Vibration

Basic Vibration Analysis
Vivek Joshi vivek.joshi@metrixvibration.com Cell:91-9833475974
Objectives
Define Vibration
What is it, where does it come from?
Describe measurement methods Examine amplitude measurements

Differences between the three
Choose proper transducer

Right probe for the application
General Description
Vibration : defined..
Movement of a body about a reference. Response to some form of excitation The excitation is generally referred to as a forcing function
Sources of Vibration
Imbalance Misalignment Belts Gears Bearings
Rolling Element Sleeve
Looseness Electrical Anomalies Oil Instability Resonance
General Description
Legend
Y Amplitude X Time Y X
Vibration Measurement Parameters

Vibration breaks down into two separate areas called domains.
The time domain displays a plot called a waveform where the amplitude is displayed over time, such as an oscilloscope monitors an electrical signal. The frequency domain displays amplitude as a function of how often something occurs in one cycle.
6
Introduction to Vibration
Lets imagine that the shaft is rotating
(The center of the shaft is really what we are plotting, not the mass near the edge. We just use the mass for illustration)
7
Locate its peak positive position with a red mark.
Amplitude
Time
As the shaft rotates, time also shifts, so well locate this new position forward with respect to time.
Amplitude
Time
Continuing this process The mass is now 180 degrees from its original position.
Amplitude
We could call this peak negative.

Time
10
As the mass returns to the zero reference point, notice that it is now 180 degrees from the corresponding green marker.
Amplitude
Time
11
Having completed 1 revolution, the mass returns to peak positive position. This is one cycle.
Amplitude
Time
12
Connecting the reference locations with a curve...
Amplitude
Time
13
Amplitude
Time
14
Amplitude
Time
15
Amplitude
Time
16
Amplitude
Time
17
Y
Amplitude
Observed in the time domain as the amount of time to complete a cycle
X Time
The resulting waveform resembles a sine wave.
Every detected signal appears.
Y
Amplitude
X Time
The time waveform becomes very complicated, busy.
Each waveform signal is then converted to its respective spectral peak.

Amplitude
Frequency
Waveform Generation
21
Measurement Parameters
2 Domains : TIME and FREQUENCY
FFT
22
Amplitude
3 ways to display
All three show severity Some better than others
Velocity
Measures the speed Time from point A to point B rate of displacement
Displacement
Distance a body moves Point A to point B
Acceleration
Total force acting Change of direction
23
Amplitude Relationships
How the different units treat data...
Amplitude
Disp la
cem ent
Frequency
Displacement accentuates LOW frequencies, and attenuates HIGH frequencies.

24
Amplitude
tion lera cce A
Frequency
Acceleration accentuates HIGH frequencies, and attenuates LOW frequencies.
25
Amplitude
Velocity
Frequency
Velocity does neither. It treats all frequencies equally.

26
Dis pla ce me n
e le cc A
io n rat
Amplitude
Velocity
Frequency
27
Amplitude
The Figure below show the relationship of these three types of units.
0 to Peak R.M.S.
V
Peak to Peak
Amplitude
Average
Time
Period is Time T
360= One (1) Shaft Revolution
(D)isplacement (V)elocity (A)cceleration
Mils Peak-to-Peak In/Sec Peak Gs RMS
28
Phase
360 270
C B
Phase: is the relationship between two events. You measure phase in degrees of rotation.
29
Phase Measurement
Tach Pulse Phase Measured between the two
0 360 degrees Time
Peak of Vibration Signal
30
Phase
You can also use phase to describe the relationship between two events, as shown below. Disk A is 180 out of phase with disk B.
A
31
Common Vibration Terms

Displacement
distance a body travels units of mils (pk. to pk.)
Velocity
rate at which displacement occurs units of inches per second in/sec (pk.) or mm/sec RMS
Acceleration
rate of change of velocity units of Gs (RMS)
Frequency
how often an event occurs per unit time
Phase
relationship between two events relative to a reference
32
1-24
An effective program...
Choosing the transducer
the right one for the best data
Signal processing
time waveform or spectrum
Problem detection
examine both sets of data is there a problem?
Diagnosis
what
is the source ? Root Cause

33
Amplitude and Frequency - Review

Amplitude
Acceleration
Gs
Frequency
Cycles per minute - CPM Cycles per second - CPS / Hz Revolutions per minute RPM Orders - Frequency/TS
Velocity
In/sec
Displacement
mils
RPM vs CPM
34
1-26
Transducers
Function
Convert mechanical signal to electrical
Three basic types

Displacement transducer Velocity transducer Accelerometer
35
Transducers
non contact displacement transducer
shaft
bearing
36
Displacement Xducers
37
38
Advantages +
Measures relative movement good for sleeve brg. machines very good for heavy machines
Disadvantages permanently installed frequency response : DC to 1KHz power required
39
Velocity Xducer
Connection Conductor Coil Spring Case Magnet Damper
40
Velocity Xducer
Advantages +
best signal to severity ratio good signal to noise ratio no power required single dif. / int. needed usually pretty hardy
Disadvantages usually big heavy freq. 10 to 2Kz temperature sensitive comparatively expensive magnetic field sensitive orientation sensitive wear and temp. changes calibration
41
Accelerometers
Settle Time Supply Voltage
20 - 30 Vdc @ 2-8mA C.C. Bias Voltage 10.5 Vdc
to signal analyzer
Amplifier Preloaded Ref. Mass Mica Insulator Conductive Plate Piezoelectric Crystal Electrical Insulator
Base
42
Accelerometers
Advantages
broad frequency range small, light, rugged ICP needs no signal conditioning easy to mount
Disadvantages
poor as a hand held limited signal to noise ratio reads acceleration power required double integration needed
43
Accelerometers
4 5 3 2 1
magnet glue wax stud
hand held
natural frequency of accelerometer
frequency
44
Overall Level Criteria

The overall level is a single number calculation of the unfiltered amplitude of a vibration waveform.
45
Summary of Overall Vibration Standards An insurance agent responsible for insuring companies and their equipment established the Rathbone chart in 1939. So he could set an adequate premium, he had to know the running condition of the machinery. The agent based his chart on casing measurements made on heavy, slow-speed machines.
46
Summary of Overall Vibration Standards
47
ISO Vibration Chart
48
DuPont Severity Chart
49
Locations for Data Collection
50
Frequency Regimes
Synchronous
NxRPM where N is an integer
Sub synchronous
<1 x RPM
Non-synchronous
F x RPM where F is >1x RPM but not integer
51
Causes Sub-synchronous
Another component in the machine Another machine Belt drives Hydraulic instability
Oil whirl, oil whip
Rubs
rotor, shaft, wheel
Cage
fundamental train - rolling element brgs.
52
Causes - Synchronous
Imbalance Pitch line run-out Misalignment Bent shaft Looseness Blade / vane pass Recips Gears Slot / Rotor Bar pass
53
Causes Non-synchronous
Another machine Belt multiples Brgs. Resonance Electrical Chains Compressor surge Detonation Sliding surfaces Lube pumps Centrifugal clutches U-joints
54

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Basic Vibration Analysis

Vivek Joshi vivek.joshi@metrixvibration.com Cell:91-9833475974

Describe measurement methods Examine amplitude measurements

Choose proper transducer

Looseness Electrical Anomalies Oil Instability Resonance

Vibration Measurement Parameters

We could call this peak negative.

Observed in the time domain as the amount of time to complete a cycle

The resulting waveform resembles a sine wave.

The time waveform becomes very complicated, busy.

Each waveform signal is then converted to its respective spectral peak.

Displacement accentuates LOW frequencies, and attenuates HIGH frequencies.

tion lera cce A

Acceleration accentuates HIGH frequencies, and attenuates LOW frequencies.

Velocity does neither. It treats all frequencies equally.

360= One (1) Shaft Revolution

(D)isplacement (V)elocity (A)cceleration

Mils Peak-to-Peak In/Sec Peak Gs RMS

0 360 degrees Time

Peak of Vibration Signal

Common Vibration Terms

time waveform or spectrum

is the source ? Root Cause

Amplitude and Frequency - Review

Three basic types

Disadvantages permanently installed frequency response : DC to 1KHz power required

20 - 30 Vdc @ 2-8mA C.C. Bias Voltage 10.5 Vdc

magnet glue wax stud

natural frequency of accelerometer

Overall Level Criteria

Summary of Overall Vibration Standards

ISO Vibration Chart

DuPont Severity Chart

Locations for Data Collection

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