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    BITCON Paper Template

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    Mahesh Singh
    This document summarizes a paper that proposes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. PID controllers are commonly used but their parameters must be carefully tuned for optimal performance. The paper describes PSO and how it can be applied to search for the optimal PID parameter values. It evaluates the proposed PSO-tuned PID controller and finds it achieves superior performance over traditional tuning methods, with faster response times, lower overshoot, and shorter settling times. In conclusion, using PSO to tune a PID controller provides an effective design method that obtains high quality solutions with good computational efficiency.

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    BITCON Paper Template

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    Mahesh Singh
    43 views6 pages
    This document summarizes a paper that proposes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. PID controllers are commonly used but their parameters must be carefully tuned for optimal performance. The paper describes PSO and how it can be applied to search for the optimal PID parameter values. It evaluates the proposed PSO-tuned PID controller and finds it achieves superior performance over traditional tuning methods, with faster response times, lower overshoot, and shorter settling times. In conclusion, using PSO to tune a PID controller provides an effective design method that obtains high quality solutions with good computational efficiency.

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    This document summarizes a paper that proposes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. PID controllers are commonly used but their parameters must be carefully tuned for optimal performance. The paper describes PSO and how it can be applied to search for the optimal PID parameter values. It evaluates the proposed PSO-tuned PID controller and finds it achieves superior performance over traditional tuning methods, with faster response times, lower overshoot, and shorter settling times. In conclusion, using PSO to tune a PID controller provides an effective design method that obtains high quality solutions with good computational efficiency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    43 views6 pages

    BITCON Paper Template

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh Singh
    This document summarizes a paper that proposes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. PID controllers are commonly used but their parameters must be carefully tuned for optimal performance. The paper describes PSO and how it can be applied to search for the optimal PID parameter values. It evaluates the proposed PSO-tuned PID controller and finds it achieves superior performance over traditional tuning methods, with faster response times, lower overshoot, and shorter settling times. In conclusion, using PSO to tune a PID controller provides an effective design method that obtains high quality solutions with good computational efficiency.

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    of 6

    BITCON-2015 Innovations For National Development

    National Conference on : Theme of Concerned Department

    Tuning of PID controller by using particle swarm optimization


    Ankita Nayak1, Mahesh Singh2
    1 SSGI,SSTC. nayakankita1@gmail.com
    2 SSGI,SSTC. singhs004@gmail.com

    ABSTRACT

    Many areas in power systems require solving one or more nonlinear optimization
    problems. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), part of the swarm intelligence family, is
    known to effectively solve large-scale nonlinear optimization problems. This paper
    presents a detailed overview of the basic concepts of PSO and its variants. The proposed
    method utilizes the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm approach to generate the optimal tuning
    parameters. The paper deals with optimal tuning of proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for
    controlling the output obtained and hence to minimize the integral of absolute errors. The main objective is
    to obtain a stable, robust and controlled system by tuning the PID controller using Particle Swarm

    Optimization (PSO) algorithm. It is necessary to use PID controller to increase the


    stability and performance of the system. Fast tuning of optimum PID controller
    parameter yield high quality solution. This paper demonstrated in detail how to employ the
    PSO method to search efficiently the optimal PID controller parameters. The proposed approach
    had superior features, including easy implementation and good computational efficiency.
    Key Words: PSO, PID Controller types, PID controller parameters .
    1. INTRODUCTION

    The Electric power grid is the largest man-made machine in the world. It consists of
    synchronous generators, transformers, transmission lines, switches and relays, active/reactive
    compensators, and controllers. Various control objectives, operation actions and/or design decisions
    in such a system require an optimization problem to be solved. For such a nonlinear non-stationary
    system with possible noise and uncertainties, as well as various design/operational constraints, the
    solution to the optimization problem is by no means trivial.
    I.

    Classification Of Controller

    There are mainly three types of controllers


    Proportional controllers.

    Integral controllers.
    Derivative controllers
    Combinations of these three controllers are written below:

    Proportional and integral controllers.


    Proportional and derivative controllers
    1

    Proportional integral and derivative controllers.


    The proportional controller is one in which the actuating signal is directly proportional to the error
    signal. The integral controllers are the controllers in which the actuating signal is directly
    proportional to the integral of the error signal.The derivative controller is one in which the
    actuating signal is directly proportional to the derivative of the error signal. PD controller
    improves the transient response of the system. PI controller reduces the steady state error present
    in the system. PID controller is the combination of PD and PI controller. The PID controller
    algorithm involves three separate constant parameters i.e P,I & D. PID controller operates directly
    on error signal which is the between desired output and actual output. By tuning the three
    parameters in the PID controller algorithm, the controller can provide control action designed for
    specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be described in terms of the
    responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to which the controller overshoots the set
    point, and the degree of system oscillation.
    Design of PID Controller
    One of the most common controlling methods in the market is the PID
    controller. Application of the PID controller involves choosing the KP, KI and KD
    that provide satisfactory closed-loop performance. These parameters must be
    selected so that the characteristics response speed, settling time and proper
    overshoot rate, all of which guarantee the system stability, would be satisfied.

    The transfer function of the system is

    given as

    Study of Optimization Technique(PSO)


    In 1995, Kennedy and Eberhart first introduced the particle swarm
    optimization (PSO) method. It is one of the optimization techniques and a kind
    of evolutionary computation technique.
    The features of the method are as follows
    The method is developed from research on swarm such as fish schooling
    and bird flocking.
    It can be easily implemented, and has stable convergence characteristic
    with good computational efficiency.
    In this method each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the problem
    space, which are associated with the best solution it has achieved so far. This
    value is called pbest. An other best value that is tracked by the global version
    of the particle swarm optimizer is the overall best value, and its location ,
    obtained so far by any particle in the group is called gbest.
    The flow chart for Particle Swarm Optimization is explained as under

    PSO Algorithm
    Step 1. Initialize an array of individuals with random positions and their associated velocities to
    satisfy the inequality constraints.
    Step 2. Check for the satisfaction of the quality constraints and modify the solution if required.
    Step 3. Evaluate the fitness function of each individual.
    Step 4. Compare the current value of the fitness function with the individuals previous best value
    (pbest). If the current fitness value is less, then assign the current coordinates (positions) to pbestx.
    Step 5. Determine the current global minimum fitness value among the current positions.
    Step 6. Compare the current global minimum with the previous global minimum (gbest). If the
    current global minimum is better than gbest, then assign the current global minimum to gbest and
    assign the current coordinates (positions) to gbestx.
    Step 7. Update the velocities and individuals position according to (1) and (2).
    Step 8. Repeat Step 2-7 until optimization is satisfied or the maximum number of iterations is
    reached
    Particle Swarm Optimization is one of the modern heuristic algorithms. It was
    developed through simulation of a simplified social system, and has been
    found to be robust in solving continuous nonlinear optimization. The PSO
    3

    technique can generate a high quality solution within shorter calculation time
    and stable convergence characteristics. The PSO method is an excellent
    optimization methodology and a promising approach for solving the optimal
    PID controller parameters problem. The PSO concept consists of, at each time
    step, changing the velocity of each particle toward its pbest and gbest
    locations.
    TUNING OF PID CONTROLLER
    Proportional-Integral Derivative (PID) controllers have been widely used for
    speed and position control of various applications. Among the conventional PID
    tuning methods, the ZieglerNichols method may be the most well known
    technique. For a wide range of practical processes, this tuning approach works
    quite well. However, sometimes it does not provide good tuning and tends to
    produce a big overshoot. Therefore, this method usually needs retuning before
    applied to control industrial processes. To enhance the capabilities of traditional
    PID parameter tuning techniques, several intelligent approaches have been
    suggested to improve the PID tuning, such as those using genetic algorithms
    (GA) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) . With the advance of
    computational methods in the recent times, optimization algorithms are often
    proposed to tune the control parameters in order to find an optimal
    performance.
    The proportional part of the PID controller reduces error responses to
    disturbances. The integral term of the error eliminates steady-state error and
    the derivative term of error dampens the dynamic response and thereby
    improves stability of the system. The parameter settings of a PID controller for
    optimal control of a plant (process) depend on the plants behaviour. To design
    the PID controller the engineer must choose the tuning way of design
    parameters to improve the transient response as well as the steady-state error.
    In the design of a PID controller, the three gains of PID must be selected in
    such a way that the closed loop system has to give the desired response. The
    desired response should have minimal settling time with a small or no
    overshoot in the step response of the closed loop system.
    Effects of increasing a parameters independently.
    Paramet

    Risetime

    Oversh

    Settling

    Steady

    oot

    time

    state

    increase

    Small

    error
    Decrease

    degrade

    decrease
    Minor

    increase
    decreas

    change
    increase
    decrease

    Eliminate
    No effect

    degrade
    Improve if Kd

    change

    er
    Kp
    Ki
    Kd

    decrease

    Stability

    small

    Conclusion
    It is shown graphically that there is a substantial improvement in the time domain specification in
    terms of lesser rise time, peak time, settling time as well as a lower overshoot. Hence by varying
    different parameters of the PID controller the response of the system is changing. Hence by
    4

    changing kp ,ki, and kd the response of the system is improved. Also the peak overshoot, the rise
    time and the settling time of the system is reduced. Hence this method is a design method for
    determining the PID controller parameters . It can obtain higher quality solution with better
    computational efficiency.

    References:
    1]

    S.M.GirirajKumar, Deepak Jayaraj, Anoop.R.Kishan, PSO based Tuning of a PID Controller


    for a High Performance Drilling Machine 2010 International Journal of Computer
    Applications (0975 - 8887)Volume 1 No. 19
    [2] Zwe-Lee Gaing, A particle swarm
    optimization approach for optimum design of PID
    controller in AVR system, IEEE transactions on energy conversion,November 6,(2002).
    [3] Gowrishankar Kasilingam,Particle Swarm Optimization Based PID Power System
    Stabilizer for Synchronous Machine World Academy of Science, Engineering and
    Technology International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Electronics and Communication
    Engineering Vol:8 No:1, 2014
    [4] H. I. Abdul-Ghaffar, E. A. Ebrahim, M. Azzam, Design of PID Controller for Power
    System Stabilization Using Hybrid Particle Swarm-Bacteria Foraging Optimization WSEAS
    Transactions on Power Systems
    [5]
    Mahmud Iwan Solihin, Lee Fook Tack and Moey Leap Kean , Tuning of PID Controller
    Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Proceeding of the International Conference on
    Advanced Science,Engineering and Information Technology 2011 Hotel Equatorial Ban Putrajaya,
    Malaysia, 14 - 15 January 2011. ISBN 978-983-42366-4-9
    [6]

    K Ogata, Modern Control Systems, University of Minnesota, Prentice Hall, 1987

    [7]
    Gaing, Z.L. (2004). A particle swarm optimization approach for optimum design of PID
    controller in AVR system. IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, Vol.19(2), pp.384-391.
    [8]
    G.Shabib, Mesalam Abdel Gayed,And A.M.Rashwan, Optimal Tuning of PID Controller
    for AVR System using modified particle swarm optimization Proceedings of the 14th International
    Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON10), Cairo University, Egypt, December 19-21,
    2010, Paper ID 170

    2. SUBMITTING THE PAPER


    The Full paper has to be submitted electronically by e-mail, and it should be submitted by 10 February
    2015.
    3. PAPER FORMAT
    The uniform outlook will help the reader to follow the proceedings. This can be obtained most easily
    if authors use this template file to construct their papers. Please note the following details: this template is an
    A4 format. All text paragraphs should be single spaced, with first line intended by 10 mm (0.4 inch). Double
    spacing should only be used before and after headings and subheadings as shown in this example. Position
    5

    and style of headings and subheadings should follow this example. No spaces should be placed between
    paragraphs. Please do not change any of the above mentioned page, paragraph and font settings.
    3.1. Fonts
    Papers should use 11-point Times New Roman font. The styles available are bold, italic and
    underlined.
    It is recommended that text in figures is not smaller than 10-point font size.
    3.2. Tables and Figures
    Figure captions and table headings should be sufficient to explain the figure or table without needing
    to refer to the text. Figures and tables not cited in the text should not be presented. Styles Heading Table and
    Caption Figure are available in this template for tables and figures. The following is the example for Table 1.
    Table 1: Title of Example Table
    Story 20
    Standard Error
    Displacement
    Drift

    Uniform

    ELF

    SRSS

    29.53
    60.4

    44.58
    60.92

    41.05
    60.47

    30 Story
    3
    Modes
    23.81
    38.24

    Uniform

    ELF

    SRSS

    3 Modes

    27.4
    60.91

    43.6
    63.83

    40.87
    63.53

    20.65
    26.19

    Tables and figures should be placed close after their first reference in the text. All figures and tables
    should be numbered with Arabic numerals. Table headings should be above the tables. Figure captions
    should be centred below the figures. Minimum figures resolution: 150dpi.

    Figure 1: 30 Floor Buildings Drift Ratios Percent

    REFERENCES
    List of references must follow A.P.A. style.
    For more information, please visit: http://www.apastyle.org/index.aspx

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