CLASS –X

SCIENCE

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 “Light is an electromagnetic ray that travels in a straight
line”

 Reflection of Light:
◦ When light falls on a surface and is reflected back into
the same medium, we say reflection has taken place

 Refraction of Light:
◦ When light travels from one medium to another it
bends from its original path
◦ This phenomenon is called refraction

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 Incident Ray: The ray of light that falls on the
reflecting surface

 Reflected Ray: The ray of light that is sent back by

the reflecting surface

 Normal: The normal is a line at right angle to the

reflecting surface to the point of incidence

 Angle of Incidence: It is the angle made by the

incident ray and the normal

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 Angle of Reflection: It is the angle made by the reflected ray
and the normal

 Object: It is the “thing” that forms an image on the screen

 Image: It is the reflection of the object on the screen

 Virtual Image: The image that cannot be obtained on a screen

(a surface where image is formed)

 Real Image: The image that is formed directly on the screen

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 Laws of Reflection of light are:

◦ The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

◦ The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the
mirror at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane
◦ The incident ray and the reflected ray lie on either side of
the normal

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[10th Ruby 29] 5
 The image formed in a plane is mirror is…

1. Virtual and Erect

2. Of the same size as of the object

3. At the same distance from the mirror as the object is in front

of it

4. Laterally inverted

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 Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror that has its reflecting surface
curved inwards

 Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror that has its reflecting surface

curved outwards

 There are some important terms to be explained first in terms of

Spherical mirrors. They are:
◦ Centre of Curvature
◦ Focus
◦ Principal Axis
◦ Pole
◦ Focal length
◦ Radius of Curvature

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 Center of curvature (C): It is the centre of the
sphere of which the mirror is a part

 Radius of curvature (CP): It is the radius of the

sphere of which the mirror is a part

 Pole (P): It is the centre of the spherical mirror

 Principal axis (X-Y): It is the straight line passing

through the centre of curvature and the pole

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 Principal Focus:
◦ Focus of Concave Mirror: It is a point
on the principal axis, where all the rays
parallel to the principal axis converge

◦Focus of Convex Mirror: It is a point on

the principal axis, where the reflected
rays appear to converge

 Focal length of Spherical Mirrors:

◦ The distance between the pole and the principal focus is called the focal
length of the spherical mirror

 The Radius of Curvature is two times the Focal Length of any spherical mirror

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[10th Ruby 29] 10
 If in a concave mirror, a ray of light parallel to the principal
axis after reflection will pass through the focus or appear to
diverge from the focus in case of convex mirror

 A ray passing through the focus of a concave mirror, after

reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis

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[10th Ruby 29] 11
 A ray passing through the centre of curvature, after reflection
is reflected back along the same path

 A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis towards the pole

on the spherical mirrors is reflected back obliquely
 We can place the object at six positions
from the mirror:
◦ At infinity
◦ Beyond C
◦ At C
◦ Between C and F
◦ At F
◦ Between F and P

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1. At infinity:
 The image formed is:
◦ Real and Inverted
◦ Highly diminished, Point-sized
◦ Formed at F

2. Beyond C:
 The image formed is:
◦ Real and Inverted
◦ Between F and C
◦ Diminished

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3. At C:
 The image formed is:
◦ Real and Inverted
◦ At C
◦ Of the same size as the object

4. Between F and C:
 The image formed is
◦ Real and Inverted
◦ Beyond C
◦ Magnified

Co
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5. At F:
 The image formed is:
◦ Real and Inverted
◦ At infinity
◦ Highly magnified

6. Between F and P:
◦ Virtual and Erect
◦ Behind the mirror
◦ Magnified

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 Concave mirrors are used as:
◦ Shaving mirrors
◦ Torches, search lights, and vehicle headlights
◦ Used by dentist to get large images of patient’s teeth
◦ In solar furnaces to concentrate heat
1. At Infinity:
 The image formed is
◦ Virtual and Erect
◦ Behind the mirror (at F)
◦ Highly diminished

2. Between Infinity and P:

 The image formed is:
◦ Virtual and Erect
◦ Behind the mirror (between P and F)
◦ Diminished

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 Convex mirrors are used in:
◦ Vehicles as rear-view mirrors to see traffic at the
rear-side
◦ Used as a device to check thefts in shops

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 Object is placed left to the mirror and the pole is taken as the origin

 Distance to the right of origin (+ve X-axis) is positive while that to

its left (-ve X-axis) is negative

 Distances above the principal axis (+ve Y-axis) are positive while
those below it (-ve Y-axis) are negative
 The mirror formula is:
1 1 1
+ =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
Where, u= Object distance
v= Image distance
f= Focal length

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 ℎ𝑒𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 (ℎ2) −𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (−𝑣)
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚 = =
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 (ℎ1) 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑢)
 For Virtual image, m is positive

Real image, m is negative

 If m>1, image is bigger than the object

 If m=1, image is of the same size as of the object
 If m<1, image is smaller than the object

 If m is positive, then the image is virtual and erect

 If m is negative, then the image is real and inverted
 The phenomenon of bending of light when it travels
from one medium to another is called as ‘refraction’

 Laws of refraction of light:

◦ The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray,
all lie in the same plane

◦ sin
sin 𝑖
𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 where, i= Angle of incidence
r= Angle of reflection
constant= Refractive index

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 The refractive index of a medium gives an indication of light
bending ability of that medium

 Where n 21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to

medium 1

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 There are two types of lenses:
◦ Convex Lens:

◦ Concave Lens:
 The centre point of a lens is known as its Optical Focus

 A line passing through the optical centre is the Principal Axis

 Focus is the point where rays converge (or appear to) after
refraction in lens

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1. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis
passes through the focus after refraction

2. A ray of light passing through the focus

becomes parallel to the principal axis after
refraction

3. A ray of light passing through the optical

centre goes straight without changing its
path

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1. Between O and F:
 Image formed is:
◦ Virtual and Erect
◦ Behind the object (on the left side)
◦ Magnified

2. Between F and 2F:

 Image formed is:
◦ Real and Inverted
◦ Beyond 2F
◦ Magnified

S
C
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 The sign conventions for lenses are same as those
for spherical mirrors except all the distances are
measured from the optical centre

 Distance to the right of origin (+ve X-axis) is

positive while that to its left (-ve X-axis) is
negative

 Distances above the principal axis (+ve Y-axis) are

positive while those below it (-ve Y-axis) are
negative

C
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 The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its
focal length, i.e.
1
𝑃=
𝑓

 S.I. unit for power of lens is called Dioptre

(D)

C
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That’s it folks…

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