Unsymmetrical fault analysis

BATCH 2
SUBMITTED BY
09E607-09E612

Thoery:
Single-Line-to-Ground Fault:

Let a 1LG fault has occurred at node k of a network. The faulted segment is then as shown in Fig. 8.2
where it is assumed that phase-a has touched the ground through an impedance Zf . Since

(1.1) the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have

Fig.1 Representation of 1LG fault.

(1.2)
Also the phase-a voltage at the fault point is given by
From (1.1) we can write

(1.3)

(1.4)
Solving (1.3) we get
This implies that the three sequence currents are in series for the 1LG fault. Let us denote the
zero, positive and negative sequence Thevenin impedance at the faulted point as Z kk0 , Z kk1 and
Z kk2 respectively. Also since the Thevenin voltage at the faulted phase is Vf we get three that
are sequence circuits We can then write

(1.5)

(1.6)
Then from (1.4) and (1.5) we can write
(1.7)
We get from (1.7)

Thevenin equivalent of a 1LG fault.

Line-to-Line Fault
The faulted segment for an L-L fault is shown where it is assumed that the fault has occurred at node
k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the impedance Zf . Since the

(1.8)
system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have

Fig. 2 Representation of L-L fault.

(1.9)
Also since phases b and c are shorted we have

(1.10)
Therefore from (1.8) and (1.9) we have

(1.11)
Therefore no zero sequence current is injected into the network at bus k and hence the zero
sequence remains a dead network for an L-L fault. The positive and negative sequence currents
are negative of each other.

(1.12)
we get the following expression for the voltage at the faulted point

(1.13)
Again

(1.14)
Moreover since I fa0 = I fb0 = 0 and I fa1 = - I fb2 , we can write

(1.15)
Therefore combining (8.12) - (8.14) we get

(1.16)

Thevenin equivalent of an LL fault.

Double- Line -to Ground Fault

The faulted segment for a 2LG fault is shown where it is assumed that the fault has occurred
at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the impedance Zf to the
ground. Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have the same

(1.17)
condition as (1.8) for the phase-a current. Therefore

Fig. 3 Representation of 2LG fault.

Also voltages of phases b and c are given by

(1.18)

(1.19)
Therefore

(1.20)

(1.21)

(1.22)
Substituting (1.18) and (1.20) in (1.21) and rearranging we get

(1.23)

(1.24)
The Thevenin equivalent circuit for 2LG fault is shown in Fig From this figure we get

(1.25)
The zero and negative sequence currents can be obtained using the current divider principle as

(1.26)

Thevenin equivalent of a 2LG fault.

PROBLEM:
The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in figure .the neutral of each generator is
grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100MVA base. The system data
expressed in per unit on a common 100MVA base is tabulated below .the generators are running on
no load at their rated voltage and frequency with their emfs in phase.Find the result MVA and fault
current for 1.LG fault @ bus 2.LLG fault @ bus 3 3.LL fault @ bus 3

Find Ifa, Ifb, Ifc.

Find Ia0 ,Ia1 ,Ia2 ,Ib0 ,Ib1 ,Ib2 ,Ic0 ,Ic1 ,Ic2 .
Find Va0 , Va1 ,Va2 ,V b0,Vb1 ,V b2, Vc0 , Vc1 , Vc2 .
Find V fa,Vfb , Vfc.(solve the problem using bus impedance matrix)

ITEM

Base MVA

G1
G2
T1
T2
L12
L13
L23

100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Voltage
rating
20kV
20kV
20/220kV
20/220kV
220kV
220kV
220kV

Solution:
Positive sequence bus impedance matrix is

0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.125
0.15
0.25

0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.125
0.15
0.25

0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.35
0.7125

Un-Symmetrical Fault Analysis of Power System Network using Z bus

Coding
clc clear
all close
all

nb=input('enter the number of bus');

z0=1i*[0 0.3 0.35;0.3 0 0.7125;0.35 0.7125 0];
z1=1i*[0 0.125 0.15;0.125 0 0.25;0.15 0.25 0];
z2=1i*[0 0.125 0.15;0.125 0 0.25;0.15 0.25 0];

zbus0=1i*[0.1820 0.0545 0.1400;0.0545 0.0864 0.0650;0.1400 0.0650 0.3500];

zbus1=1i*[0.1450 0.1050 0.1300;0.1050 0.1450 0.1200;0.1300 0.1200 0.2200];
zbus2=zbus1;
type=input('Enter the Fault type \n1-Line to Ground Fault \n2-Line to Line
Fault \n3-Double Line to Ground Fault\n');
e=1.0;
zf=input('Enter the fault impedance');
k=input('Enter the Faulted Bus Number');
a=1*exp(1i*2*pi/3);
m=[1 1 1;1 a*a a;1 a a*a];
if (type==1)
ik0=e/(zbus0(k,k)+zbus1(k,k)+zbus2(k,k)+3*zf);
ik1=ik0;
ik2=ik1;
ikabc=m*[ik0;ik1;ik2];
ikf=3*ik1;
disp('Phase Current is :')
disp(ikabc);
disp('Fault Current Ikf is:');
disp(ikf);
for ii=1:1:nb v0=zbus0(ii,k)*ik0; v1=ezbus1(ii,k)*ik1; v2=zbus2(ii,k)*ik2;
v012=[v0;v1;v2];
vabc=m*[v0;v1;v2];

end

fprintf('Phase Fault Voltage at Bus %g: ',ii);

disp(vabc);

for ii=1:1:nb V(ii,1)=(zbus0(ii,k)*ik0); V(ii,2)=e(zbus1(ii,k)*ik1); V(ii,3)=(zbus2(ii,k)*ik2);

end

for ii=1:1:nb-1
for jj=ii+1:1:nb i0=(V(jj,1)V(ii,1))/z0(ii,jj); i1=(V(jj,2)V(ii,2))/z1(ii,jj); i2=(V(jj,3)V(ii,3))/z2(ii,jj);
i012=[i0;i1;i2];

iabc=m*[i0;i1;i2];
fprintf('Line Fault Current between bus %g and %g: ',ii,jj);
disp(iabc);
end
end
end
if (type==2)
ik0=0;

ik1=e/(zbus1(k,k)+zbus2(k,k)+zf);
ik2=-ik1;

ikabc=m*[ik0;ik1;ik2];
ikf=a*a*ik1+a*ik2;
disp('Phase Current is :')
disp(ikabc);
disp('Fault Current Ikf is:');
disp(ikf);
for ii=1:1:nb v0=zbus0(ii,k)*ik0; v1=ezbus1(ii,k)*ik1; v2=zbus2(ii,k)*ik2;
v012=[v0;v1;v2];
vabc=m*[v0;v1;v2];

end

fprintf('Phase Fault Voltage at Bus %g: ',ii);

disp(vabc);

for ii=1:1:nb V(ii,1)=(zbus0(ii,k)*ik0); V(ii,2)=e(zbus1(ii,k)*ik1); V(ii,3)=(zbus2(ii,k)*ik2);

end

for ii=1:1:nb-1
for jj=ii+1:1:nb
i0=0;
i1=(V(jj,2)-V(ii,2))/z1(ii,jj);
i2=(V(jj,3)-V(ii,3))/z2(ii,jj);
i012=[i0;i1;i2];
iabc=m*[i0;i1;i2];

end

fprintf('Line Fault Current between bus %g and %g: ',ii,jj);

disp(iabc);
end

end
if (type==3) z11=zbus2(k,k)*(zbus0(k,k)
+3*zf); z22=zbus2(k,k)+zbus0(k,k)
+3*zf; ik1=e/(zbus1(k,k)+(z11/z22));
ik2=-(e-(zbus1(k,k)*ik1))/zbus2(k,k);
ik0=-(e-(zbus1(k,k)*ik1))/(zbus0(k,k)+3*zf);
ikabc=m*[ik0;ik1;ik2];

ikf=3*ik0;
disp('Phase Current is :')
disp(ikabc);

disp('Fault Current Ikf is:');

disp(ikf);
for ii=1:1:nb v0=zbus0(ii,k)*ik0; v1=ezbus1(ii,k)*ik1; v2=zbus2(ii,k)*ik2;
v012=[v0;v1;v2];
vabc=m*[v0;v1;v2];

end

fprintf('Phase Fault Voltage at Bus %g: ',ii);

disp(vabc);

for ii=1:1:nb V(ii,1)=(zbus0(ii,k)*ik0); V(ii,2)=e(zbus1(ii,k)*ik1); V(ii,3)=(zbus2(ii,k)*ik2);

end

for ii=1:1:nb-1
for jj=ii+1:1:nb i0=(V(jj,1)V(ii,1))/z0(ii,jj); i1=(V(jj,2)V(ii,2))/z1(ii,jj); i2=(V(jj,3)V(ii,3))/z2(ii,jj);
i012=[i0;i1;i2];
iabc=m*[i0;i1;i2];

end

fprintf('Line Fault Current between bus %g and %g: ',ii,jj);

disp(iabc);
end

end if(type>3||
type<1)

end

disp('Invalid Input');

Inputs
enter the number of bus3
Enter the Fault type 1Line to Ground Fault 2Line to Line Fault

3-Double Line to Ground Fault

1
Enter the fault impedance0.1j
Enter the Faulted Bus Number3

Output

Phase Current is :
0 - 2.7523i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
Fault Current Ikf is:
0 - 2.7523i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 1: 0.6330
-0.5092 - 0.8660i
-0.5092 + 0.8660i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 2: 0.7202
-0.4495 - 0.8660i
-0.4495 + 0.8660i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 3: 0.2752
-0.6193 - 0.8660i
-0.6193 + 0.8660i
Line Fault Current between bus 1 and 2:

0 - 0.3761i

-0.0000 - 0.1560i
0.0000 - 0.1560i
Line Fault Current between bus 1 and 3:

0 + 1.6514i

-0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
Line Fault Current between bus 2 and 3:
-0.0000 - 0.0000i
-0.0000 - 0.0000i

Inputs
enter the number of bus3
Enter the Fault type 1Line to Ground Fault 2Line to Line Fault

3-Double Line to Ground Fault

0 + 1.1009i

2
Enter the fault impedance0.1j
Enter the Faulted Bus Number3

Output
Phase Current is :
0
-3.2075 + 0.0000i
3.2075 - 0.0000i
Fault Current Ikf is:
-3.2075 + 0.0000i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 1: 1.0000
-0.5000 - 0.4491i
-0.5000 + 0.4491i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 2: 1.0000
-0.5000 - 0.4811i
-0.5000 + 0.4811i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 3: 1.0000
-0.5000 - 0.1604i
-0.5000 + 0.1604i
Line Fault Current between bus 1 and 2:

0 + 0.0000i

-0.2566 - 0.0000i
0.2566 - 0.0000i
Line Fault Current between bus 1 and 3:

0 + 0.0000i

1.9245 - 0.0000i
-1.9245 + 0.0000i
Line Fault Current between bus 2 and 3:
1.2830 - 0.0000i
-1.2830 + 0.0000i

Inputs
enter the number of bus3

0 + 0.0000i

Enter the Fault type 1Line to Ground Fault

2-Line to Line Fault
3-Double Line to Ground Fault
3
Enter the fault impedance0.1j
Enter the Faulted Bus Number3

Output
Phase Current is :
0 + 0.0000i
-3.9365 + 0.9868i
3.9365 + 0.9868i
Fault Current If is:
0 + 1.9737i

Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 1: 1.0066

-0.3651 - 0.3543i
-0.3651 + 0.3543i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 2: 0.9638
-0.4178 - 0.3936i
-0.4178 + 0.3936i
Phase Fault Voltage at Bus 3: 1.0855
-0.1974 + 0.0000i
-0.1974 + 0.0000i
Line Fault Current between bus 1 and 2:

0 + 0.1118i

-0.3149 + 0.1908i
0.3149 + 0.1908i
Line Fault Current between bus 1 and 3:
2.3619 - 0.5921i
-2.3619 - 0.5921i

0 - 0.0000i

Line Fault Current between bus 2 and 3:

1.5746 - 0.3947i
-1.5746 - 0.3947i

0 - 0.0000i