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Formulae For Phys 230 Exam 2: I. Elasticity

This document provides formulae for key concepts in elasticity, viscosity, simple harmonic oscillators, driven harmonic oscillators, and coupled harmonic oscillators. For elasticity, it defines strain, stress, elastic moduli including bulk modulus, Young's modulus, and shear modulus. For viscosity, it defines force, power dissipation, temperature changes in insulated containers, Stokes drag, and terminal velocity of falling particles. For simple harmonic oscillators, it gives the equation of motion and solutions with and without damping. For driven harmonic oscillators, it describes the response to periodic driving forces in terms of response functions and power absorption. For coupled oscillators, it provides an example of two coupled equal-mass oscillators and their normal mode

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72 views

Formulae For Phys 230 Exam 2: I. Elasticity

This document provides formulae for key concepts in elasticity, viscosity, simple harmonic oscillators, driven harmonic oscillators, and coupled harmonic oscillators. For elasticity, it defines strain, stress, elastic moduli including bulk modulus, Young's modulus, and shear modulus. For viscosity, it defines force, power dissipation, temperature changes in insulated containers, Stokes drag, and terminal velocity of falling particles. For simple harmonic oscillators, it gives the equation of motion and solutions with and without damping. For driven harmonic oscillators, it describes the response to periodic driving forces in terms of response functions and power absorption. For coupled oscillators, it provides an example of two coupled equal-mass oscillators and their normal mode

Uploaded by

ReizuSeharu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formulae for Phys 230 Exam 2

PACS numbers:
I. ELASTICITY
Strain is relative length change:
u
xx
= L
x
/L
x
, u
yy
= L
y
/L
y
, u
zz
= L
z
/L
z
u
xz
= L
z
/L
x
,
V
V
= u
xx
+u
yy
+u
zz
Stress is force per unit area:

xx
=
F
x
A
x
,
yy
=
F
y
A
y
,
zz
=
F
z
A
z
Elastic Moduli Bulk Modulus: p = B(V )/V ;
Youngs modulus
zz
= Y (L
z
/L
z
) = Y u
zz
; Shear mod-
ulus:
xz
= 2u
xz
= (L
x
/L
z
).
II. VISCOSITY
1. Force
F
A
=
v
d
;
xy
=
v
x
y
2. Power dissipated:
P = Fv = A
v
2
d
=

d
3
r

v
x
y

2
=
dQ
dt
3. Thermally insulated container
dT
dt
=
1
c
V

v
d

2
;
dS
dt
=
V
T

v
d

2
> 0.
4. Stokes drag: F
v
= 6Rv bv; Opposes motion.
5. Falling particle with drag
m
dv
dt
= (mm
0
)g bv
dv
dt
= g

1

0

v
=
b
m
=
1

=
9
2

R
2
6. Terminal velocity v

= (g/)[1 (
0
/)].
7. Velocity as a function of time: v(t) = v

[1 e
t
].
III. SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
1. Equation of motion:
m x +kx +b x = 0
x +
2
0
x + x = 0
2
0
= k/m; = b/m
2. Solutions with = 0
x(t) = Acos(
0
t ) = A
1
cos
0
t +B
1
sin
0
t
= A
2
e
i
0
t
+B
2
e
i
0
t
= Re(Ae
(i
0
t)
)
3. Solutions with = 0:

2
+
2
0
i = 0

= i
1
2

1

1
=

2
0
(/2)
2
=
0

1
1
4Q
2
=
0
/Q; T
1
= 2/
1
if
1
is real.
Case 1:
2
0
> (/2)
2
x(t) = Re(A
+
e
i
+
t
) = |A
+
|e
t/2
cos(
1
t )
x(t) = Ae
t/2
cos(
1
t) +Be
t/2
sin
1
t
Case 2:
2
0
= (/2)
2
x(t) = (A+Bt)e
t/2
Case 3;
2
0
< (/2)
2
x(t) = Ae

t
+ Be

+
t
where

=
1
2

(/2)
2

2
0
=

0
2Q

0

1
4Q
2
1
4. Energy: E(t) (1/2)A
2
e
t
if
2
0
> (/2)
2
IV. DRIVEN HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
1. Equations of motion in the presence of an external
force
m x +kx +b x = F(t) (1)
x +
2
0
x + x = F(t)/m (2)
2. Response to a periodic driving force F(t) =
F
0
cos t = F
0
Ree
it
x(t) =

Ae
it
Ae
i
e
it
(3)

A() = ()F
0
(4)
() =
1
m
1

2
+
2
0
i
. (5)
() is the response function. It has a real and an
imaginary part:
() =

() +i

() = |()|e
i
(6)

() =
1
m

2
+
2
0
(
2
0

2
)
2
+
2

2
(7)
|()| =
A
F
0
=
1
m
1

(
2
0

2
)
2
+
2

2
(8)
() = tan
1

()

()

= tan
1

2
+
2
0

(9)
2
The maximum of the curve A() occurs at
m
=

1 (Q
2
/2)
The displacement x(t) as a function of time in re-
sponse to an external force F
0
cos t is therefore
x(t) = Re(F
0
()e
it
)
=
F
0
m
1

(
2

2
0
)
2
+
2

2
cos[t ()] (10)
3. Power Absorption
P =
1
2
F
2
0

()
=
1
2
F
2
0
m

(
2

2
0
)
2
+
2

2
=
1
2
F
2
0
m
2
0
1/Q

2
+
1
Q
2
where Q =
0
/. The width of the power
curve is dened by its full width at half maximum
(FWHM),

FWHM
=

0
Q
= .
V. COUPLED HARMONIC OSCILLATORS
Example of two coupled, equal-mass oscillators
m
1
x
1
= k
a
x
1
k
b
(x
1
x
2
)
m
2
x
2
= k
a
x
2
k
b
(x
2
x
1
)
[
2
+ (
2
a
+
2
b
)]x
1

2
b
x
2
= 0

2
b
x
1
+ [
2
+ (
a
x
+
2
b
)]x
2
= 0.
where
2
a
= k
a
/m and
2
b
= k
/
m
[
2
+ (
2
a
+
2
b
)]
2

4
b
= 0

2
1
=
2
a
,
2
2
=
2
a
+ 2
2
b
Thus
x
2
=

2
+
2
a
+
2
b

2
b
x
1
x
1
2
=

2
1
+
2
a
+
2
b

2
b
x
1
1
= x
1
1
x
2
2
=

2
2
+
2
a
+
2
b

2
b
x
2
1
= x
2
1
.
x
1
(t) = A
1
cos(
1
t
1
) +A
2
cos(
2
t
2
) or
= B
1
cos
1
t +C
1
sin
1
t +B
2
cos
2
t +C
2
sin
2
t
x
2
(t) = A
1
cos(
1
t
1
) A
2
cos(
2
t
2
) or
= B
1
cos
1
t +C
1
sin
1
t B
2
cos
2
t C
2
sin
2
t,

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