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    Zoology 100 Notes 4

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    Bethany Jane Ravelo Isidro
    This document summarizes the key components that make up living organisms at the molecular level. It discusses the following key points: - The 25 essential chemical elements that make up all living things and how their atomic structures determine molecular bonding and biological functions. - Protoplasm is the living substance of cells, composed of organic and inorganic compounds like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. - Advanced medical imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and PET scans use principles of biochemistry and atomic/molecular interactions to generate anatomical and physiological images of the human body.

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    Zoology 100 Notes 4

    Uploaded by

    Bethany Jane Ravelo Isidro
    104 views6 pages
    This document summarizes the key components that make up living organisms at the molecular level. It discusses the following key points: - The 25 essential chemical elements that make up all living things and how their atomic structures determine molecular bonding and biological functions. - Protoplasm is the living substance of cells, composed of organic and inorganic compounds like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. - Advanced medical imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and PET scans use principles of biochemistry and atomic/molecular interactions to generate anatomical and physiological images of the human body.

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    zoology 100 notes 4

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    This document summarizes the key components that make up living organisms at the molecular level. It discusses the following key points: - The 25 essential chemical elements that make up all living things and how their atomic structures determine molecular bonding and biological functions. - Protoplasm is the living substance of cells, composed of organic and inorganic compounds like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. - Advanced medical imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and PET scans use principles of biochemistry and atomic/molecular interactions to generate anatomical and physiological images of the human body.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    104 views6 pages

    Zoology 100 Notes 4

    Uploaded by

    Bethany Jane Ravelo Isidro
    This document summarizes the key components that make up living organisms at the molecular level. It discusses the following key points: - The 25 essential chemical elements that make up all living things and how their atomic structures determine molecular bonding and biological functions. - Protoplasm is the living substance of cells, composed of organic and inorganic compounds like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. - Advanced medical imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and PET scans use principles of biochemistry and atomic/molecular interactions to generate anatomical and physiological images of the human body.

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    ZOOLOGY 100 NOTES (4)

    CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE


    THE PROTOPLASM
    IMPORTANT FACTS:
    • 25 chemical elements = essential to life
    • Atomic structure determines the behavior
    of an element.
    • Interaction among atoms (how atoms bond to form molecules) is the basis of biological
    structure and function.
    - Each kind of atom has a characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
    - An atom's behavior (how it interacts with other atoms) is determined by the arrangement
    of its electrons.
    *body functions depend on cellular functions.
    - cellular functions result from chemical changes
    * biochemistry helps to explain physiological processes, and develop new drugs and methods for
    treating diseases

    NATURE OF MATTER
    A. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
    FACT: the universe is composed of 103+ elements, each with unique atomic structure
    ATOM – the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means
    - components: protons,neutrons and electrons

    ATOM STRUCTURE

    B. MOLECULES – smallest particle of an element;


    - formed by 2 or more atoms bonded together
    COMPOUNDS – 2 or more different
    types of atoms bonded together
    C. TYPES OF BONDS
    1. IONIC BONDS
    2. COVALENT BONDS
    3. HYDROGEN BONDS

    PROTOPLASM
     The living part of the cell: organic and inorganic compounds
     The primary living substance; the true nature & as the material basis for vital phenomena
    (by French naturalist F. Dujardin, 1835)
     In 1861, vegetable sarcode & animal protoplasm was proclaimed by Max Schultze (framer &
    founder of the modern notion of the protoplasm)
     In eukaryotes:
    - cytoplasm: protoplasm surrounding the nucleus
    - the semi fluid protoplasm (colloid/hyaloplasm)
    - nucleuplasm: protoplasm inside the nucleus
    In prokaryotes:
    - bacterial cytoplasm: material inside the plasma membrane
    - periplasm: region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane

     Origin: Gk. Protos (first), & plasma (thing formed)


    - Thomas Huxley: “physical basis of life”
     Properties:
    1. Physical – colloidal system
    - sol –> gel reversals
    2. Chemical – organic and inorganic
    compounds
    3. Biological - reproduction,metabolism,
    irritability, adaptability

    Inorganic Substances
    Water (H2O): 55-90% of the protoplasm
    • most abundant compound in living material
    - two-thirds of the weight of an adult human
    - major component of all body fluids
    • medium for most metabolic reactions
    - important role in transporting chemicals in the body
    - absorbs and transports heat
    Oxygen (O2):
    • used by organelles to release energy from nutrients
    in order to drive cell’s metabolic activities
    - necessary for survival
    Carbon dioxide (CO2):
    • waste product released during metabolic reactions
    - must be removed from the body
    • carried through 3 ways:
    - 5% in sol’n. In plasma = carbonic acid
    - 10% in combt’n. w/ amino grps. Of hemoglobin
    - 85% as sodium & potassium bicarbonates (blood salts) in plasma & RBC
    Inorganic salts
    • abundant in body fluids
    • sources of necessary ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, etc.)
    • play important roles in metabolism
    • hard bulk deposits: bone, teeth or shells

    Organic Substances
    Carbohydrates
    • provide energy to cells
    • supply materials to build cell structures
    • water-soluble
    • contain C, H, and O
    • ratio of H to O close to 2:1 (C6H12O6)
    FORMS:
    • monosaccharides – glucose, fructose, galactose,
    pentoses
    • disaccharides – sucrose (glucose+ fructose),
    - lactose (glucose+galactose), maltose (2 glucose
    • polysaccharides – glycogen, cellulose, starch

    LIPIDS
    • soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water
    • fats (triglycerides)
    • used primarily for energy; most common
    lipid in the body
    • contain C, H, and O but less O than
    carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
    • building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty
    acids per molecule
    • saturated and unsaturated
    • phospholipids
    • building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule
    • hydrophilic and hydrophobic
    • major component of cell membranes

    • steroids
    • four connected rings of carbon
    • widely distributed in the body, w/ various functions
    • component of cell membrane
    • used to synthesize hormones
    • Cholesterol

    PROTEINS
    • C, H, O, N
    • structural
    material
    • energy source
    • hormones
    • receptors
    • enzymes
    • antibodies
    • amino acids held together with peptide bonds

    FORMS:
    1. simple:
    a. Soluble: albumen
    b. Insoluble: keratin, globulins
    2. conjugated: non-protein in nature;
    a. Nucleoproteins
    b. Chromoproteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin
    c. Glycoprotiens: mucin, mucoid (connective tissue)
    d. Lecithoprotien: egg yolk
    e. Phosphoproteins: casein (milk), ovovitellin (egg yolk)
    3. Derived proteins: peptones, proteoses, polypeptides
    4. Regulatory proteins:
    a. Enzymes: ptyalin (carbohydrate - maltose)
    b. Hormones:
    i) insulin ii) testosterone & progesterone
    c. Vitamins
    d. Respiratory pigment: HEMOGLOBIN (hematin: red)

    NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • carry genes
    • encode amino acid sequences of proteins
    • building blocks are nucleotides

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double polynucleotide


    • RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single polynucleotide
    RNA

    CLINICAL APPLICATION
    CT Scanning and PET Imaging
    • techniques used to give anatomical and physiological information, respectively
    • CT scanning uses X-ray emissions to provide 3-D
    image of internal body parts
    • PET imaging used radioactive isotopes to detect biochemical activity in a specific
    body part

    MRI produces pictures of various parts of your body without the use of x-rays (unlike regular x-rays
    pictures & CT scans) and without the use of nuclear element injection like gallium scans.
    MRI scanner consists: of large and very strong magnet in which the patient lies, a radio wave
    antenna is used to send signals* to the body and then receive signals back.

    -The returning signals are converted into pictures by a computer attached to the scanner.
    -Pictures of almost any part of your body can be obtained at almost any particular angle. (* These
    "radio wave signals" are actually a varying or changing magnetic field that is much weaker than the
    steady,

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