Appendix 1-A Need For A Variable-Speed Drive in Wind Turbines and Their Control
Appendix 1-A Need For A Variable-Speed Drive in Wind Turbines and Their Control
Appendix 1-A Need For A Variable-Speed Drive in Wind Turbines and Their Control
Fig. 2 Power that can be harnessed [1], as a function of the wind speed in [m/s].
The power in the wind is given as:
Pw in d
1
2
AV
(1)
that can be derived and available at the turbine output is the total power times a Coefficient of
Performance,
(i.e.,
1
Ptu r b in e C p Pw in d C p A V
2
(2)
p , m ax
0 .5 9 2 6
. The coefficient of
R m ech
(3)
m ech
Fig. 3
cp
degrees to catch all the wind. As shown in Fig. 3, for each blade pitch-angle ,
reaches the maximum at a particular value of the tip-speed ratio , which, for a given wind speed
m ech
pitch-angle show that the power harnessed from wind can be regulated by controlling the pitch-angle
of the blades, and thus spilling some of the wind at very high wind speeds to prevent the power output
from exceeding its design (rated) value.
Consider the case of the pitch-angle close to
the cut-in and the rated value in Fig. 2. From Eq. 2, to produce the maximum amount of power,
should be at its optimum value of approximately 0.48 in Fig. 3, which is obtained at the Blade Tip-Speed
Ratio of approximately 8.0. Therefore, Eq. 3 dictates that as wind speed V changes, the turbine
rotational speed
m ech
should be change to keep at its optimum value, clearly indicating the need for
a variable-speed drive in wind turbines. The way to achieve this control is described in [2].
References
1. Kara Clark, Nicholas W. Miller, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca, Modeling of GE Wind TurbineGenerators for Grid Studies, GE Energy Report, Version 4.4, September 9, 2009.
2. Johnson, K.E.; Pao, Lucy Y.; Balas, M.J.; Fingersh, L.J., "Control of variable-speed wind
turbines: standard and adaptive techniques for maximizing energy capture," Control Systems,
IEEE, vol.26, no.3, pp.70, 81, June 2006
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