Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison In 1803, the Supreme Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States. James Madison was denying the Court position that was assigned to Marbury. Henry Clay Known as the Great Composer, Henry Clay was an American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator. He was the leader of the War Hawks, who were westerners who demanded immediate war with England. He created the American System. Essex Junto Power group of New England Federalists, originally from Essex County, Massachusetts. Term coined by John Hancock in 1778. Leader was Timothy Pickering Burr Conspiracy Conspiracy led by Aaron Burr who led politicians, army officers, and many others. Conspiracy was to create a independent nation in the center of North America, or the west.

Impressment British ships would board American ships and capture sailors, claiming that they were British runaways. This was one of the factors of the War of 1812. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident A U.S. ship called Chesapeake was bluntly attacked in direct view of many people at port by a British ship. Non-intercourse Act A replacement of the hated Embargo Act, the Non-intercourse act stated that America was open to all foreign trade except those of France and Britain. Macons Bill No. 2 Stated that if either France or Britain opened it ports for commerce, America would trade with that state, cancelling out the other country that did not open its ports. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Tecumseh was away recruiting men when Governor of India, William Henry Harrison, decided to attack Tecumseh's headquarters. The Prophet decided to defend with Shawnees troups. The Battle of TIppecanoe made Harrison a national hero and drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British. War Hawks Led by Henry Clay, this group of men wanted immediate war with England because of the impressments. Battle of Horseshoe bend Andrew fought in Alabama against redsticks who were part of the Creek Indian tribe. This tribe wanted to stop American expansion. This defeat ended the creek war. Hartford Convention A convention consisting of Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts send delegated to converse about their grievances. They wanted to secess New England from America. Treaty of Ghent Tsar Alexander 1 of Russia did not want Britain to fitter away its strength against America so he proposed a mediation at Ghent between Britain and America. The Treaty of Ghent was essentially an armistice. Both sides would simply stop fighting and America would ignore British actions such as Orders in Council, Impressment, ect.

Treaty of Greenville 1795 Treaty signed at Fort Greenville, modern day Ohio. This treaty followed the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen timbers. The Western Confederacy and local frontiermen of America were involved. Ended the Northwest Indian War. Battle of New Orleans After winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Andrew Jackson led a group of 7,000 men to defend New Orleans from a British army of 80,000. Within half an hour, the Americans lost 60 troops whereas the British lost 20,000. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Due to George Washington's success as a president, the people had high expectations of Adams to have the same amount of success. However, Adams lacks presence due to his height. The Federalists claimed that Jefferson was having an affair with his slave, Sally Hemmings. This was proven through DNA testing. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. Yes because the "war of 1800" allowed for the implementing of many laws that govern the electing system as of today. For example, Jefferson and Burr tied in votes for presidency. The 12th amendment said that presidency and vice presidency would be voted seperately. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Yes because before Jefferson became president, Hamilton implemented many legislatives such as the National Bank. Many of Federalist ideas and laws were embraced by Jefferson because he deemed them worthy.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" It was indeed revolutionary to a large extent because the election of 1800 allowed for the passing of many laws that govern the electing system. Elections are now precise and free of many problems. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic

Republican." Assess. Jefferson embraced many Federalist ideas; the reason being, he hated them but he knew it would benefit the country to keep many Federalist actions in such as the National Bank. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? John Marshall was the single most influential figure during the 1800s. He created the Judicial Review and enforced the Supreme Court as something more powerful than the states.

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson finally decided to take physical action and ordered a naval expedition to the Mediterranean, which resulted in the First Barbary War with Morocco and Tripoli. Most of these battles were naval.

The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. Had Napolean not sold Louisiana, U.S. would be in conflict with the lack of expansion and America would be threatened by Europeans because the Louisiana Purchase ended all European threats into America. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? This doubled Americas property and removed all European threats into America.

America: A Nutcracked Neutral

Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? Britain controlled the seas and France controlled the land so they were essentially Lions vs Sharks. They decided to attack each other economically by closing their ports from commerce.

The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Sailors, traders, and merchants cried over this because they had no means of obtaining money. The Northern industries began to bloom. Sailors cried "O GRAB ME"! Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon had no intention of permitting unrestricted trade between America and Britain. Rather he hoped to maneuver the United States into resuming its embargo against the British, thus creating a partial blockade against his enemy that he would not have to raise a finger to enforce. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The impressments and the Chesapeake incident aroused American pride and they cried for war. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? New England prospered greatly from Britain and so they were still loyal to them.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement Treaty between United States and Britain naval weapon Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812. Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of United Stated indulged in peripheral gambles. This led to over speculation with caused the Panic of 1819. Francis Cabot Lowell He went to Britain and observed and memorized the structure of the Textile Mills. He returned to America and revealed the secrets to everyone. This allowed America to prosper even further in industries. Era of Good Feelings United States just won their second war. This engraved a thought into their mind, "wow. We really are strong." Nationalism spread throughout the country and it seemed to the Americans that the War of 1812 was actually the 2nd War of Independence Adams-Onis Treaty A treaty made with U.S and Spain where Spain would give Florida to U.S. Panic of 1819

It was an economic panic that was caused by over speculation and a decline of American goods from foreign nations. The Second Banks failure was the cause of this depression.. Considered to be the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Tallmadge Amendment This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be allowed into Missouri and provided the emancipation of the offspring of slaves. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state, as long as Massachusetts could be split into two countries including Maine. States north of the 36/30 parallel line would enter as Free states and south of the line would enter as slave states. John Marshall John Marshall was "the single most influential individual". He was the Supreme Justice of the Supreme Court. Served in the Continental Army during the revolution and soon embraced the Federalist Party. Marshall set the stage for judicial review, declaring for the first time that an act of Congress was unconstitutional. Latin American Revolution Series of uprisings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America. This established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite social rebellions by the lower classes. Monroe Doctrine An American foreign policy that opposed the idea of interference from outside powers in the Western Hemisphere GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. Absolutely horrible. A few after they entered, they were forced to retreat.

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. Just like the American Revolution, they last practically every war. However, this

does not mean they fought ineffectively. Their sheer will and determination allowed them to win this war. The defense of Fort McHenry was so awe-inspiring that Henry Scott Key came up with the Star Spangled banner. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. In a way yes. It allowed for the Americans to continue their westward expansion. However, they were forced to ignore impressements, ect. and the westward expansions caused controversy between slave vs free states.

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? It didn't do much other than have delegates from 5 states fail to assert their authority.

The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? Land was obtained which allowed for Westward expansion.

Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? Textbooks that used to teach Americans were not that of American text. However, after the war is it now of American Text. American books made specifically to teach Americans.

"The American System"

Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years? The American system was created which started the first protective tariff. It also enabled the establishments of roads and canals.

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? This was directly after the war so he went on a tour of Goodwill in which he would visit states and pat people on the back for their accomplishments. Even New England warmly welcomed him.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The 2nd bank of U.S. indulged in peripheral gambling. Because of this, they over speculated land in the west and as a result, the country went into an economic state of depression.

Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? Louisiana Purchase easily more than doubled Americas land. And because of the Treaty of Ghent, the Native Americans were forced to give up their lands in the west and move elsewhere. This lack of opposition enticed Americans expand as they did in the colonial era.

Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Because this would create an unequal number of free states vs slave states. If one of these states gained 1 more than the other, this would lead to unfair voting.

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The Missouri compromise solved their problems of unequal number of slaves vs free states, thus serving as another great compromise. However, this compromise is temporary and the states know it. Sooner or later, this problem will surface again.

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." There were many cases where the state was going against the Supreme Court. However, in every case, the states lost. This was a display of supremacy of power over the states.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall paved the way for America's success in the future. He created laws, stated his authority, and, in the end, fulfilled his role as Supreme "Justice". Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. Andrew Jackson was more important to territorial expansion due to his conquests in Florida and works near Spanish posts. Jackson pushed the Seminole Indians out of Florida and secured a commission to enter Florida. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? On August 1823, Geoge Canning had approached the American minister in London and offered to join hand in hand to stop the European powers from taking over the Latin American republics.

Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? James Monroe was able to make such bold statements under the protection of the strong British military. Britain had realized that its colonies in the Caribbean Islands were in danger if European powers tried to expand southward towards South America. Therefore, Monroe used this as a way to warn other European nations. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The Monroe Doctrine was simply a personalized statement of the policy of President Monroe. Successors of Monroe took the doctrine and it has grown with Americas growth. The doctrine voiced a spirit of patriotism, but also gave the illusion of isolationism.