Welding Vocabulary
Welding Vocabulary
Welding Vocabulary
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ABSTRACT
ECCC Recommendations Volume 2 Part IIa presents terms and terminology, with explanations where required, related to welding processes and the geometric description of the welded joint.
ECCC Recommendations Volume 2 Part IIa user feedback is encouraged and should be sent to: Dr C Servetto [Document Controller] Istituto Italiano della Saldatura Lungobisagno Istria, 15 16141 Genova Italy. Tel: +39 010 8341407 Fax: +39 010 8367780 E-mail: servettc@iis.it
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Page 1
SECTION 1
FOREWORD Section 2 deals with the geometric description of the welded joint and with the welding sequence. It is recognised that a weld may be performed by either several and different processes or a given process may be used with different filler metal (consumable types/sizes). In recognition of this a sequence has been defined to identify clearly the welding process(es) used for the different parts of the weld. In Section 3 are included terms relating to the welding procedure (description of welding process, consumable, technique). In Section 4 information about the final characterization of the weld are included. Section 5 gives the units and symbols of the terms present in the list. Section 6 is divided into 2 parts: the 1st part gives the definitions of terms present in the list, in the order in which they appear in the list; the 2nd part defines other terms which may be useful to describe the weld and they are given in alphabetical order. At the end of the document there are tables for the description of weld, joint types, processes, techniques, positions, gases and thermal efficiency factors.
As far as possible the document refers to European Standard terminology and definitions. A list of the reference Standards used is given below: EN 1792 EN 29692 Multilingual list of terms Metal-arc welding with covered electrode, gas-shielded metal-arc welding and gas welding - Joint preparations for steel Nomenclature of welding / brazing processes Welding positions Recommendations for arc welding of ferritic steels Welding and allied processes vocabulary Part 1: welding processes Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials
EN 288
Classification of gases
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Quality level of joints Classification of the imperfections Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Bend tests Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials Transverse tensile test Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Hardness testing Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Impact tests Test specimen location, notch orientation and examination
EN 1043 EN 875
International Institute of Welding (IIW) - Multilingual collection of terms for welding and allied processes Part 1- General terms
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2.2
Joint preparation
According to the type of joint specify the parameters given in table 2.1
2.3
2.4
Method of preparation
Specify the method by which the chamfer has been obtained (e.g. machining, grinding, etc.)
2.5
Welding sequence (i) process 0 - buttering (ii) process 1 - root (iii) process 2 - filling 1 (iv) process 3 - filling 2 (v) process 4 - back filling
This sequence associates a number of process (0,1,2,etc.) with a precise phase of welding: - process 0 is associated with the initial buttering - process 1 is associated with the welding process used for the root pass/es (e.g. TIG) - process 2 is associated with the welding process used for the first part of filling (e.g. MMA) - process 3 is associated with the welding process used for the 2nd part of filling (e.g. SA) - process 4 is associated with the welding process used for the filling of the back side of the weld (e.g. SA)
SECTION 3 WELDING PROCEDURE 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 Welding process details Welding process type - select from Table 3.1.1 Welding technique - select from Table 3.1.2 Welding position - see Table 3.1.3
Specify the position with which the weld has been performed by using the codes given in table 3.1.3 (reference standard EN ISO 6947)
0509/MC/39 [Issue 2] 11/05/01
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3.2 3.2.1
3.2.2
Refers to the specification to which the filler metal was produced, e.g. EN499 and its grade name, e.g. E 42 5 B 32 H5
3.2.3 3.2.4
Trade name Chemical analysis of welding wire (i) Typical, given by manufacturer (ii) Batch
(i) (ii) composition of the filler metal given by the manufacturer, e.g. from the catalogue composition of the batch from which the filler metal has been obtained
* *
3.2.5
Consumable dimension
Diameter of the electrode / rod / wire
3.2.6
Chemical analysis of weld-metal deposit (i) Typical (given by the manufacturer) (ii) Actual (performed on the actual weld to be tested) Number of passes
Specify the number of passes associated with each welding process
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.9
**
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3.3 3.3.1
3.3.2
Backing (i) Gas - select designation from table 3.3 (ii) Other type of backing shield
If applicable (i) specify the designation (group and identity no.) of the gas used according to table 2.3 (ii) specify the type of backing shield if other than above
3.3.3
Plasma gas
If applicable specify the designation (group and identity No) of the gas used according to table 3.3
Preheat and interpass parameters Answer yes/no if preheat and interpass heating used or not Preheat temperature
Specify the temperature applied at the start of the welding process
3.4.3
Interpass temperature
Specify the minimum temperature reached immediately prior to the application of the next run
3.4.4
Post-heating for hydrogen release (i) temperature (ii) time Lowest temperature achieved after welding and prior to PWHT
In some weld joints it may be necessary to maintain a certain temperature if PWHT is not performed shortly after welding
3.4.5
3.4.6
Heating method
e.g. by flame, by resistance, etc.
3.4.7
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3.5 3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3 3.5.4
3.6 3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
Current range Arc voltage range Welding speed range Wire feed rate (if applicable) Plasma current
If applicable (for plasma arc welding)
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3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.7.7 3.8 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.8.5 3.8.6 3.8.7
Intermediate heat treatment (after buttering) Answer yes/no if intermediate heat treatment used or not Soak temperature Heating rate Soak time Cooling rate Heating method Temperature measurement method Post weld heat treatment Answer yes/no if post weld heat treatment used or not Soak temperature range Heating rate Soak time range Cooling rate Heating method Temperature measurement method
SECTION 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WELDMENT 4.1 Weldment approved for (creep) testing
This clause indicates that the welded joint produced is either completely free from defects or existing defects are small, identified and locations are known so that weld creep testpieces can be selected from sound metal
4.2
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4.3 4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4 4.4.1
Destructive testing Cross weld room temperature tensile test (i) Testpiece size (ii) Tensile strength (iii) Location of fracture
(i) (iii) Testpiece size to state if full weld thickness or section within weld thickness used for tensile test Location of fracture - use the following codes: PM = fracture in parent metal HAZ = fracture in heat affected zone WM = fracture in weld metal
4.4.2
Impact test (i) Testpiece dimensions (ii) Notch type / location / direction (iii) Test temperature (iv) Individual test results (v) Average energy absorbed (J) at test temperature(s) (v) Average energy absorbed / unit area at test temperature(s)
(ii) notch type / location / direction - refer to the method of denomination of EN 875
4.4.3
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4.4.4
Macro examination (i) Reference number of imperfections (if any) according to EN 26520 (ii) Weld zone width (iii) HAZ width (iv) For buttering: width on face side and on root side
(ii) (iii) weld zone width - record the minimum and maximum dimensions of the weld zone HAZ width - record the minimum and maximum dimensions of the heat affected zone (from fusion line to unaffected parent metal) Note: unaffected parent metal means untransformed for materials subjected to solid state transformation (e.g. carbon and low alloy steels) and with unchanged grain size for materials like austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, nickel base alloys, etc
4.4.5
(ii)
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SECTION 5 STANDARD TERMS AND SYMBOLS NAME 5.1 Weld Geometry and Sequence (Section 2) UNIT(S) SYMBOL
Joint preparation (2.2) see Table 2.1 for graphical explanation Thickness Gap Angles of bevel Thickness of root face Depth of preparation Angle Radius 5.2 Welding Procedure (Section 3) mm mm degree () mm mm degree () mm tQ b , 1, 2 c h R
Welding consumable (3.2) Thickness of deposited weld metal by process number Preheat and interpass (3.4) Temperature Time Technique (3.5) Weaving details: - maximum width of the run - frequency - amplitude - dwell time of oscillation Electrical characteristics (3.6) Heat input Thermal efficiency Voltage Current Welding speed KJ/mm volt (V) ampere (A) mm/s Q k U I v degree Celsius (C) Hours (h) T t mm tD
mm Hz mm s
WR A dt
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NAME Pulsed welding details: - base current - peak current - frequency - pulse time Current range Arc voltage range Welding speed range Wire feed rate Plasma current Heat treatment (3.7 and 3.8) Temperature
UNIT(S)
SYMBOL
ampere (A) ampere (A) Hz s ampere (A) volt (V) mm/s mm/s ampere
Ib Ip p tp I U v wf IP
Heating rate / Cooling rate Time 5.3 Characteristics of the weldment (Section 4)
Cross weld room temperature tensile test (4.4.1) Testpiece size Tensile strength Impact test (4.4.2) Testpiece dimensions Test temperature mm degree Celsius (C) J J/mm2 CV Av mm N/mm2 Rm
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NAME Bend test (4.4.3) Bend angle Diameter of Former Macro examination (4.4.4) Weld zone width (minimum value) Weld zone width (maximum value) HAZ width (minimum value) HAZ width (maximum value) Width of buttering (on face side) Width of buttering (on root side) Hardness test (4.4.5) Hardness type - Vickers
UNIT(S)
SYMBOL
degree () mm
B DF
mm mm mm mm mm mm
eg HV30
- Brinell
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SECTION 6 In general definitions are taken from European Standards; the definitions written in italic are taken from the IIW Multilingual collection of terms for welding and allied processes.
PART 1 - DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED 6.1 Weld geometry and sequence : The preparation for making a connection where the individual components have been suitably prepared and assembled to be joined by welding Piece of suitable material used to prevent a molten pool collapse during welding; it may also be used to assist formation of the root run Backing designed to remain permanently joined to the workpiece after welding Backing designed to be removed from the workpiece after welding A surfacing operation in which one or more layers of weld metal are deposited on the groove face of one or both members to be joined. Buttering provides a metallurgically compatible weld metal for subsequent completion of the weld The first run deposited in the root of a multirun weld
Joint preparation
Backing
Permanent backing
Temporary backing
Buttering
Metal-arc welding in which one or more bare or cored wire(s), or strip electrode(s) are used. The arc(s) is (are) completely enveloped by molten slag which fuses from the granular flux that is deposited loosely
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Gas-shielded metal-arc welding in which the shielding is provided by an inert gas, e.g. argon or helium
Gas-shielded metal-arc welding in which the shielding is provided by a chemically active gas
Gas shielded arc welding using a non-consumable, pure or activated tungsten electrode in which the arc and the weld zone are protected by a shroud of inert gas; filler metal may be added Arc welding using the plasma of a constricted arc. Shielding may be supplemented by an auxiliary gas. Filler metal may or may not be added Fusion welding using a coherent beam of monochromatic light Fusion welding using a focused beam of electrons Welding where the electrode holder, welding hand gun, torch or blowpipe are manipulated by hand Manual welding where the wire feed is mechanized Welding where all main operations (excluding the handling of the workpiece) are mechanized. Manual adjustment of welding variables during welding is possible Welding where all operations are mechanized. Manual adjustment of welding variables during welding is possible Automatic welding using a manipulator that can be pre-programmed to different welding directions and fabrication geometries
: :
: :
Automatic welding
Robotic welding
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Welding position
Position determined by the location of the weld in space and by the working direction (see table 2.1.3 for a list of positions and their graphical explanation) Materials consumed in the making of a weld, including filler metals, fluxes and gases Metal added during welding, braze welding, brazing or surfacing All metal melted during the making of a weld and retained in the weld The metal melted or deposited during one passage of an electrode, torch or blowpipe, electron or laser beam, etc. Auxiliary material (e.g. forming gas) used to prevent oxidation of the opposite side of the weld, and also to reduce the risk of a molten pool collapse Temperature of the workpiece in the weld zone immediately prior to any welding operation. It is normally expressed as a minimum and is usually equal to the minimum interpass temperature Temperature in a multi-run weld and adjacent parent metal immediately prior to the application of the next run. It is normally expressed as a maximum temperature.
Welding consumables
Filler metal
Weld metal
Pass / Run
Gas backing
Preheat temperature
Interpass temperature
: :
The application of heat to an assembly after welding Bead that is produced with no weaving motion of the filler rod or welding tool Bead that is produced with a weaving motion of the filler rod or welding tool A welding technique where the run is produced by oscillating the torch transverse to the direction of welding Energy introduced into the weld region during welding per unit run length
Weave bead
Weaving
Heat input
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Thermal efficiency
Ratio of heat energy introduced into the weld to the electrical energy consumed by the arc Current passing through the electrode Electrical potential between contact tip or electrode holder and workpiece Travel speed of the weld pool / Rate at which the welding operation progresses in the direction of welding Length of wire consumed per unit time Any heat treatment subsequent to welding
: :
Welding speed
: :
Non destructive testing : Testing to detect internal, surface and concealed defects in materials using techniques that do not damage or destroy the items being tested Visual judgment of the condition of the surface, shape and position of weld A method of inspection which facilitates the detection of superficial defects on a piece of ferrous metal subjected to a magnetic field. Where they occur, these defects cause magnetic disturbances which are revealed by the indicating media put into contact with the surface of the test piece. A method of inspection employing a coloured or fluorescent penetrating fluid which allows the detection of faults issuing at the surface of the piece under examination A method of inspection to discover interior faults by projecting ultrasonic waves into the test piece and the observation of their reflected paths within it; ultrasonic inspection permits to determine the importance of faults as well as to locate their position. A method of inspection which employs X or gamma () rays or neutrons, which are able to penetrate a piece of metal to produce an image of a fault within
Visual examination
Ultrasonic inspection
Radiographic inspection
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this piece of metal upon a sensitive screen or a radiograph Defect / imperfection : A discontinuity in the weld or a deviation from the intended geometry. Imperfections include e.g. cracks, lack of penetration, porosity, slag inclusions
6.4
Destructive testing : Testing to detect internal or external defects, or assess mechanical or metallurgical properties by mechanical means, which generally result in the destruction of the material Test made on a specimen for which the surface in tension is the side which contains the larger width of the weld or the side from which the welding arc was first applied. Test made on a specimen for which the surface in tension is the side opposite to the face bend test specimen. Test made on a specimen for which the surface in tension is a cross section of the weld.
Destructive testing
PART 2 - DEFINITIONS OF OTHER GENERAL WELDING TERMS Arc welding Bevel / Chamfer : : Fusion welding processes using an electric arc An opening or channel in the surface of a part or between two components, which provides space to contain a weld Arc welding processes using a consumable electrode Filler metal after it becomes part of a weld or joint Direction in which welding is carried out That part of the parent metal which is metallurgically affected by the heat of welding, but not melted Welding in which the weld is made or layer deposited in more than two runs
Metal-arc welding
: : :
Multi-run welding
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Parent metal
Heating to a suitable temperature and holding it long enough to reduce residual stresses and then cooling slowly enough to minimise the development of new residual stresses without appreciably altering the structure. The zone containing the weld metal and the heataffected zone Operation in which workpieces are joined by welding The results of the welding operation The union of two or more parts by heat or pressure or a combination of both such that the materials form a continuum. A filler material with a melting point similar to that of the parent material may be used
Weld zone
: : :
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Table 3.1.1 Welding process type Numerical Designation 111 114 121 131 135 136 137 141 151 751 76 Other(*) Not Known
(*) take number and designation from EN 24063 (ISO 4063)
Full designation
Abbreviation
MMA FCAW-NG SA MIG MAG FCAW-AG FCAW-IG TIG PAW LBW EBW
Metal-arc welding with covered electrode Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding without gas shield Submerged arc welding with wire electrode Metal-arc inert gas welding Metal-arc active gas welding Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with active gas shield Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with inert gas shield Tungsten inert gas arc welding Plasma arc welding Laser beam welding Electron beam welding
Table 3.1.2 Welding technique MW PMW FMW AW RW - Manual welding - Partly mechanized welding - Fully mechanized welding - Automatic welding - Robotic welding
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PA - flat position PB - horizontal vertical position PC - horizontal position PD - horizontal overhead position PE - overhead position PF - vertical up position PG - vertical down position Inclined position: 6947 - for plates specify slope S and rotation R according to EN ISO - for pipes specify the welding direction (H, J or K) and the angle of inclination L of the pipes according to EN ISO 6947
see sketch on next page (taken from EN ISO 6947)
Table 3.2.9 Type of covering A B C R - Acid covering - Basic covering - Cellulosic covering - Rutile covering
RA - Rutile-acid covering RB - Rutile-basic covering RC - Rutile-cellulosic covering RR - Rutile thick covering S N - Other - Not known
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Reducing He H2
Unreactive N2
Typical Applications
Remarks
> 0 to 15 > 15 to 35
TIG, PAW, PAC, Back Shielding MIG, TIG, PAW, Back Shielding
Reducing
Inert
M1
Slightly oxidizing
M2
MAG
M3
C F
1) Where components not listed are added to one of the groups in this table, the mixture is designated as special gas mixture and carries the prefix S followed by the base gas or mixture symbol as in the above table followed by the percent concentration by volume and chemical formula of the additional gases. 2) Argon may be replaced by up to 95% helium. The helium content is designated by an additional identification number added in brackets as a suffix as indicated below: Identification number Helium content in volume % (1) > 0 to 33 (2) > 33 to 66 (3) > 66 to 95
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Process No 121 111 131 135 114 136 137 138 139 141 15
Process Submerged arc welding with wire electrode Metal-arc welding with covered electrode Metal-arc inert gas welding Metal-arc active gas welding Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding without gas shield Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with active gas shield Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with inert gas shield Metal-cored wire metal-arc welding with active gas shield Metal-cored wire metal-arc welding with inert gas shield Tungsten inert gas arc welding Plasma arc welding
Factor k 1,0 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,6
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