of different geomorphic and hydrologic attributes of a river basin. The geospatial technology has an efficient contribution in geographical and geological studies as it includes Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS); therefore, it has been adopted in the present study for the identification of different geomorphic attributes and their existence in Kopai river basin of West Bengal, India. The inter-relation between different morphometric parameters within each major morphometric attribute along with various dominant controlling factors of landform development was taken into consideration for the geospatial analysis and find out the stage of landform evolution of Kopai river basin. The various morphometric parameters have been correlated with each other and morphometric characteristics have been analyzed by explaining the relief, slope and drainage attribute and geometry of basin to understand their underlying relationship and control over the basin hydro-geomorphology. To synthesize the upshot of the drainage basin, the knowledgeof geoinformatics was applied by using spatial data obtained from ASTER GDEM. These data have been analyzed through Arc Map (10.3), Ms Excel and IBM SPSS (23) Statistics software and the application of geospatial technology was carried out minutely to explore the spatial and geomorphic features of Kopai river basin. It is evident that such kind of morphometric analysis is very much effective in determining the landform features and the mechanism behind its development, hence the morphometric parameters have been discussed with respect to linear, relief and aerial aspects in the present study. The current study revealed that Kopai river basin has fifth order drainage networks (according to Strahler’s method) with the dendritic drainage pattern. Moreover, the obtained values of different morphometric parameters indicate that the basin produces direct runoff from west to east and it is elongated in shape which eventually controls basin’s geomorphic and hydrological response. Keywords: Morphometric attribute, Kopai river basin, Hydro-geomorphology, Geospatial, Geoinformatics, DEM, Statistical techniques

As climate change infiltrate and influence every sphere of the globe, the continuous study of the drainage features and assessment of the drainage basin as a fundamental geomorphic unit in water resources development and management cannot be relegated. This work has considered the analytical description of the physical division of RDCA. The three domains of the morphometric parameters (linear, areal, and relief aspects of the basin) were considered for the analysis.  Remote sensing and GIS techniques were adopted in the analysis of the data using hydrological and surface tool in ArcGIS 10.2. The acquired SRTM DEM was used to delineate the catchment area and major morphometric parameters were estimated. The results show that the basin is elongated with low leminiscate ratio. RDCA is a 7th order drainage basin, with an area of 11,355 km2, having a length of about 164 km2. Value of drainage density indicates moderate runoff potentials. Stream frequency, bifurcation ratio and constant c...