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Class X: Physics Chapter 10: Light- Reflection and Refraction Points to remember Key learnings: 1. When light falls on a body, it may be absorbed, may be transmitted or light may come back to the same medium. 2. Reflection of a light means light waves are neither transmitted nor absorbed but are deflected from the surface of the medium back into the same medium. 3. Laws of Reflection: First law of reflection: The incident ray, the normal to the surface at the point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane. Second law of reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. 4. Real image is obtained when the rays of light after reflection, actually converge at a point. It can be obtained on the screen and can be seen with the eye. 5. Virtual image forms when rays of light do not actually meet, but appear to meet when produced backwards. It cannot be obtained on the screen. 6. Characteristics of the image formed by the plane mirror: i. ii. The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect. Size of image = Size of object and the image is laterally inverted.

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iii. The image formed by the plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. 7. Lateral Inversion: The phenomenon due to which the right side of the object appears as left and the left side of the object appears as right. That is the image is inverted sideways. 8. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards and polished on the inner spherical surface is convex mirror. 9. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards and polished on the outer spherical surface is concave mirror. 10. Concave mirror mostly forms real images, which can be received on the screen. 11. Convex mirror forms virtual images, which cannot be received on the screen. 12. Differentiating between a plane mirror, a concave mirror and a convex mirror, without touching them: i) If the image formed is erect and is of same size as in reality then it is a plane mirror. ii) If the image formed is still erect but smaller in size then it is a convex mirror. iii) If the image is erect but magnified when mirror is close to the object then it is a concave mirror. 13. Solar concentrators use huge concave mirrors to focus large amounts of solar energy thereby producing high temperature conditions in a solar power plant.
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14. Concave mirrors are used as shaving and make up mirrors. 15. The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point called the pole of the mirror and usually represented by P. 16. The horizontal line passing through the centre of curvature and pole of the spherical mirror is known as Principal axis. 17. The centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is the centre of the hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirror is a part and usually represented by C. 18. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the radius of the hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirror is a part and usually represented by R. 19. The diameter of the reflecting surface that is twice the radius is called its aperture. 20. Radius of curvature (R) = 2 focal length (f) 21. Rules for ray diagrami. The path of the reflected light ray depends upon how the incident ray is oriented with respect to the principal axis. ii. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis, after reflection pass through the principal focus. iii. A ray of light passing through the principal focus of a mirror becomes parallel to the principal axis of the mirror, on reflection
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iv. A ray of light incident obliquely towards the pole of mirror is reflected obliquely as per the laws of reflection v. A ray of light passing through centre of curvature of a mirror is reflected back along the same path

22. Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object Position of object At infinity Position of image At focus F Highly diminished, point sized Beyond C At C Between C and F At F Between P and F At infinity Behind mirror Highly enlarged Enlarged Between F and C At C Beyond C Same size Enlarge Diminished Real and inverted Real and inverted Real and inverted Real and inverted Virtual and erect Real and inverted Size of image Nature of image

23. Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex mirror: Position of object At infinity Position of image At focus F behind the mirror Size of image Highly diminished, point Nature of image

Virtual and erect

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sized Between infinity and pole of the mirror 24. The ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object is known as the magnification. 25. Magnification is positive for virtual image and negative for real image. 26. The phenomenon of change in the path of light from one medium to another is called refraction of light. 27. The angle formed between the incident ray and the normal is called angle of incidence and the angle formed between the refracted ray and the normal is called angle of refraction. 28. The cause of refraction is the change in the speed of light as it goes from one medium to another medium. 29. Larger the difference in speeds of light, the greater will be the angle of bending and vice-versa. 30. When a ray of light passes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal. Also, the angle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction. 31. When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. Also, the angle of incidence is less than the angle of refraction Between P and F behind the mirror Diminished

Virtual and erect

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32. Laws of refraction: The first law of refraction: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Second law of refraction: The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence in the first medium to the sine of angle of refraction in the second medium is a constant for a given pair of medium and for a given wavelength of light.
n sini sinr

where n is a constant known as refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium. This law is also called as Snells Law 33. The phenomenon of change in path of light in going from one medium to another is called refraction of light. 34. The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is called the refractive index of the medium. It has no unit. 35. When a ray of light traveling from a rarer to a denser medium slows down and bends towards the normal. 36. When it travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it speeds up and bends away from the normal. 37. The shifting of emergent ray sideways from the direction of original incident ray is called lateral displacement or lateral shift 38. The extend of the lateral shift depends on the angle of incidence, the thickness of slab, and Refractive index of the glass slab

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39. Lateral displacement is produced during refraction through a glass slab and not through a glass prism. 40. The angle through which a ray of light deviates on passing through a prism is called the angle of deviation. 41. Convex lens is thicker at the middle than at the edges. 42. Concave lens is thicker at the edges than at the middle. 43. Convex lens converge the rays of light while concave lens diverges. 44. As the object moves towards the optical centre of convex lens, the image moves away from the optical centre except when the object is placed between focus and optical centre of the lens. 45. As the object moves towards the optical centre of the convex lens, the size of image increases and its highly enlarged when object is at focus. 46. Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length. The SI unit of power of a lens is Dioptre. Top Formulae Mirror Formula:

1 1 1 v u f
Magnification produced by mirror:
m Height of the image (h') Height of the object (h)

Snells law of refraction:

If I is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,

The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1

The refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2

Absolute refractive index:

Lens Formula:

1 1 1 v u f
Magnification produced by lens:
m Height of the Image h' Height of the Image h

Magnification (m) = h/ h = v/ u The power p of a lens of focal length f: P=

1 f

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