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Chemistry Intro Notes

1) Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting around the nucleus. Protons and neutrons have mass while electrons are extremely light. 2) The periodic table arranges elements according to their atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons. Atomic mass takes into account protons and neutrons. Isotopes are forms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. 3) Chemical bonds can be ionic, involving the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, or covalent, involving the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Ionic compounds have distinctive properties and naming conventions.

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49 views

Chemistry Intro Notes

1) Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting around the nucleus. Protons and neutrons have mass while electrons are extremely light. 2) The periodic table arranges elements according to their atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons. Atomic mass takes into account protons and neutrons. Isotopes are forms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. 3) Chemical bonds can be ionic, involving the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, or covalent, involving the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Ionic compounds have distinctive properties and naming conventions.

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Tim
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CHEMISTRY: THE STUDY OF STUFF

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM


1) PROTONS and NEUTRONS are heavy and
occupy the middle or NUCLEUS of the atom
2) ELECTRONS are extremely light and occupy the
space around the nucleus within certain ENERGY
LEVELS
3) The nucleus is extremely small compared to the
total atom size, yet its mass makes up almost all the
total mass
MASS LOCATION CHARGE
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS

The Periodic Table


arranged according to atomic number
ATOMIC NUMBER
- equals # of PROTONS
eg. Carbon (C) atomic number = 6
number of protons = ______
- is the BIG number beside any element on a
periodic table
ATOMIC MASS
-gives the mass of the atom in AMU's
(AMU=Atomic Mass Unit)
-equal to # of PROTONS + NEUTRONS
eg. Beryllium (BE) has atomic mass = 9.01
this means Protons + Neutrons = 9
(note: atomic mass is weird because it is the
average of different isotopes with different
weight)
# neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number

other periodic table stuff


-metals and nonmetal division
-solid, liquid and gas
-family
alkali, alkaline earth, chalcogens, halogens,
noble gases
-period and family (groups)

Three main types of atoms


1.elements: defined by the number of PROTONS
2.ions: defined by the number of ELECTRONS
3.isotopes: defined by the number of NEUTRONS
ELEMENTS
electrically neutral. This means:
# of PROTONS = # of ELECTRONS
Egs
# protons
Al
K
H
O

#neutrons

# electrons

IONS
elements that lose or gain some electrons
because protons don't equal electrons anymore,
ions are CHARGED
SYMBOL: elementcharge
eg. Ca2+
If electrons leave, get a positive ion. If electrons
are added, get a negative ion
trick: take the charge and subtract it from the
atomic number to get the # of electrons
eg:
# protons

#neutrons

# electrons

Al3+
Fe2+
H+
O2 most elements WANT to be ions
reason: they want FULL electron energy levels
(parking lots)
**SEE PERIODIC TABLE FOR PATTERNS**

ISOTOPES
are rare, special forms of elements
have different atomic masses
REASON: the addition or loss of NEUTRONS
(which makes it heavier or lighter)
Naming: element name - atomic mass of isotope
eg : carbon-14, uranium-235, hydrogen-2, oxygen18
#protons # neutrons # electrons
carbon-14
uranium-235
hydrogen-2
8

10

Naming and Formulas


Elements BY THEMSELVES
naming is easy...look at the table!
writing a formula:
write the symbol with the state
eg: Al(s)
Most elements BY THEMSELVES are
monoatomic except for
diatomic: H2(g),N2(g),O2(g),F2(g),Cl2(g),Br2(l),
I2(g), At2(g),
weird: P4(s), S8(s)
COMPOUNDS
Definition: pure substances made up of 2 or more
different atoms bonded together in a specific ratio
Compounds form from the interaction of each
atom's valence electrons
parking lot analogy
2 types of compounds
1) IONIC
2) MOLECULAR

IONIC COMPOUNDS
2 general names for ions
positive ions
CATIONS
eg.______,______,______
negative ions
ANIONS
eg.______,______,______
*IONIC compounds always involve a CATION
joining an ANION
CATIONS are always found
_________________________________
ANIONS are always found
_________________________________
THEREFORE, IONIC COMPOUNDS ALWAYS
INVOLVE A METAL JOINING A NONMETAL
*Metals want to give up their electrons to have full
electron shells
*Nonmetals want to "borrow" to fill their electron
shells

When the metal lends out its electrons, it becomes


POSITIVE
When the nonmetal borrows extra electrons, it
becomes NEGATIVE
THE RESULT IS THAT THE POSITIVE METAL
AND THE NEGATIVE NONMETAL "STICK"
TOGETHER (LIKE 2 MAGNETS)
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
-often form salts
-often a change in energy (temperature or light)
-often SOLID at room temperature
-tend to dissolve in water, BUT NOT ALL DO!!!
(check solubility table)
when ionic compounds dissolve, they split apart
(DISSOCIATE) into their individual ions
water forms around them (sphere of hydration)

COMPLEX IONS (or polyatomic ions)


definition: a group of atoms bonded together that
have an OVERALL positive or negative charge
**your periodic table containing ALL the complex
ions you will work with
Eg.
carbonate ion
thiosulphate ion
acetate ion
ammonium ion
Notice that:
-most have oxygen in them
-most common suffix: "-ate"
per _____ate
1 more oxygen
_______ate
most common
_______ite
1 less oxygen
hypo_____ite
2 less oxygen
thio_______
replace an O with S
Task: Try to group the "Cl" ones together
Treat complex ions EXACTLY like single ions.
Don't split up the team!!

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS


A) ionic FORMULA to NAME
STEPS:
1) The positive metal is named first
2) The negative nonmetal is last and its
ending is changed
"-ide"
simple (usually)
"-ate"
complex
"-ite"
complex
eg. KI
CaCl2
NaNO3
Al2(SO4)3
Zn(NO3)2

changing NAME to IONIC FORMULA

IMPORTANT - you need to BALANCE the positive


and negative sides so that the overall charge is
neutral
Use the CRISSCROSS method
Eg: sodium chloride
aluminum chloride
lithium carbonate
calcium phosphate
iron (III) chromate

MULTIVALENT Ionic compounds


-some metals (but NOT ALL) can have more than
one charge
-these are called MULTIVALENT ions
* Which one do you use when naming??
answer: Choose the metal "species" that, written AS
IS, will balance the charge
HYDRATES of ionic compounds
- a hydrate is any compound which tends to "pal
around with" (loosely bind to) a specific number of
water molecules
Eg: Copper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate
-looks blue
FORMULA TO NAME
- write the number of water molecules behind and
space with a DOT ()

NAME TO FORMULA
- write the compound name but put
"______hydrate" behind. Blank spot is a prefix that
indicates number of water molecules
PREFIXES (**memorize**)
mono =1
hexa
di
=2
hepta
tri
=3
octa
tetra =4
nona
penta =5
deca
eg:

=6
=7
=8
=9
=10

MOLECULAR
ELEMENTS
3 Types of molecular elements
1) Monoatomic - He, Ne, Ar, Kr (MOST)
2) Diatomic - group VIIIA, O2, N2
3) OTHER (weird) - P4, S8
COMPOUNDS
-held together by COVALENT BONDS
-involves NONMETALS ONLY
Intramolecular Bonding differences
Ionic bonds - DONATES to fill valence shell
Covalent bonds - SHARES to fill valence
-very easy
-use the PREFIX SYSTEM
RULES:
1.1st element named normally
2.2nd shortened to "-ide" ending
3.PREFIXES (see above)used to indicate
number
Eg: carbon monoxide

dinitrogen monoxide
sulfur trioxide
PCl5
SF6
N2O4
...& you need to MEMORIZE these ones
ozone
water
methane
sucrose
methanol
ammonia
ethanol
hydrogen peroxide
glucose
hydrogen sulfide
propane
octane

ACID NAMING
acid: an aqueous hydrogen containing substance
2 ways to name:
IUPAC: easy, makes sense, not common
CLASSICAL: weird, but commonly known
*we need to know BOTH
Classical Naming
Eg. hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid
STEPS
1) look at the ending of the IUPAC name
a) if "ide"
"hydro____ic acid"
b) if "ate"
"______ic acid"
c) if "ite"
"______ous acid"
(ALCHEM tables have these rules on a little chart)
*Classical names USUALLY end with "acid"
*Classical names don't always make sense:
Eg:
aqueous hydrogen sulfate
sulfuric acid
aqueous hydrogen phosphate phosphoric acid

Chemical Reactions
Matter changes in one of 3 common ways:
physical change
chemical change
nuclear change
chemical reactions = changes to the arrangement of
molecules
If the FORMULAS change, then its a
CHEMICAL CHANGE
Empirical signs of chemical reaction
color change
temperature change (without outside influence)
new odor
state change (without outside influence)
eg: precipitate or gas formation

BALANCED EQUATIONS
The number of elements on one side HAVE TO
EQUAL the number on the other!!!

Rules, Steps and Tricks


before ANYTHING, make sure the formulas or
names are WRITTEN PROPERLY (including
states)

you can ONLY change COEFFICIENTS to


balance, NOT subscripts

Tip #1: BALANCE in the following order:

1.anything except O or H
2.then balance H
3.then finally the O

Tip #2: If you have an odd number of a certain


element, use the odd-even rule

Tip #3: If you notice that POLYATOMIC ions dont


change from reactants to products, balance them as
if they were an element

Tip #4: ALWAYS DOUBLE CHECK at the end of


your balancing. You should ALWAYS get balancing
questions right!!

Types of Chemical Reactions


Now that you have balanced a few equations, you
might notice some types of reactions:
There are 5 you need to know:
1.FORMATION (OR COMPOSITION)
2.SIMPLE DECOMPOSITION
3.SINGLE REPLACEMENT
4.DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

5.COMBUSTION:
5a. HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION
6.ACID BASE:
Predicting Reactions
Once you know the types of reactions, its actually
pretty easy to figure out what might happen if given
the reactant side:
Eg: Fe(s) + O2(g)

Only ONE thing CAN happen...a COMPOUND


Formation: ELEMENT + ELEMENT
Try to figure out a pattern for the rest of the types
Simple decomposition:
Single replacement:
Double replacement:

Combustion:

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