UNIT 14 RELATIVE PRONOUNS

1. Relative pronouns and antecedents

Case
Antecedent
Su!ect O!ect Possessive
People who whom whose
Things which which whose / of which
People/things that that
- Subjective case: antecedent + subjective relative pronoun + verb
Most of the people who were surveyed said that they preferred a smaller car
The relative pronoun who is the subject of the relative clause
- !bjective case: antecedent + objective relative pronoun + subject + verb
The product which you purchased has to be returned within seven days for a full
refund
The relative pronoun "#ic# is the object of the verb purc#ased in the relative clause "ote
that if the antecedent is a thing or an animal# you can use either "#ic# or t#at to begin a
relative clause
- Possessive case: antecedent + possessive relative pronoun + noun
The custo$er whose name was on the waiting list just left the restaurant $The possessive
relative pronoun "#ose is used regardless of whether the antecedent is a person or thing
C#ec%& C#ec%&
% The event received coverage in a newspaper &is widely distributed in the region
'() who '*)whom
'+) whose ',) that
'. Relative pronoun (t#at)
A. *T#at* can e used +or ot# people and t#in,s.
The secretary reports every meeting t#at is arranged for the president
The person 'that) we are loo-ing for is Mr .right
!bjective relative pronouns can be omitted
-. .#en to use and not to use *t#at*
- That must be used when the antecedent is a combination of /persons + things/ or
/persons + animals/
"ow you will watch the trainer and the seals t#at are the stars of our show
- That must be used when the antecedent is modified by any of the following words:
all/ ever0/ an0/ eac#/ t#e onl0/ t#e ver0/ and superlatives
This is the most interesting novel t#at 0 have ever read
0t is the only phone in the office t#at wor-s
- T#at is not used after prepositions
Please meet Mr Schindler about that ' about whom) 0 told you yesterday
- That is not used after a comma '#)
(n appraisal of "avarro$s gold deposits was carried out in 122%# after that ' after
which) a decision was made to proceed with the development of a mine
1 ,escribe any activities in & you participated for your community
'() who '*) whom
'+) which ',)that
1. Relative pronoun ("#at) and co$pound relative pronouns
A. Relative pronoun *"#at*
.#at is the relative pronoun that has already included its antecedent
That ' .hat) occurs at the construction site must be reported to the supervisor
The things that '3 The things which) occur at the construction site must be reported
to the supervisor
"#at 3 the thing's) that / the thing's) which
-. Co$pound relative pronouns
4orm5 6elative pronouns + -ever
These relative pronouns have already included their antecedents and are used to
introduce noun clauses
who'm)ever '7 anyone who'm))
whichever '3 anything that/which)
whatever '3 anything that/which)
.#oever turns in the report first will get an additional point
"#oever 3 anyone who
0$ll ta-e "#ic#ever tent you$re not using
"#ic#ever introduces a noun clause as the object of ta%e. .ithin the noun clause#
"#ic#ever functions as a modifier to the noun tent.
.hat ' .hatever) you decide to do# there will be support from the company
.#atever is the object of to do# meaning anything that/which.
8 ( paid holiday will be given to & team has the highest sales
'() which '*) whichever
'+) who ',) whoever
4. Relative advers and co$pound relative advers
A. Relative advers
( relative adverb can be used in place of a relative pronoun + a preposition and is
e9uivalent to the structure of a preposition + which
"#en :;presses time# meaning /at which/ or /on which/
"#ere :;presses place# meaning /in which/ or /on which/
"#0 :;presses reason# meaning /for which/
#o" :;presses manner# meaning /in which/
The manager will report at < o$cloc- "#en '3 at which time) she gets the results
.#en refers to < o$cloc-
The instructor will tell you #o" '3 the way in which) you can operate the machine
"ote that t#e "a0 #o" is hardly used
-. Co$pound relative advers
( compound relative adverb begins an adverbial clause and it also includes an
antecedent
Ti$e 2 place
.henever 3 at any time when
.herever 3 to or in any place where
Concession
.henever 3 no matter when
.herever 3 no matter where
=owever 3 no matter how
+hoose "#erever you want to visit
3o"ever convenient the courier service is# 0 don$t trust it
> & you go# it will be an honor to accompany you
'() .herever '*) .hatever
'+) .homever ',) .hoever
144. C#oose t#e appropriate "ords in t#e rac%ets.
% Ms Page is the author 'who / whom) 0 always tal-ed about
1 The office supplies# 'that / which) were 9uite e;pensive# have been distributed to
the staff
8 0 wanted to -now the reason 'when / why) Mr Peterson was transferred
> '.henever / .hatever) you place an order# it is o-ay with us
546. Correct t#e underlined "ords or p#rases.
< The item which code number includes four fives is the one 0 ordered
? The last two resumes of the applicants whom 0 loo-ed through left a lasting
impression
@ The company announced their new leave policy# that will go into effect in two
wee-s
A Ms +raig insists that she ta-e responsibility for every accident what happened
during the construction
741'. Select t#e est ans"er t#at co$pletes eac# sentence.
B Mr *ic-erson will lead you to the building & you should go to
'() who '*) which
'+) whose ',) whom
%2 Mr Simon# & is the head of the main office# is responsible for all administrative
functions
'() who '*) he
'+) whose ',) whom
%% & you send the pac-age# just ma-e sure it gets there before noon tomorrow
'() .herever '*) =owever
'+) .here ',) .henever
%1 This is the spot & the terrible car accident happened
'() when '*) where
'+) why ',) how
Vocaular0 related to tradin, co$panies
corporation
a multinational corporation
8uarter
0n the fourth 9uarter# our unit labor
costs fell by 8% percent
pro+it
unrealiCed profit 'paper profit)
in t#e red
0 am in the red
+ir$
move up in a firm
9uestions 144 re+er to t#e +ollo"in, article.
(fter several years of disappointing results# it appears that the (cme +orporation is
actually going to '%) & a profit this 9uarter :;perts don$t e;pect the numbers to
amount to anything significant# but considering that the company has been in the red
and has accumulated '1) & losses over the past five years# this is a reason to
celebrate 0nsiders say the company has its new +:!# Michael Dato# to than- for its
sudden '8) & Mr Dato has made it his mission to transform (cme into a profitable
firm 0t appears that he has been successful5 however# it remains to be seen if this is a
one-time event or '>) & of things to come
E have a person to than-
% '() deliver
'*) turn
'+) collect
',) distribute
1 '() staggering
'*) miniscule
'+) unearned
',) considered
8 '() revolution
'*) turnaround
'+) upheaval
',) reverse
> '() an omen
'*) a portent
'+) an image
',) a loo-
Part : .ordlist
personnel
a personnel divisionFdepartmentG
co$petent
=e is competent to do the tas-
inco$petent
=e is incompetent to manageFfor
managingG the hotel
adapt
adapt oneself to circumstances
collea,ue
a colleague at wor-
pa0roll
be placed on the regular payroll
appoint
appoint a new secretary
de$otion
=is new appointment is a demotion
$orale
improve the morale
+ire
=e was fired from his job
la0 o++
.hy do we have to lay off half of the
wor-ersH
resi,n
=is visage clearly showed that he
would resign
enterprise
a small-scale enterprise
#ead8uarters
=ave you ever been to the head9uarters
in Ios (ngelesH
ranc#
.e are about to open a new branch in
your area
susidiar0
=e set up an independent subsidiary
company
a++iliate
an affiliated wor-shop
trans+er
=er husband has been transferred to
another branch in *oston
liailit0
a joint and several liability
ter$
a one-year term of office
C#ec%4up Test
Part V Select t#e est ans"er t#at co$pletes eac# sentence.
% !f the fifty applicants & registered today# most had more than three years of
e;perience in the field
'() who '*) which
'+) of which ',) what
1 (t certain shops in populous areas# they sell imitation bags and shoes# & is illegal
'() where '*) and
'+) but ',) which
8 & you said to Ms Johanssen was clearly inappropriate and unprofessional
'() .ho '*) That
'+) .hat ',) .hom
> The only benefit given to employees is health insurance# & only covers B2K of
medical bills
'() which '*) that
'+) it ',) they
< Those of you & passports have e;pired should inform the travel agency
'() who is '*) whose
'+) whom ',) what
? 0 would li-e to see the manager with & 0 tal-ed on the phone yesterday
'() who '*) when
'+) whom ',) that
@ & you as- for information# we will be happy to help you with all our heart
'() .hoever '*) .herever
'+) .hatever ',) .henever
A 6oaming service ma-es it possible to use your mobile phone you go in 4rance#
Japan# or +anada
'() what '*) wherever
'+) whatever ',) whomever
B Mr Jer-in & for home by the time his sales staff reported their figures for the day
'() has left '*) had left
'+) had been left ',) is leaving
%2 *oth sides in the conflict have & to the terms of the peace treaty
'() agreed '*) consisted
'+) approved ',) protested
%% The President & us that time was running short and ordered the e;ecutives to
appoint a financial advisor immediately
'() mention '*) mentioned
'+) mentioning ',) mentioned to
%1 The representatives from .estside has announced that they are considering &
clothing for teenagers
'() ma-e '*) to ma-e
'+) made ',) ma-ing
%8 The e;hibition on ancient remains of +hina# & attracted a large number of
people# will last until the end of the month
'() whose '*) which
'+) what ',) that
%> ( customer as-ed for a refund for a & refrigerator he bought a wee- ago
'() decisive '*) defective
'+) delicate ',) definite
%< ( streetcar# & is easy to find in San 4rancisco# is one of the means of
transportation that people use fre9uently
'() which '*) what
'+) whom ',) who
%? The psychologists pointed out that a child who communicates well with his/her
parents often handles problems as & as some adults
'() efficiently '*) efficient
'+) efficiency ',) most efficient
Part VI ;or eac# e$pt0 space in t#e te<t/ select t#e est ans"er to co$plete t#e
te<t.
9uestions 1=417 re+er to t#e +ollo"in, article.
*rand recognition is what all mar-eting e;perts hope their product can attain .hen a
brand is recogniCed by a majority of the people# its sales are practically & to
%@ '() guaranteed
'*) determined
'+) fortunate
',) re9uired
increase 4urthermore# when a brand becomes associated with a certain -ind of
product# it is sure to attain the dominant position in the & # a position from which its
competitors
%A '() world
'*) business
'+) mar-et
',) advertisement
will li-ely not be able to dislodge it Ta-e +oca +ola for e;ample +o-e has become
so & with cola that the two words are practically interchangeable That is a perfect
%B '() ubi9uitous
'*) synonymous
'+) respected
',) related
e;ample of a product with high brand name recognition Similarly# Lero; has entered
the language as another word for McopyN 0t is no surprise# therefore# that Lero;
copiers have long been best sellers