Std.

10th History and Political Science

Written according to the New Text book (2013-2014) published by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. X

History and Political Science

Salient Features:
9 Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus in Question Answer Format. 9 Covers answers to all Textual Questions. 9 Textual questions are represented by *marks. 9 Intext questions are represented by #marks. 9 Self Evaluative in nature. 9 Simple and lucid language. 9 Includes Important Dates to Remember.

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Mumbai, Maharashtra Tel: 022 6551 6551 Website : www.targetpublications.org email : mail@targetpublications.in

Std. X
History and Political Science

Target Publications Pvt Ltd.

First Edition: April 2013

Price : ` 90/-

Printed at: Spark Offset Nerul Navi Mumabi

Published by

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

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PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you. History is a chronological and methodical record of significant events of the past. It unfolds the events of the past and investigates into their cause and effects on human life. History can be of a country, a person, a religion, an organisation, an invention, a conflict, etc. Political science helps us to study about the state government and politics. The subject helps us to understand how the government comes to power and what is the function of the government. The citizens become aware of the functioning of the leaders. The subject deals extensively with the practice of politics. The study of History and Political Science requires a deep and intrinsic understanding of concepts. Hence to ease this task we bring to you Std. X: History and Political Science a complete and thorough guide extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book covers the entire syllabus in question answer format. Each and every topic is subdivided into subtopics for better understanding of concepts. The book covers answers to all textual questions represented by * mark. The format of this book is as such it not only helps the student to understand the concepts but also helps him to write the answers based on it. A section of Important Dates To Remember is given at end of some of the chapters for reference. And lastly, I would like to thank all those who have helped me in preparing this book. There is always room for improvement and hence we welcome all suggestions and regret any errors that may have occurred in the making of this book. A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From Publisher

Contents
No. Topic Name Page No.

HISTORY
01 Imperialism (A) Geographical Discoveries and Imperialism (B) Asia (C) Imperialism in Africa 02 20th Century Age of Conflict (A) First World War (B) Russian Revolution (C) League of Nations (D) Dictatorship in Europe (E) United Nations Organization 03 Emancipation of Asia and Africa (A) Asia (B) Africa 04 World after Second World War (A) Cold War (B) Progress in Science and Technology (C) Globalization 83 91 100 62 76 20 28 36 40 57 1 6 14

POLITICAL SCIENCE
01 02 03 04 Democracy Political Parties Democracy and Diversity Challenges before Democracy
Textual questions are represented by * marks. Intext questions are represented by # marks.

105 111 120 126

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01
A.

IMPERIALISM
Geographical Discoveries and Imperialism
The Imperialism 10. Imperialism was caused by ____________. (colonialism, federalism, socialism)

Q.1.A.Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets. The Background *1. The imperialism in the modern period is a result of _____________ revolution. (French, Industrial, Russian)

Reasons for Imperialism 11. The entire nations of Asia and Africa were brought under the imperial rule by ____________. (1915, 1914, 1912) ____________ motivated the creation of modern weapons. (Science, Communication, Technology) Huge deposits of gold and silver were found in ____________ . (Asia, Africa, France) Asian nations were rich in the production of____________. (cotton, spices, ammunitions) The greatness of a nation was decided by the number of ____________ under it. (colonies, resources, army) The European nations wanted to spread the ____________ throughout the world. (Christianity, Feudalism, Colonialism)

Geographical Discoveries *2. The Ottoman Turks won _____________ in the year 1453. (Constantinople, Calicut, Kolkata) The traders in Europe were curious to begin trade in the _____________ nations. (western, eastern, central) Portuguese King ___________ motivated the navigators. (William, Henry, Nicholas) The sailors discovered the parts of the American continent in the _____________ century. (15th, 16th, 12th ) Between 1606 and 1732, England set up _____________ colonies in the eastern coast of North America. (13, 3, 31) _____________ found out the sea route to India. (Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, John Cabot) _____________ took the ambitious task of taking a round of the earth by the sea route. (Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci) The __________ of Ferdinand Magellan completed his dream project. (brothers, foes, companions)

12.

13.

3.

14.

*4.

15.

5.

16.

6.

Economic Imperialism *17. It is considered that _____________ is the origin of Industrial Revolution. (France, England, Germany) 18. The industrial upheaval gave rise to _____________. (feudalism, capitalism, imperialism)

7.

8.

Various forms of Imperial Domination 19. In order to achieve the imperial objectives, the European nations implemented _________ policy. (Credit, Divide and Rule, Monetary) 1

9.

Imperialism

Std. X: History
B. *1. i. Column A Vasco da Gama Column B a. Taking a round to the earth by sea-route b. New sea route to India c. The northern, eastern and central parts of America. d. Astrolabe Match the following: Geographical Discoveries 6.

TARGET Publications

Who inspired the sailors for discovering new sea routes? Ans: The sailors were inspired by the kings and business persons of Europe for discovering new sea routes. 7. Name the instruments that were useful in finding out the directions while sailing. Ans: The instruments that were useful in finding out the directions while sailing were the sailors compass, astrolabe, newly designed maps and directive books. 8. Name the sailors who discovered northern, eastern and central parts of the American continent. Ans: The sailors who discovered northern, eastern and central parts of the American continent were Christopher Columbus, John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci. The Imperialism *9. What is the meaning of colonization? Ans: The people of one country dominating the specific territories of another country by settling down there is called as colonization. *10. Give the meaning of the word Imperialism and write the definition. Ans: i. The word imperialism has been derived from a Latin word imperium meaning rights or rule. ii. Imperialism can be defined as the domination of an undeveloped nation by a developed nation by virtue of establishing a colony. iii. In other words, imperialism consists in an absolute domination of one nation by another nation. Reasons for Imperialism Which inventions revolutionized the means of transport and communication during the 17th century? Ans: During the 17th century, the inventions of steam power, electricity, coal and iron revolutionized the means of transport and communication. Imperialism 11.

ii. iii.

Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Megellan

Ans: (i b), (ii c), (iii a) Q.2. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words. The Background 1. Which revolutions have played a key role in the modern history of the world? Ans: The American war of Independence, French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution have played a key role in the modern history of the world. 2. What was the royal ambition of the kings in the olden times? Ans: The royal ambition of the kings in the olden times was to dominate the neighbouring or distant regions. It gave rise to the Greek, Roman and Turkey empires. 3. Who established powerful empires in India? Ans: The powerful empires in India were established by Chandragupta Maurya, King Ashok and Emperor Akbar. 4. What was the source of inspiration of the traditional imperialism? Ans: The source of inspiration of the traditional imperialism consisted in the regional pride and display of the army. 5. Which elements were given less importance by the kings and emperors during the old times while expanding their territories? Ans: During the old times, the kings and emperors gave less importance to the acquisition of wealth and the financial profits, while expanding their territories. 2

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Also, the business in Europe was increasing rapidly. Hence, the Europeans felt the need for finding out new sea routes. Reasons for Imperialism 2. The Europeans felt an urgent need for finding out new markets. OR *Europeans started to discover new markets. Ans: i. To a great extent, industrial revolution boosted modern imperialism. ii. Production was increased due to machines. iii. The pace of the production of goods went up. iv. As a consequence, it became difficult for the nations to sell the products within their national boundaries. v. Hence, there was felt an urgent need for finding out new markets. 3. European nations encroached upon Asian and African nations. Ans: i. During industrial revolution, the production of goods increased leading to scarcity of raw materials. ii. Also the markets in Europe were of competitive nature, thereby the European nations had to sell their goods at cheaper price. iii. This could only be achieved by cutting down the production expenditure and purchasing the raw material cheaply. iv. The nations in the Asian and African continents were rich in terms of natural resources. v. Thus, with a view of taking advantage of these natural resources for their profit, the European nations encroached upon Asian and African nations. *4. Economic imperialism started in Europe. Ans: i. Economic imperialism was based on the objective of bringing profit to the nation by exploiting the natural resources of underdeveloped nation by means of economic and political dominance. ii. England was the origin of industrial revolution. It was later followed by other European nations. 3 iii.

12.

Write about the richness of natural resources in Asia and Africa during the period of imperialism. Ans: i. The nations in Asia and Africa were very rich in natural resources. ii. There were huge deposits of gold, silver, diamond, iron and coal in Africa whereas the Asian nations were rich in the production of spices. Economic Imperialism *13. What is economic imperialism? Ans: The new imperialism was laid with an objective to bring profits to the nation by exploiting the natural resources of the undeveloped nations by means of economic and political domination. This form of imperialism was called as Economic Imperialism. 14. Why is England called the origin of Industrial revolution? Ans: England is called the origin of Industrial revolution because it was the nation which first witnessed the process of industrial revolution. Various Forms of Imperial Domination *15. What are the various forms responsible for Imperial domination? Write any four of them. Ans: The various forms of imperial domination are: i. Imposing political dependence. ii. Ensuring security to nations. iii. Bringing about compulsory business agreements. iv. Creating business monopoly. v. Implementation of Divide and Rule policy. Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each. Geographical Discoveries *1. The Europeans felt the need for finding out new sea routes. Ans: i. In 1453, Constantinople (Istanbul) was won by the Ottoman Turks. ii. The terrestrial way, a short route to Asia was closed down for the European traders as it was under the control of the Turks. Imperialism

Std. X: History
iii. The industrial upheaval gave rise to capitalism which led to financial prosperity of European nations. The foundation of European capitalist economic system was laid down on the basis of production and exchange of products. European nations also endeared the new form of imperialism leading to the initiation of Economic imperialism in Europe. iii.

TARGET Publications

iv.

iv.

v.

v.

The British put their foot in India with a pair of scales and a copy of the Bible. The Bible stood for the propagation of Christian religion. Establishment of the colonies was followed by the entry of missionaries for the purpose of spreading their religion. There cropped up several missions with the sole religious purpose which intensified imperialism.

Economic Imperialism 3. Economy was the soul of imperialism. Explain. Ans: i. The industrial upheavel gave rise to capitalism which led to financial prosperity of European nations. ii. The foundation of European capitalist economic system was laid down. It was based on the production and exchange of goods. iii. The capitalist expansion moulded a new variety of imperialism. iv. The European nations endeared the principle of imperial expansion for the sake of developing trade. v. Thus, economy was the soul of imperialism. Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 60 to 80 words. Reasons for Imperialism *1. Write the reasons for imperialism. Ans: The reasons for imperialism were: i. Scientific Inventions: The invention of steam power, electricity, coal and iron revolutionized the means of transportation and communication. Science motivated the creation of modern weapons which gave impetus to imperial ambitions of human being. ii. Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution boosted modern imperialism. Production was increased due to machines. As a result, it became difficult for the nations to sell the products within their national boundaries. So, an urgent need was felt for finding out new markets. Imperialism

Q.4. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 40 words. Geographical Discoveries 1. Write about the geographical discoveries of the period between 15th 17th century. Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, Amerigo Vespucci were the sailors who discovered the northern, eastern and central parts of the American continent respectively in the 15th century. Between 1606 and 1732, England set up thirteen colonies in the eastern coast of North America. Vasco da Gama found out the sea route to India. Ferdinand Magellan, initiated the ambitious task of taking a round trip to the earth by the sea route. However, after his death the task was completed by his companions. Spain, Portugal, Holland, England and France also established many colonies in newly discovered regions.

Ans: i.

ii.

iii. iv.

v.

Reasons for Imperialism 2. What attempts were made by the European nations to spread Christianity? The European nations were bent upon spreading the cause of Christianity throughout the world. They believed that white mans religion and culture were superior.

Ans: i.

ii. 4

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was decided by the number of colonies under it. viii. Propagation of Religion: The European nations wanted to spread Christianity throughout the world. They believed that white mans religion and culture were superior. ix. Weakness of Asian and African nations: The Asian and African nations were weak from political and economic point of view. These nations were greatly damaged by invasions and feudalism. The strong European nations brought them under their imperial reign. Various Forms of Imperial Domination 2. How did economic imperialism got further extended after the industrial revolution?

iv.

Need for Raw Material: The Industrial revolution increased the production leading to scarcity of raw materials. Also, the European markets were of competitive nature, hence the nations had to sell their goods at cheaper price. This could only be achieved by cutting down the production expenditure by purchasing raw materials cheaply. Colonies thus became the only source of raw materials.

v.

Prosperity of Asia and Africa: The nations in the Asian and African continents were very rich in terms of natural resources. Huge deposits of gold, silver, diamonds, iron and coal were found in Africa. Asian nations were rich in spices. Thus, for their profitable motives, the European nations brought the nations in Asia and Africa under their imperial rule.

Ans: The economic imperialism got further extended after the industrial revolution because of the following reasons: i. It consisted in capturing the colonies for raw materials and selling them in the form of commodities in the colonial markets. Taking possession of the places having military importance. Exploiting the colonies economically. Improving the financial condition of the imperial nations themselves. Imposing restrictions on the colonies and securing concession for their nations

vi.

Rising European nations: The nations like Germany and Italy were on their rise. In order to satisfy the want of colonial power, these emerging nations adopted aggressive imperialism by seeking inspiration from England.

ii. iii. iv. v.

vii.

Ambition of Political Domination: The European nations got involved into a tussle of winning terrestrial and marine military posts of strategic importance. The greatness of a nation

Important Dates To Remember

Year 1453 1606 and 1732 1914 Imperialism

Event Constantinople (Istanbul) was won by the Ottoman Turks. England set up thirteen colonies in the eastern coast of North America. Asia and Africa were brought under the imperial rule. 5

Std. X: History

TARGET Publications

B.
Q.1.A.Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets. Imperialism in India 1. Calicut is a port on the __________coast of India. (western, eastern, southern) Vasco da Gama sought business concessions from King __________ of Calicut. (Jahangir, Zamorin, Shahaalam) The _________ had great importance in the Indian politics in the initial stages of their stay. (Portuguese, Dutch, Americans) The Portuguese were followed by __________ in India. (French, Dutch, Britishers) The __________established their control over the South East Asian islands only. (British, Dutch, Russians) The __________ began their trade in India from the year 1625. (Dutch, Britishers, French) In India, the East India Company was established by Britain in the year _______. (1600, 1612, 1630) Badshah Jahangir had given permission to start business centre at ________. (Mumbai, Surat, Calicut) The Karnataka Battle was fought between __________ and __________. (England, France; America, Japan; Portugal, Philippines) The Battle of Plassey took place in the year __________. (1757, 1775, 1752) The Battle of Buxar took place in the year __________. (1757, 1764, 1746)

Asia
12. Bajirao II had to face defeat at the battle of __________ . (Ashti, Plassey, Buxar) __________ organized the members of the Sikh community. (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Maharaja Udai Singh, Maharana Pratap) Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in the year __________. (1839, 1856, 1775) The state of __________ was merged under the pretext of maladministration. (Ayodhya, Jhansi, Nagpur)

13.

14.

*2.

15.

3.

Imperialism in China 16. __________ is the biggest nation in terms of population in the Asian continent. (China, Japan, France)

4.

5.

*17. At the end of eighteenth century, China was regarded as a ________ nation. (dormant, awakened, progressed) 18. The __________ reign was responsible for allowing a gigantic China under the reign of the Europeans. (Wanli, Kangxi, Manchu) The Portuguese came via __________ route to China. (land, water, air) The __________ were the first European traders in China. (French, Portuguese, Dutch) Portuguese alighted at the __________ port of China. (Shanghai, Tianjin, Canton) In the later stages of their stay, Portuguese captured ______ port in China. (Macau, Shanghai, Manchu) The __________ regions of China were used by Portuguese for setting up commercial centres. (western, eastern, coastal) The Chinese society was moulded in the ancient __________ philosophy. (Confucian, Legalism, Taoism) Imperialism

6.

19.

7.

20.

*8.

21.

9.

22.

10.

23.

11.

24.

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Std. X: History
39. In the Year 1852, ________ was appointed as the Chief of the American naval mission to Japan. (Commodore Matthew Perry, Amerigo Vespucci, Tokugawa Shogun) Commodore Matthew Perry first came to gulf of _______ in Japan. (Edo, Peking, Nanking) __________ was the Japanese Prime Minister when the Kanagawa treaty was signed. (Tokugawa Shogun, Perry, Zamorin) Kangawa Treaty was signed on ______. (31st June 1854, 31st March 1854, 31st May 1854) According to Kanagawa treaty America was allowed entry to __________ and __________ ports of Japan. (Hakata, Osaka; Shimonda, Hakodate; Kobe, Macau) Shogun governance was subverted by the __________ revolution. (Meiji, American, Chinese) Match the following:

*25. The European traders in China established an organization named __________ . (Cohong, Peking, Nanking) 26. The British merchants used to sell the __________ got from India in China. (Opium, Silk, Tea) The first Opium war was fought in the year __________ . (1893, 1839, 1842) After the first opium war, ________ treaty was signed between England and China. (Peking, Nanking, Macau) The second opium war was fought in the year __________ . (1865, 1856, 1839) Russia by attacking China in the year ______ won the Armour sea coast. (1860, 1858, 1806) _________ defeated China by waging a war in 1894-95. (England, America, Japan) ________ controlled the business and excise during imperialism in China. (England, France, Japan) The Open Door Policy of America was initiated in ______ . ( 1899, 1898, 1808)

40.

27.

28.

41.

29.

42.

30.

43.

31.

44.

32.

33.

B. *1.

Column A The Imperialism in Japan 34. __________ rising sun. is known as the land of the ii. (Japan, China, India) 35. Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch tried to spread __________ in Japan. (Christianity, politicism, culturalism) __________ was called a recluse nation. (India, China, Japan) In comparison to western nations, Japan was a backward __________ nation. (autocratic, aristocratic, plutocratic) America paid special attention to Japan in __________ . (1850, 1580, 1508) iii. French England b. c. d. Ans: (i d), (ii a), (iii b) 2. Column A i. ii. iii. India China Japan a. b. c. d. Ans: (i c), (ii d), (iii b) i. Portuguese a.

Column B Pondicherry (Pudducheri) Surat Plassey Goa

36. 37.

Column B Cape of Good Hope Shimonda Calicut Canton 7

38.

Imperialism

Std. X: History
Q.2. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words. Imperialism in India *1. In which regions of Asia European nations imposed their imperialism? Ans: European nations imposed imperialism in the Asian regions of India, China, Japan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malasia, Philippines and Thailand. 2. Which route did Vasco da Gama took to come to India? Ans: Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese sailor came to the Calicut port of India via the South African peninsula in the year 1498. 3. Name the three places where Portuguese imposed their rule in India. Imperialism in China 8.

TARGET Publications

Name the traders who acquired commercial concessions in China after the Portuguese. Ans: Traders from France, England, Holland, Belgium and Russia acquired commercial concessions in China after the Portuguese. 9. How did China earn profit? Ans: China earned a huge amount of profit by virtue of selling tea, silk and Chinese vessels. 10. How was Opium bought by Chinese people? Ans: The Chinese people bought Opium by exchanging silver, causing a stream of silver export to England. 11. How did the second Opium war come to an end? Ans: The second Opium war came to an end with the defeat of the Manchu empire and the Peking treaty. The Imperialism in Japan 12. How did Japan become self centred nation? Ans: i. The Portuguese, the Spain and the Dutch people were already involved in business activities with Japan since 19th century. ii. However, when they tried to spread Christanity in Japan, they were expelled. iii. Thus, Japan became a self centred nation. *13. Why was Japan called a recluse nation? Ans: Japan was called a recluse nation as the doors of Japan had been closed for the European nations for one hundred and fifty years. 14. What request was made by Commodore Matthew Perry to the Japanese Government? Ans: i. Commodore Matthew Perry first came to the gulf of Edo in Japan in 1853. ii. He made a request to the Japanese government for ensuring safety to the American ships within the marine boundaries of Japan along with business concessions. Imperialism

Ans: The three places where Portuguese imposed their rule in India were Goa, Daman and Diu. 4. Name the areas dominated by French during their rule in India. Ans: The areas dominated by French during their rule in India were Chandranagar, Pondicherry (Pudducheri), Karraikal, Yenam and Mahe. *5. Why did Britain pay attention to Indian politics? Ans: i. Initially Britain was interested only in business purposes with India. ii. However, with the signs of decline Mughal rule and the cropping up intra-dynasty conflicts after the death Badshah Aurangzeb, Britain started pay attention to Indian politics. of of of to

6.

Which rulers dominated the south India during the second half of the 18th century?

Ans: During the second half of the 18th century, South India was dominated by Nizam, Hyder Ali and the Maratha rulers. 7. Name the regions where Sikh empire expanded.

Ans: The Sikh empire expanded in the regions of Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir and areas in Pakistan. 8

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v. vi. All the imperial nations gave green signal to the American decision. However, Russia refused to comply with America and China remained undivided.

Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each. Imperialism in India *1. The Portuguese couldnt set up their empire in India. Ans: The Portuguese could not set up their empire in India because i. they tried to propagate their religion. ii. they wanted to expand their rule and business at the same time. iii. they got restricted to Goa, Diu and Daman only. The imperial roots of Britain got deeper into the Indian soil after the defeat of French. Ans: i. The three battles fought in Karnataka region were caused because of the rivalry between England and France. ii. The first battle in this region was won by the French, because of the bravery of their commander Dupleix. iii. The second battle was won by the British, as their commander Robert Clive showed greater war strategy than his French counterpart could do and the French had to bring about a treaty at Pondicherry with England. iv. In the third battle, in the year 1760, England defeated the French army at Wandiwash in Karnataka, thereby establishing its complete commercial dominance in the region. Thus, after the defeat of the French, the imperial roots of Britain got deeper into the Indian soil. Imperialism in China *3. China remained undivided. Ans: i. China was being economically dominated and exploited by various imperial european nations. ii. America soon realized that like African continent, China would also be divided. iii. So America came out with its Open Door Policy in 1899, with the intentions of avoiding the actual political division of China and taking financial advantage. iv. This policy consisted in equal rights for all nations to trade in China. Imperialism 2.

Q.4. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 40 words. Imperialism in India 1. How did the British enter India? Ans: i. With the purpose of initiating business with India, the East India Company was set up by Britain in the year 1600. ii. When the British came to India, it was ruled by the Mughals. iii. In 1615, East India Company was permitted to erect a business centre in Surat by Badshah Jahangir. iv. Initially the company was involved in only business activities. v. However, with the signs of decline of Mughal rule and cropping up of Intradynasty conflicts after the death of Badshah Aurangzeb the company started to dabble in Indian Politics. 2. How was the Maratha rule conquered by the Britishers? Ans: i. There had been three battles between the Marathas and the British between 1775 and 1818. ii. Mahadji Shinde defeated the British in the first of these battles. iii. In the second battle, the British army came with flying colours. iv. Finally, Bajirao II had to face defeat at the battle of Ashti at the hands of the English army and the Maratha rule was conquered. 3. How did the British rule expand in South India? Ans: i. In the second half of the 18th century South India was dominated by Nizam, Hyder Ali and the Maratha rulers. ii. Hyder Ali was defeated by the British in collaboration with the Nizam and the Marathas. iii. Afterwards, Tipu Sultan, the son of Hyder Ali, too was defeated. 9

Std. X: History
iv. Three battles were fought in the Karnataka region due to the intense rivalry between England and France. England lost the first battle but emerged victorious in the other two, thereby establishing its complete commercial dominance in the region. Imperialism in China 6.

TARGET Publications

v.

4.

How did the British expand their power in Punjab? Ans: i. After conquering the Maratha rule, barring the Sikh reign all other princely states were under the British rule. ii. It was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who organized the members of the Sikh community. iii. The East India Company was under the threat of Maharaja. iv. The British could not do any damage to the Sikh reign, as long as Maharaja Ranjit Singh was on the throne. The Sikh empire had spread in the regions of Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir and areas in Pakistan. v. In the wake of Maharaja Ranjit Singhs death in 1839, the quarrels among the successors of the Sikh empire became an advantage for the British. vi. The British empire won the vast region under the Sikh empire between 1845 and 1849. 5. How did the absolute rule of the British empire spread over the entire region of India? Ans: i. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and rejected the adopted successors of the princely states of Jhansi, Nagpur, Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, etc. ii. iii. The state of Ayodhya was merged under the pretext of maladministration. Some other princely states were deprived of the periodic tributes and were brought under the English empire. In hundred years between 1757-1857, England had almost the entire region of India under its governance.

What policy was adopted by China with the advent of foreign traders? Ans: i. After Portuguese, the traders from France, England, Holland and Russia started setting up commercial centres in coastal regions of China. ii. However China didnt allow anybody to interfere into its internal region. iii. The Chinese society was moulded in the ancient Confucian philosophy. iv. The eight-point regulation announced by China imposed several restrictions on Europeans. v. Those who wanted to enter into China were made to pay tributes to the Chinese Emperor. 7. What was the condition in China after the industrial revolution? Ans: i. After the industrial revolution conditions in China got drastically changed. ii. The western goods started to sell in Chinese market. iii. For the promotion of trade, the European traders in China established an organization named Cohong. 8. What was the reason behind the first Opium War? Ans: i. The British merchants used to sell the opium got from India in China. ii. The chinese government, however, was against this business. iii. European traders continued to sell smuggled Opium to Chinese people in exchange of silver, causing a stream of silver exported to England. iv. This led to the First Opium War between England and China in the year 1839. *9. Write about Nanking treaty. Ans: i. The first opium war led to the defeat of China, compelling to Manchu empire and the signing of Nanking treaty. ii. According to the Nanking treaty, England was given the control of four ports along with Canton port. Imperialism

iv.

10

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All the imperial nations had given green signal to the American decision. iv. However, Russia refused to comply with America and China remained undivided. v. Later on, the imperial nations exploited China to a large extent. The Imperialism in Japan *13. Give a brief information about The Kanagawa Treaty. OR *Decline of Tokugawa Shogun began. Give reason. Ans: i. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry made a request to the Japanese government for ensuring safety to the American ships within the marine boundaries of Japan along with business concessions. ii. The Japanese Prime Minister Tokugawa Shogun signed a business agreement with America on 31st March 1854 at Kanagawa. iii. According to this agreement: a. America was allowed entry to the Shimonda and Hakodate ports for procuring wood, coal and water. b. American envoy could stay in Japan. c. The American sailors in distress should be given Japanese assistance. d. America was allowed to do business in Japan by the local rules and regulations. iv. In this way, the non-aligned status of Japan came to an end and the decline of Tokugawa Shogun began. Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 60 to 80 words. Imperialism in India *1. How was India brought under the reign of England? Ans: With the purpose of initiating business with India, Britain established the East India Company in the year 1600. Initially, the company focussed only on business activities, however later on dabbled into the Indian politics 11 iii.

iii. iv.

England won the Hong Kong island. Taking advantage of this development, in the following ten years America, France, Belgium, Holland, Portugal and Russia sought commercial concessions from China.

*10. According to Peking treaty what restrictions were imposed on China by England? OR Write about the Peking treaty. Ans: i. The second opium war led to the defeat of Chinese Manchu Empire and signing of Peking treaty. ii. According to the Peking treaty, another group of six Chinese ports were opened for the foreign traders. iii. The business of opium was given permission. iv. Foreign envoys were allowed to stay in Peking only. v. The Christian missionaries were given security and freedom of spreading the cause of their religion. 11. What is known as Cutting of Chinese melon Ans: i. China was economically dominated and exploited by various imperial nations. ii. England controlled the business and excise of China. iii. France had the Chinese postal service under its authority. iv. Chinese railways were dominated by Europe. v. Thus, China was divided under the power sectors of the imperial nations. This is known as Cutting of Chinese Melon. 12. Write about the Open Door policy of America? Ans: i. The Open Door Policy of America was with the intention of avoiding the political division of China and taking financial advantage. ii. The policy consisted in equal rights for all nations to trade in China. Imperialism

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i. The Karnataka Battle: There were three battles fought in the Karnataka region because of the rivalry between England and France. France won the first of the three battles, whereas England defeated France in the other two. Thus, after the defeat of the French, the roots of Britain got deeper into the Indian soil. ii. The rise of British rule in Bengal: The British victory in Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for the inception of the English rule in India. iii. The expansion of British rule in South India: Nizam, Hyder Ali and the Maratha rulers dominated South India in the second half of the 18th century. Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan were defeated by the Nizam and the Marathas. There had been three battles between the Marathas and the British between 1775 and 1818. Mahadji Shinde defeated the British in the first of these battles. In the second battle, the British army came off with flying colours. Finally, Bajirao II had to face defeat at the battle of Ashti at the hands of the English army and the Maratha rule was thus conquered. With the help of deployed army, by the Nizam, the British brought several places under their reign in India. iv. The power expansion in Punjab: The British could not do any damage to the Sikh reign, as long as Maharaja Ranjit Singh was on the throne. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the successors of the Sikh empire fought among themselves which became an advantage for the Britishers. Finally, the Britishers conquered the Sikh empire between 1845 and 1849. 12 v.

TARGET Publications

The Absolute rule of the British: Lord Dalhousie undertook the mission of merging the local princely states into the British Raj by rejecting the adopted successors. Some other states were deprived of the periodic tributes and were brought under the English empire.

Imperialism in China *2. Write about the Opium War between England and China. Ans: First Opium War: i. The British merchants used to sell Opium brought from India into the Chinese market. ii. The Chinese people exchanged silver to buy opium which led to a stream of silver export to England. iii. The Chinese government, was against this buisness, however european traders continued to smuggle Opium into China. iv. This led to the First Opium War between England and China in the year 1839. v. In this war, China was defeated, compelling the Manchu empire to sign a treaty with England known as Nanking treaty in 1842. vi. According to this treaty, England was given the control of four ports along with Canton port. England won the Hong Kong island. vii. Taking advantage of this development, in the following ten years America, France, Belgium, Holland, Portugal and Russia sought commercial concessions from China. Second Opium War: i. In the year 1856, England and France had a war against China. This was known as the Second Opium war. ii. This war came to an end with the defeat of the Manchu emperor and the Peking Treaty. iii. By this treaty, another group of six Chinese ports were opened for the foreign traders. iv. The business of opium was given permission. The foreign envoys were allowed to stay in Peking. v. The Christian missionaries were given security and freedom of spreading the their religion. Imperialism

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ii. iii. After modernizing itself, Japan endeared the policy of imperial expansion. On one hand, Japan made an announcement that Asia was for the people of Asia and Japan for the Japanese but on the other hand, with a view to imperial expansion, it defeated the powerful nations like China and Russia and annexed regions belonging to China. Japan brought Korea and Formosa under its empire. Thus, Japan a victim of Imperialism became a powerful imperial nation in Asia.

The Imperialism in Japan 3. How did Japan become a powerful imperial nation in Asia? OR Give Reason. Japan a victim of Imperialism became a powerful imperial nation in Asia. Ans: Japan became a powerful imperial nation in Asia by the following ways: i. Japan modernized itself by drastically changing the economic, social and political fields, seeking motivation from the scientific and artistic development with which the European nations had defeated Japan.

iv. v.

Important Dates To Remember Year 1498 1625 1600 1615 1757 1760 1775 - 1818 1764 1839 1757 1857 1644-1911 1517 1839 1842 1845 - 1849 1856 1860 1894 - 95 1899 1850 1852 1853 1854 Imperialism Event IMPERIALISM IN INDIA Vasco Da Gama came to the Calicut port of India on the western coast. The French began their trade in India. Establishment of East India Company. East India Company was permitted to erect a business centre in Surat. Battle of Plassey England defeated France in the Third battle at Karnataka. Three battles were fought between Marathas and the Britishers. Battle of Buxar Maharaja Ranjit Singh died England had almost the entire region of India under its total governance. IMPERIALISM IN CHINA Manchu Reign Portuguese alighted at Canton port of China First Opium War between England and China Signing of Nanking treaty between England and China. The English Empire won the vast region under the Sikh empire. Second Opium War between England, France and China Russia attacked China Japan defeated China by waging a war on it. Open Door Policy of America IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN America paid special attention to Japan. Commodore Matthew Perry was appointed as the chief of the American naval mission to Japan. Commodore Perry first came to the Gulf of Edo in Japan. Kanagawa Treaty was signed on 31st March 1854 13

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TARGET Publications

C.

Imperialism in Africa
9. _________ of Belgium erected a colony in the Congo river basin. (Captain Spake, Mungopark, King Leopold)

Q.1.A.Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets. Introduction 1. The portuguese sailor, ________ undertook a mission of discovering India. (Bartholomew Dias, Amerigo Vespucci, Matthew Perry)

*10. In 1884, European Nations held a conference at _________. (Berlin, Ethopia, Mozambik) 11. ____________ set up its colonies in the Niger river basin of Africa. (Belgium, England, France) England took possession of ______ under the pretext of the security of Suez canal. (Egypt, Ethopia, Uganda) The French colonized the regions around the ________ basin. (Senegal, Congo, Niger) Barring Ethopia and ________, the entire African continent was colonized by European nations. (Uganda, Liberia, Ivory Coast)

12. 2. In his voyage, Bartholomew Dias could only reach _________. (Rio de oro, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town) *3. The African continent was known ____________ until the 18th century. as 13.

14.

(Nation of Slaves, Unknown Continent, Undeveloped Nation) 4. The book written by ________ an American journalist, created a sense of curosity among the European people towards African continent. (Stanley, Horace Greeley, Thomas Nast) 16. 5. ___________ was the first European tourist to visit Timbuktu, an African city. (Mungopark, David Livingstone, Sir Samuel Baker) 6. David Livingstone discovered the regions around ____________ lake. (Congo, Timbuktu, Niger) The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion 7. The ____________ brought under its control Mozambique and Angola. (Portugal, France, England) *8. The status of becoming the first colonizer in African continent at the end of 19th century was achieved by _________. (England, France, Belgium) 14 B. 1. 17.

The Effects of Imperialism 15. European nations brought about _______ governance by putting down the royal reigns and feuds of the colonies. (monopolistic, bipolistic, socialist) The educated middle class of the colonies started to ________ the western imperialism. (support, oppose, neglect) In order to maintain the reign, the imperial nations adopted the policy of ____________ . (secularism, divide and rule, capitalism) Match the following:

Column B i. a. Cape of Good Hope ii. David Livingstone b. Dense forests of Africa iii. Bortholomew Dias c. Zambezi river d. Timbuktu Ans: (i d), (ii c), (iii a) Imperialism

Column A Mungopark

TARGET Publications

Std. X: History
Column B a. Courageous European traveller b. American journalist c. Portuguese Sailor d. Preacher Samuel Baker, David Livingstone and Stanley as they discovered the regions belonging to the river basins of African continent. 4. What was the objective of the researchers in the second half of the 19th century? Ans: The objective of the researchers in the second half of the 19th century was to inform the civilized world on the internal regions of Africa through discoveries, initiating the inhabitants of Africa i.e. Negroes into Christian religion for spreading the European culture and finding out the natural resources in Africa.

*2. i. ii. iii. Column A Bartholomew Dias Mungopark Stanley

Ans: (i c), (ii a), (iii b) Q.2. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words. Introduction 1. What mission was undertaken by Bortholomew Dias? Ans: i. The Portuguese sailor, Bortholomew Dias undertook the mission of discovering India. ii. However, he could only reach upto Cape of Good Hope. *2. The discovery of interior part of Africa did not take place. Why? OR Why there were no sufficient attempts made to discover the interior regions of African continent? Ans: The discovery of interior part of African continent could not take place because i. African continent had dense forest, big lakes, perennial rivers and large tracts of deserts. ii. Also, the westerners didnt have any specific idea of the interiors of the African continent. iii. So, undertaking a voyage to the continent was not an easy task. *3. During the second half of the 19th century which courageous European travellers came to limelight? OR Name the European travellers who discovered the regions belonging to the river basins of Africa. Ans: The European travellers who came to the limelight during the second half of the 19th century were Mungopark, Captain Spake,

The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion When and where did England set up the colonies? Ans: By 1870, England had set up the colonies in the coastal regions of Cape, Natal, Lagos, Gold Coast and Gambia. 6. Which African regions were colonized by France? Ans: The African regions of Algeria, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, French Congo, Madagascar and Morocco were colonized by France. 7. Name the areas that were colonized by Spain in Africa. Ans: The areas colonized by Spain in Africa were Rio de Oro region, North of Morocco and some areas in Guinea Coast. 8. Name the areas that were dominated by the Portuguese in Africa. Ans: The areas dominated by the Portuguese in Africa were eastern regions, Angola and Mozambique. 9. Name the African regions captured by Italy. Ans: Italy captured the African regions of Eritrea, Somaliland, Tripoli and Sirenica regions in Africa. 10. Which were the only African regions not colonized by European nations? Ans: Barring Ethopia and Liberia, the entire African continent was colonized by European nations. 15 5.

Imperialism

Std. X: History
The Effects of Imperialism 11. Which physical reformations were about in the colonies by the European nations? Ans: To maintain control over their colonies, the European nations brought about some physical reforms like making of roads for quick military movement and internal transportation, railway, post, telegraph, canals, aeroplanes etc. It created a sense of interaction among the people. 12. Why did European nation gave impetus to the spread of education during imperialism? Ans: European nations gave an impetus to spread of education for the sake of prosperous business, propagation of Christianity and human interests. 13. How did imperialism gave rise to new leadership? Ans: i. European nations abolished the royal regimes and the feuds of the colonies and brought up a monopolistic governance. ii. The newly educated middle class started to oppose the western imperialism. iii. As a result, the progressive-minded members of the middle class led many struggles for freedom. Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each. Introduction Africa was known as a dark continent until the 18th century. Ans: i. Till the middle of 19th century the westerners did not have any idea of the interiors of the African continent. ii. Africa had dense forests, big lakes, perennial rivers and large tracts of deserts. iii. Specific composition of Africa was not known to the world at large. Hence, Africa was known as a dark continent until the 18th century. 16 *1. *2.

TARGET Publications

The travelogue written by Stanley created curiosity among the Europeans about Africa. Ans: i. Stanley, an American journalist wrote the books Through the Dark continent and Darkest Africa ii. Before the writing, Africa was an undiscovered continent. iii. With the introduction of the African continent through the travelogue, there arose a public opinion favouring colonization of regions in African continent. iv. A sense of competition grew among the European nations to capture the best and strategic regions of Africa. v. Thus, the travelogue written by Stanley created curiosity among the Europeans towards Africa. Q.4. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 40 words. Introduction Write about the discoveries made by the following European travellers during the second half of the 19th century: i. Mungopark ii. Captain Spake and Sir Samuel Baker iii. David Livingstone Ans: i. Mungopark, discovered the stream of the Niger river in the South of the Sahara desert. He was the first European tourist to visit Timbuktu, an African city. ii. Captain Spake and Sir Samuel Baker went to the dense forests of Africa and found out big lakes in Central Africa. These lakes were given the names of British Kings and Queens. iii. David Livingstone, the fearless Scottish preacher, first brought to the worlds notice the course of the Zambezi river. He also discovered the regions around the Congo, Tanganyika and Nyasa lakes. Imperialism 1.

TARGET Publications

Std. X: History
5. Describe the policy of Divide and Rule. Ans: i. In order to maintain the reign, imperial nations adopted the policy of Divide and Rule. ii. As per the policy, Europeans sowed the seeds of hostility among social groups. iii. This led to degradation in morality because of enemity, violence and selfishness among the colonized people. 6. Why did the European Imperial nations enter into an Arms race. OR What was the cause of increasing enemity between the European imperial nations? Ans: i. The intensity of tension in the international politics grew rapidly, because of the cut throat rivalry among the European nations for imperial expansion. ii. Every European nation made its military strong for ensuring security, which gave rise to arms race. iii. The imperial nations grew suspicious of one another. iv. The desire for ruling other nations and small scale struggles gradually magnified into intense conflict which eventually led to the First World War, in the year 1914. Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 60 to 80 words. The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion *1. Write in detail on the imperialism in Africa. Ans: Till the middle of the 19th century the westerners didnt have any idea of the interiors of the african continent. In the second half of the 19th century the courageous European travellers Mungopark, Captain Spake, Samuel Baker, David Livingstone and Stanley discovered the regions belonging to the basins of the Nile, the Niger, the Congo and the Zambezi rivers in Africa and brought them to the notice of the world. 17

2. Write about the Berlin Conference. Ans: i. The European nations held a conference at Berlin in 1884. ii. The conference held between 1884 and 1885 was based on the principle of Effective Possession. iii. It gave consent to King Leopolds possession of the region in Congo and passed a set of directives for the division of the African regions. iv. Later on, the European nations distributed the African regions among themselves by the year 1914. v. It was collectively agreed that the new possession of a region in Africa would be interactively decided. The Effects of Imperialism 3. How did imperialism brought about an intellectual change in the minds of the people? Ans: i. There began an intellectual exchange among the people belonging to different parts of the world. ii. The people got acquainted with the western innovative ideas, technology, science, philosophy, literature, law and politics. iii. The colonized people realized the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, and the philosophies of nationalism, socialism, communism and democracy. iv. A progressive mind set was created by uprooting ignorance and blind faith by social and religious reformers. 4. How did the country achieve national integrity with the help of imperialism? Ans: i. The imperial nations brought various parts of the colonies under one reign. This centralized governing system integrated the colonies. ii. Before the imperial reign, most of the colonies were divided and governed by various rulers. iii. Lack of uniformity due to various types of rulers and rules gave rise to irregularities in governance, law and legal system. iv. Consequently, there came into being national integrity. v. Undeveloped colonies were benefited the most by imperialism. Imperialism

Std. X: History
The Berlin Conference: The European nations held a conference at Berlin in 1884. The conference between 18841885 was based on the principle of Effective Possession. It gave consent to King Leopolds possession of the region in Congo and passed a set of directives for the division of the African regions. Later on, the European nations distributed the African regions among themselves by the year 1914. It was collectively agreed that the new possession of a region in Africa would be interactively decided. ii. England: England set up its colonies in the Niger river basin of Africa. England held its domination of Cape Colony, Sudan, Uganda, Rhodesia, East Africa, Gambia, Nigeria etc. England took possession of Egypt under the pretext of the security of the Suez Canal. iii. Holland: The Dutch set up the colonies in Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal. iv. France: The French began to move up the Senegal basin. It went on to capture the Sahara desert, Algeria, French Congo, Madagascar Island and Morocco. v. Germany: Germany colonized the south-west Africa, Cameroon and the east African regions. vi. Spain: Rio de Oro region, north of Morocco and some areas in Guinea Coast were colonized by Spain. vii. Portugal: The Portuguese dominated the eastern regions, Angola and Mozambique. viii. Italy: Italy captured Eritrea, Somaliland, Tripoli and Sirenica regions in Africa. Barring Ethiopia and Liberia, the entire African continent was colonized by the European nations. The European nations exploited and dominated these nations to the full extent. 18 i. The Effects of Imperialism *2.

TARGET Publications

Write about the constructive effects of imperialism. Ans: The impact of imperialism is as follows: i. Physical reformation The physical reformation consisted in making of roads for quick military movement and internal transportation, railway, post, telegraph, canals and aeroplanes. ii. Spread of Education Instead of importing educated people from their native places, the colonizers began to educate the local people for raising qualified manpower necessary in assisting administration. iii. Intellectual Change An intellectual exchange started among the people belonging to different parts of the world. The people got acquainted with the innovative western ideas, technology, science, philosophy, literature, law and politics. The colonized people realized the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, and the philosophies of nationalism, socialism, communism and democracy. iv. National Integrity The imperial nations brought various parts of the colonies under one reign. This centralized governing system integrated the colonies. Before the imperial reign, most of the colonies were divided and governed by various rulers. Lack of uniformity due to various types of rulers and rules gave rise to irregularities in governance, law and legal system. Consequently, there came into being national integrity. Undeveloped colonies were benefited the most by imperialism. v. Rise of New leadership The monopolistic governance was brought about by putting down the royal regimes and the feuds of the colonies. The newly educated middle class started to oppose the western imperialism. As a result, the progressive-minded members of the middle class led many struggles for freedom. Imperialism

TARGET Publications

Std. X: History
iv: Destruction of village autonomy The land revenue system adopted by the British government had a totally adverse influence on the rural life in India. Farmers had to mortgage their land for paying the taxes to the British government. The farmers became bankrupt because of the land revenue system. The workers on the other hand became jobless due to closure of many small scale industries. Suppression of underdeveloped nations The imperial nations with an objective to develop their economy governed the colonies thoughtlessly. Armament Race The imperial expansion among the imperial nations gave rise to arms race. Every European nation braced up its military for ensuring security. The imperial nations grew suspicious of one another. There arose a desire to be the supreme imperial nation. The smallscale struggles gradually magnified into intense conflict which eventually led to the First World War, in the year 1914.

*3.

Write any three destructive effects of Imperialism. Ans: The destructive effects of imperialism are: i. Trade of slaves The imperial nations started ill-treating the people by buying and selling slaves for getting labour at cheap prices. ii. Decline of values The policy of divide and rule adopted by imperial nations sowed the seeds of hostility among social groups. The policy was adopted to maintain the reign of the imperial nations. This led to degradation in morality because of enemity, violence and selfishness among the people. Economic exploitation The European nations had been competing with one another for procuring the raw materials and capturing markets for their products. Undeveloped nations were the best source of raw material and potential markets.

v.

vi.

iii.

Important Dates To Remember Year 1870 Event England had set up colonies in the coastal regions of Cape Natal, Lagos, Gold Coast and Gambia. 1884 1884 - 1885 1914 Conference of European nations in Berlin. Berlin Conference agreed to the principle of Effective Possession. European nations distributed the African regions among themselves.

Imperialism

19