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    Erin P. J. Pearse: α α∈A α − 1 α α − 1 α 1 i n i=1 n − 1 i n − 1 i

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    cmtinv
    This document outlines three fundamental properties of compact sets: (1) Continuous images of compact sets are compact. (2) Closed subsets of compact sets are compact. (3) Compact subsets of Hausdorff spaces are closed. It then provides proofs for each property. The proofs use concepts like open covers, subcovers, and the Hausdorff property to show that if a set satisfies the conditions of each property, it will be compact or closed. Exercises are provided to test understanding of how to apply these properties.

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    Erin P. J. Pearse: α α∈A α − 1 α α − 1 α 1 i n i=1 n − 1 i n − 1 i

    Uploaded by

    cmtinv
    29 views2 pages
    This document outlines three fundamental properties of compact sets: (1) Continuous images of compact sets are compact. (2) Closed subsets of compact sets are compact. (3) Compact subsets of Hausdorff spaces are closed. It then provides proofs for each property. The proofs use concepts like open covers, subcovers, and the Hausdorff property to show that if a set satisfies the conditions of each property, it will be compact or closed. Exercises are provided to test understanding of how to apply these properties.

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    analysis

    Original Title

    Compactness Mantras

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    This document outlines three fundamental properties of compact sets: (1) Continuous images of compact sets are compact. (2) Closed subsets of compact sets are compact. (3) Compact subsets of Hausdorff spaces are closed. It then provides proofs for each property. The proofs use concepts like open covers, subcovers, and the Hausdorff property to show that if a set satisfies the conditions of each property, it will be compact or closed. Exercises are provided to test understanding of how to apply these properties.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views2 pages

    Erin P. J. Pearse: α α∈A α − 1 α α − 1 α 1 i n i=1 n − 1 i n − 1 i

    Uploaded by

    cmtinv
    This document outlines three fundamental properties of compact sets: (1) Continuous images of compact sets are compact. (2) Closed subsets of compact sets are compact. (3) Compact subsets of Hausdorff spaces are closed. It then provides proofs for each property. The proofs use concepts like open covers, subcovers, and the Hausdorff property to show that if a set satisfies the conditions of each property, it will be compact or closed. Exercises are provided to test understanding of how to apply these properties.

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    of 2

    THE FUNDAMENTAL MANTRAS OF COMPACTNESS.

    ERIN P. J. PEARSE
    These are the key properties of compact sets that you should internalize. Chant them like
    mantras as you walk to class in the morning. Know them backwards and forwards. Be able
    to prove them o the top of your head.
    (1) Continuous images of compact sets are compact.
    (2) Closed subsets of compact sets are compact.
    (3) Compact subsets of Hausdor spaces are closed.
    Lets look at them in more detail. These proofs are a little wordy for clarity. You can
    probably trim them down a bit.
    Theorem 1. Let f : K Y be continuous, where K is compact. Then f(K) is compact in
    Y .
    Proof. Let {U

    }
    A
    be a covering of f(K) by open sets U

    . Since f is continuous, every set


    f
    1
    (U

    ) will be open in K. Since the U

    cover f(K), we have an open cover {f


    1
    (U

    )} of
    K. K is compact by hypothesis, so there must be some nite subcover of K; by reindexing
    the subscripts, we can write it down as {f
    1
    (U
    i
    )}
    n
    i=1
    . Then
    K
    n
    _
    i=1
    f
    1
    (U
    i
    ) = f(K) f
    _
    n
    _
    i=1
    f
    1
    (U
    i
    )
    _
    by 1.3 Exercise 2(e).
    Now, since
    f
    _
    n
    _
    i=1
    f
    1
    (U
    i
    )
    _
    =
    n
    _
    i=1
    f
    _
    f
    1
    (U
    i
    )
    _
    by 1.3 Exercise 2(f)

    n
    _
    i=1
    U
    i
    by 1.3 Exercise 1(b),
    we have f(K) contained in the nite subcover {U
    i
    }
    n
    i=1
    . I.e., f(K) is compact.
    Theorem 2. Let K be a compact space, and let B be a closed subset of K. Then B is
    compact.
    Proof. Let {U

    }
    A
    be an open cover of B. Since B is closed, we know that its complement

    B is open. Then
    {U

    }
    A


    B
    is an open cover of the whole space K, and hence has a nite open subcover
    {U
    i
    }
    n
    i=1


    B.
    April 17, 2005.
    1
    Since

    B doesnt cover any part of B, we can throw it out and still have that
    {U
    i
    }
    n
    i=1
    is an open cover of B. This is a nite subcover for B, i.e., B is compact.
    Theorem 3. Let X be a Hausdor space, and let K be a compact subset of X. Then K is
    closed.
    Proof. We will show that

    K is open, so that K is closed. Pick x

    K. We must produce an
    open set U such that x U

    K, i.e., an open neighbourhood U of x which is disjoint from
    K.
    For each point y K, use the Hausdor property to separate x from y, i.e., choose open
    neighborhoods of U
    y
    of x and V
    y
    of y which are disjoint. Then {V
    y
    } is an open cover of
    K. By the compactness of K, there must be some nite open subcover of K which we can
    denote by {V
    i
    }
    n
    i=1
    . Then by looking at the neighborhoods of x which correspond to these
    sets V
    i
    , we have U
    i
    V
    i
    = , i = 1, . . . , n. Since
    _

    n
    j=1
    U
    j
    _
    U
    i
    , i = 1, . . . , n, we have
    _
    n

    j=1
    U
    j
    _
    V
    i
    = , i = 1, . . . , n,
    and hence also
    _
    n

    i=1
    U
    i
    _

    n
    _
    i=1
    V
    i
    = .
    Thus (

    n
    i=1
    U
    i
    ) is disjoint from K (since K

    n
    i=1
    V
    i
    ). Moreover, since (

    n
    i=1
    U
    i
    ) is a
    nite union of open sets, it is also open. Therefore, we can take U =

    n
    i=1
    U
    i
    as our open
    neighbourhood of x which is disjoint from K.
    Test your understanding! Using the above ideas, each of the following exercises may be
    completed with very little work.
    Exercises:
    1. Let f : X R be continuous, and let K X be compact. Then there exist points
    m, M K such that f(m) f(x) f(M), x K.
    Note: it is crucial to show that m and M are in K, not just in X. (Use an im-
    portant property of R.)
    m is called a (global) minimum of f and M is called a (global) maximum. This result
    is paraphrased by saying A continuous function on a compact set K attains its max
    & min.
    2. Show that if f : X Y is a continuous map, where X is compact and Y is Hausdor,
    then f is a closed map.
    2

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