Physics 219 Spring 2013 - Help Center Schedule, Room 11

Physics 219 Spring 2013 - Help Center Schedule, Room 11
Radu Marius : Friday 10:30 AM 12:00 PM

Darren Erdman: Friday 2:00 PM 2:30 PM
Chapter 17 Electric Forces and Fields Lecture 3
17.1 Evidences for Electric Forces:
The Observational Facts
17.2 Electric Forces and Coulombs Law
17.3 The Electric Field
17.4 Conductors, Insulators, and the Motion of Electric
Charge
17.5 Electric Flux and Gausss Law

Electric Field (Review)
The net Coulomb force on a given charge is always
proportional to the strength of that charge.
Define Electric field, which is independent of the test
charge, q, and depends only on position in space:
F
E
q
=
2
0
1

4
F Q
E r
q r tc
= =
Electric Field due to a
Point Charge Q
N V
C m
| |
=
|
\ .
(V stands for volts)
E points away from positive charges
and toward negative charges.
Section 17.3
Electrical Ground
The idea of electrical ground plays an important role
in many situations
If you watch the excess electrons on a charged rod
you would see them eventually flow to the ground
The ground is generally moist, so it conducts well
Because the ground is everywhere, it provides a
common path that excess charge can use to flow
from one spot to another
The term ground is used to denote a path or
destination of the excess charges, even if dirt is not
actually involved

Section 17.4
Charging by Contact
Assume a negatively
charged rubber rod
Bring the rod into
contact with the metal
Some of the excess
electrons will move to
the metal
The metal has been
charged by contact

Section 17.4
Charging by Induction
Charging by induction makes use of
polarization
The negatively charged rod is first
brought near the metal, polarizing the
metal
A connection is made from the piece of
metal to electrical ground using a wire
Section 17.4
Some of the electrons will move off the
original piece of metal and into the
electrical ground region
The final step is to remove the grounding
wire
The positive charge is produced by
removing electrons
Concept of Flux:
Air or water stream with uniform velocity v flows
through a loop of area A, defining a flux u
Flux, Electric Flux and Gauss Law
x Area volume
velocity Area
time t

A
u = = =
A
Gauss Law can be used to find the electric field of a
complex charge distribution
Easier than treating it as a collection of point charge and using
superposition
To use Gauss Law, a quantity called electric flux u
E
is
needed
The electric flux u
E
is equal the product of the electric
field that passes through a particular surface and the
area of the surface u
E

E
EA
u =
Electric Flux Examples
Fig. A
The electric field is
perpendicular to the
surface of area A

Fig. B
parallel to the surface
of area A

No field lines pass
through the area
Section 17.5
E
EA E A EA

u = = =
0
E
EA E A

u = = =
Electric Flux Examples, cont.
Fig. C
The electric field makes an angle with
the surface
Flux is a scalar quantity
Section 17.5
cos
E
EA EA u
u = =
Electric Flux Examples, Closed Surface
The flux is positive if the
field is directed out of
the region surrounded
by the surface and
negative if going into
the region
Fig. D and E
The total flux is the
sum of the
contributions of the
fields going in and
coming out
u
E
= 0

Section 17.5
Gauss Law
Gauss Law says that the electric flux through any
closed surface is proportional to the charge q inside
the surface

The constant
o
is the permittivity of free space

o
= 8.85 x 10
-12
C
2
/ N
.
m
2

This was encountered in one form of Coulombs Law

Since the flux depends on the electric field, Gauss
Law can be used to find the field
Section 17.5
E
o
q
e
=
t c t c
= = =
o o
q q q q
F k k
r r
1 2 1 2
2 2
1
4 4
Gauss Law: Point Charge
Choose a Gaussian
surface
Want a surface that will
make the calculation as
easy as possible
Choose a surface that
matches the symmetry
of the problem
For a point charge, the
field lines have a
spherical symmetry
Section 17.5
Gauss Law: Point Charge, cont.
The spherical symmetry means that the magnitude
of the electric field depends only on the distance
from the charge
The electric field is directed radially
Either inward or outward
A surface that matches this symmetry is a sphere
centered on the charge
Because of the symmetry, the magnitude of the field
is the same at all points on the sphere
The field is perpendicular to the sphere at all points
where it intersects the surface
Section 17.5
Gauss Law: Point Charge, final
Since the field is perpendicular to the area, the flux is
the product of the field and the area: u
E
= E A
sphere

A
sphere
is the area of the Gaussian sphere
With a radius of r, A
sphere
= 4 t r
2

Therefore, u
E
= 4 t r
2
E
From Gauss Law,

This agrees with the result from Coulombs Law

Section 17.5
E
o o
q q
r E and E
r
2
2
4
4 e p e
= = =
E
o
q
e
=
Electric Field from Spherical Charge
Given a uniform spherical ball of
charge
Choose a sphere as a Gaussian
surface

The electric field from any
spherical distribution of charge is
the same as the field from a point
charge with the same total charge
This applies only outside the ball
of charge

Section 17.5
t
c tc
u = = = =
E
o o
Q Q Q
r E E k
r r
2
2 2
4
4
Electric Field from Line of Charge
The line of charge has a total
length L and a total charge Q
perpendicular to the line
Choose a cylinder of radius r
for the Gaussian surface

Applying Gauss Law

tc
=
o
Q
E
Lr 2
Section 17.5
(2 )
E
EA E rh
Q
q h
L
t u = =
=
0 0
/
(2 )
E
q Qh L
EA E rh t
c c
u = = = =
Charge density= Q/L
Electric Field: Flat Sheet of Charge
The large, flat sheet of
charge has a charge
per unit area of o
Choose a cylinder as
the Gaussian surface
The field through the
sides of the surface is
zero
Through each end of
the surface, u
E
= EA
Since there are two
ends, u
E
= 2EA

Section 17.5
Flat Sheet of Charge, cont.
The total charge is equal to the charge / area
multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder
q = o A
Therefore, using Gauss law, the electric field is

The electric field is constant and independent of the
distance from the sheet of charge
o
c
o
c
u = =
=
E
o
o
A
EA
E
2
2
Section 17.5
Notes on Gaussian Surfaces
To make analysis easier, some simplifications have
been made in the examples
Highly symmetric charge distributions
Gaussian surfaces on which the electric field was
either constant or zero
Gauss Law applies to any surface and any charge
distribution
Even with little or no symmetry
The total electric flux through a closed surface
depends only on the total charge enclosed
Section 17.5
Gauss Law for Electric flux through Arbitrary Surface
General definition of electric flux:
E
ClosedSurface
E ndA u =
}
E
E A E A E A n

u = E A = E A = A
Divide the surface into many very small,

nearly flat plaquettes and sum over the
contributions from all of them
(closed surface).
c
u =
enclosed
E
o
q
Gauss Law:
Shielding the Electric Field
A region can be designed
where the electric field is
zero
Go inside a metal cavity
Example: Your car acts
like the piece of metal to
shield you from a lightning
strike

Section 18.2
Start with a hollow conductor
Add charge to the conductor
The charge will move to the outer
surface
We can define a Gaussian surface
that encloses zero charge
Flux is 0
No electric field!
2
0
(4 )
0 0
Q
E r
Q E
t
c
=
= =
Shielding Example - Lightning Strikes
The crash-test dummy is safe,
but the right front tire didnt
make it
High Voltage Laboratory,
Technical University Berlin, Germany
Shielding Demonstration
We will demonstrate shielding in two ways
(1) We will show no internal field inside a hollow
metal cylinder due to Gauss Law (5A-12, 5A-13)
(2) We will place a student in a Faraday (wire)
cage and try to fry him or her with sparks from a
electric spark generator (5A-11)
Note that the shielding effect does not require a
solid conductor
A wire mesh will also work, as long as you dont get too
close to the open areas

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Physics 219 Spring 2013 - Help Center Schedule, Room 11

Radu Marius : Friday 10:30 AM 12:00 PM

Divide the surface into many very small,

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